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Lec-7 - Bernoulli Equation

The document discusses Bernoulli's equation and its applications in fluid mechanics, providing examples of how it can be used to analyze problems related to tapering pipes, Venturi meters, orifices, pitot tubes, and free jets. It also outlines the assumptions and limitations of Bernoulli's equation and provides solutions to example problems involving different fluid flow measurement devices.

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354 views23 pages

Lec-7 - Bernoulli Equation

The document discusses Bernoulli's equation and its applications in fluid mechanics, providing examples of how it can be used to analyze problems related to tapering pipes, Venturi meters, orifices, pitot tubes, and free jets. It also outlines the assumptions and limitations of Bernoulli's equation and provides solutions to example problems involving different fluid flow measurement devices.

Uploaded by

www.muhammadshahzaib72
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid Mechanics – I

Bernoulli’s / Energy Equation


(Elementary Fluid Dynamics)

Maj Shahzad Aslam


Fluid Dynamics

It is a sub discipline of fluid mechanics concerned


with the description and study of the flow of fluids.
Energy Consideration
The energy in general is defined as the ability to do
work.

Although a moving fluid possesses energy in various


forms, in this section we discuss only three forms of
energies.

P = F/A = F.d/A.d = Work(energy)/Volume

Potential Energy position 𝛾z

Kinetic Energy velocity ½ 𝜌v2

Pressure Energy existing pressure P


Bernoulli’s Equation

The sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential


Energy is constant along a streamline.

Law of conservation of energy.

Dividing the above equation by “𝛾” gives Bernoulli’s equation in


terms of head.

P/𝛾 Pressure head

v2/2g Velocity head

z Elevation head
Assumptions, Limitations and
Restrictions in Applicability
▪ Along a single streamline.
▪ Only for incompressible flows.
▪ No energy loss (turbulence, heat loss etc.).
▪ The flow is assumed to be steady.
▪ The flow is assumed to be uniform along the cross section.
▪ No external forces except gravitational force (friction,
viscous etc. are neglected).
▪ Not applicable across mechanical devices (pump, turbine
etc.)
▪ Rotational effects, curvilinear flow are neglected.
All these conditions are impossible to satisfy ! A very useful tool in fluid
In many real-life situations where the conditions dynamics problems, yet it is
are approximately satisfied, the equation is important to understand its
applicable. limitations and applicability.
Applications

• Tapering Pipe
• Venturi meter
• Orifice
• Pitot Tube
• Free jets
Example – 1
A 5m long uniformly tapered pipe is laid at 15 degrees
as shown in the figure. Determine the difference of
pressure between the two sections, if the pipe is
uniformly tapered and the velocity of water at the
smaller section is 1m/s. What is elevation head in this
section?
Example – 1 (soln.)

Given
d1 = 80mm
d2 = 240mm
v1 = 1m/s

To Find
P1 - P2 = ? P1 - P2 = 12.2kPa
Elevation head is 1.294m
Flow Rate Measurement Devices
Example – 2
A venturimeter is attached with a pipe having water in order
to monitor its discharge. It has an area ratio of 9:1, the larger
diameter being 30cm. At a particular instant, during the flow
the manometer gives differential reading of 2.25m (that is
been converted from the head of mercury) If the coefficient of
device is 0.99, calculate the discharge through the pipe.
Example – 2 (soln.)
Given
d1 = 30cm
a1 /a2 = 9
h=2.25m
C=0.99

To Find
Q= ?

A venturimeter is attached with a


pipe having water in order to
monitor its discharge. It has an
area ratio of 9:1, the larger
diameter being 30cm. At a
particular instant, during the flow
the manometer gives differential
reading of 2.25m (that is been
converted from the head of
mercury) If the coefficient of
device is 0.99, calculate the
discharge through the pipe.
Example – 3
An orifice meter consisting of 100mm diameter is attached in
a 250mm diameter pipe has coefficient equal to 0.65. The
pipe delivers oil of specific gravity 0.8. The pressure
difference on the two sides of the orifice plate is measured by
a mercury oil differential manometer. If the gauge reading is
80mm of mercury [h=12.8m of oil] calculate the rate of flow
in liters/s.
Example – 3 (soln.)
An orifice meter
consisting of 100mm
diameter is attached
in a 250mm diameter
pipe has coefficient
equal to 0.65. The
pipe delivers oil of
specific gravity 0.8.
The pressure
difference on the two
sides of the orifice
plate is measured by
a mercury oil
differential
manometer. If the
gauge reading is
80mm of mercury
[h=12.8m of oil]
calculate the rate of
flow in liters/s.
Pitot Tube
Pitot Tube
Example – 4
A pitot tube is installed at an open channel hydraulic bench in
order to measure flow velocity that may help students in their
experiments. During a certain experiment if the water rises
8cm in the vertical column of the pitot tube above the water
level. Determine the velocity of the water.
Free Jets
Free Jets
Example – 5
A tank filled with a hazardous inviscid chemical (s=1.26) is
corroded and starts leaking. The measured velocity from
the bottom most hole is 4.85m/s. Determine the depth of
the chemical in the tank. If there are 10 holes of same
diameter (15mm) what would be the outflow (discharge)
through the tank ?
Example – 5 (soln.)
A tank filled with a
hazardous inviscid
chemical (s=1.26) is
corroded and starts
leaking. The measured
velocity from the
bottom most hole is
4.85m/s. Determine the
depth of the chemical
in the tank. If there are
10 holes of same
diameter (15mm) what
would be the outflow
(discharge) through the
tank ?
Example – 6
Determine the velocities and pressures at section 2
and 3 of the pipe section shown in the figure
Example – 7
A fire hose nozzle of 3cm diameter and 65cm length is
attached to an 8cm diameter hose. According to some fire
codes, the nozzle must be capable of delivering at least 16
liters/s. During operations, the fire fighters raise the nozzle
at various angles (from 00 to 700) depending on the height
of building. What pressure must be maintained just
upstream of the nozzle to deliver this flow rate?
References
Textbook Textbook I

A Textbook of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines

by R.S. Khurmi.
Chapter No. 7
Topics Complete Chapter

Textbook Textbook II

Fluid Mechanics

by Munson
Chapter No. 3
Topics Complete Chapter

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