DR.

NERVE UNIVERSITY QUESTION ANALYSIS

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DR.NERVE UNIVERSITY QUESTION ANALYSIS

PREFACE
This Question bank is designed based on the Tamil Nadu Dr.MGR

Medical University syllabus for the 1st year M.B.B.S. students.(CBME)

❖ This question bank contains all the important (Must know) & other

possible questions from all the three subjects.

❖ Students are expected to prepare answers for all the questions with

corresponding labelled diagrams and flow charts wherever necessary.

❖ Our team made an intense effort in analyzing the important questions

asked in university exams from the year 2008 – 2021.

“ Start by doing what’s necessary,

then do what’s possible and
Suddenly you are doing the IMPOSSIBLE “
- Saint Francis of Assisi

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DR.NERVE UNIVERSITY QUESTION ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANATOMY

PHYSIOLOGY

BIOCHEMISTRY

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ANATOMY
PAPER - 1

1) General Anatomy

2) Histology

3) Embryology

4) Upper limb

5) Lower limb

6) Abdomen and Pelvis

PAPER - 2

1) Thorax

2) Head and Neck

3) Brain – Neuroanatomy

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PHYSIOLOGY
PAPER - 1

1) General Physiology
2) Blood And Immunity
3) Nerve And Muscle
4) Gastrointestinal System
5) Renal Physiology
6) Endocrine Physiology
7) Reproductive System

PAPER - 2

1) Cardiovascular System
2) Respiratory System
3) Neurophysiology
4) Special Senses
5) Integrative Physiology

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BIOCHEMISTRY
PAPER - 1

1) Chemical basis of life

2) Carbohydrate metabolism
3) Lipid metabolism
4) Electron transport chain
5) Proteins & tissues
6) Nutrition

PAPER - 2:

1) Aminoacidic & protein metabolism

2) Minerals & hormones
3) Homeostasis
4) Molecular biology
5) Clinical biochemistry

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GENERAL ANATOMY

Short notes

1. Elbow joint. (Aug 2014) (May 2022)

2. Classify the joints of the body giving suitable examples
and describe a typical synovial joint. (Feb 2014)
3. Supination and pronation (Aug 2013)
4. Cartilaginous joints. (Aug 2010) (May 2022)

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HISTOLOGY
Essay

Short notes

Paper-1
1. Microstructure of Oesophagus. (Feb 2021)
2. Microscopic anatomy of compact bone. (May 2021)
3. Microanatomy of hyaline cartilage. (Aug 2020, Aug
2010)
4. Histology of stomach. (Aug 2017)
5. Histology of bone (Aug 2013)
6. Microscopic structure of testis. (Feb 2010)
Paper-2
1. Histology of Thymus. (Feb 2021)
2. Microscopic Anatomy of Trachea. (May 2021, Aug 2009)
3. Histology of cornea. (Aug 2020, Feb 2012, Feb 2009)
7. Microstructure of thyroid gland. (Nov 2019)
8. Microstructure of tongue. (Aug 2019)
9. Histology of cerebrum. (Nov 2018)
10. Histology of cerebral cortex (Aug 2011)
11. Histology of Parotid gland. (Feb 2011)
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12. Histology of pituitary gland. (Aug 2010)

13. Histology of parathyroid gland. (Feb 2010)

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EMBRYOLOGY
Essay

Short notes

Paper-1

1. Development of Pancreas. (Feb 2021)

2. Rotation of midgut. (Aug 2018)
3. Development and microstructure of urinary
bladder. (Aug 2019, Feb 2009)
4. Sex linked inheritance. (Nov 2013)
5. Development of suprarenal gland (Aug 2013)
6. Formation of blastocyst. (Aug 2011)
7. Klinefelter’s syndrome. (Feb 2011, Feb 2010)
8. Descent of testis (Feb 2011)
9. Turner’s syndrome. (Aug 2010, Feb 2009, Feb
2022)
10. Neural tube. (Aug 2009)
11. Trisomy 21(Aug 2008)

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Paper-2

1. Development of Face. (Feb 2021, Nov 2019)

2. Derivatives of Endodermal Pouches. (May
2021)
3. Karyotyping. (May 2021, Aug 2008)
4. Down’s syndrome (Feb 2012)
5. Development of atria. (Aug 2011)
6. Klinefelter syndrome (Aug 2010)
7. Derivatives of 1st Branchial Arch (Feb 2009)
8. 2nd pharyngeal arch (Feb 2012)

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UPPER LIMB

Essay

1. A) Describe Mammary gland under the following

headings. Extent, Relations, Blood Supply, Lymphatic
Drainage & Clinical Anatomy. (Feb 2021, Feb 2010)
B) Describe the structure, blood supply, lymphatic
drainage and applied aspects of mammary gland. (Nov
2019)
2. Describe in detail about brachial plexus including its
formation, branches, and its distribution. Add a note on
its applied anatomy. (Aug 2019,2013,2011)
3. Describe the commencement, course, parts, relations,
branches and termination of axillary artery. (Nov 2016)
4. Describe the type, ligaments, relations, movements and
muscles producing the movements and applied anatomy
of shoulder joint. (Nov 2014, Aug 2013)
5. Describe the formation, course, relations, branches and
distribution of radial nerve and effects of injury of radial
nerve. (Aug 2010)
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6. Describe the formation, course, relations, branches of

distribution & effects of injury of median nerve. (Aug
2008)
7. Discuss the Origin, Root value, Course and Relations,
Termination, Branches and Distribution and Clinical
Anatomy of Ulnar nerve. (May 2022)

Short notes

1. Erbs Point. (Feb 2021, Feb 2013)

2. Rotator Cuff Muscles. (Feb 2021, Aug 2012)
3. Cubital fossa. (May 2021, Aug 2018, Aug 2010)
4. Axillary Nerve. (May 2021, Nov 2013)
5. Intrinsic muscles of hand. (May 2021)
6. A) Lymphatic drainage of mammary gland. (Aug 2020,
Nov 2013, Aug 2012)
B) Lymphatic drainage of breast. (Aug 2018)
7. Fascial spaces of hand. (Aug 2020)
8. Anastomosis around scapula and collateral circulation.
(Nov 2019)

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9. Flexor retinaculum of upper limb. (Nov 2018, Feb 2012)

10. Supination and pronation. (Nov 2018)
11. Brachial artery. (Aug 2017) (Feb 2022)
12. Clinical anatomy of palmar spaces. (Aug 2017)
13. Third part of axillary artery. (Aug 2016)
14. Radio Ulnar joint. (Nov 2015, Aug 2012)
15. Formation and branches of Brachial Plexus. (Aug 2015)
16. Femoral artery. (Nov 2014)
17. Mid palmar space. (Feb 2014)
18. Musculocutaneous nerve. (Feb 2014)
19. Extensor expansion of middle finger. (Feb 2014)
20. Flexor retinaculum. (Feb 2014)
21. Erb’s point (Nov 2013) (Feb 2021)
22. Lumbricals of hand (Aug 2013)
23. Biceps brachii muscle (Feb 2013)
24. Applied aspects of hand (Feb 2013)
25. Clavipectoral fascia (Feb 2013)
26. Deltoid muscle (Feb 2012)
27. Dorsal spaces in hand (Aug 2011)
28. Branches of axillary artery in detail. (Aug 2011)
29. Boundaries and contents of axilla. (Feb 2011)

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30. Brachialis muscle. (Feb 2011)

31. Cubital fossa. (Aug 2010)
32. Carpal tunnel. (Feb 2010)
33. Axillary lymph nodes. (Aug 2009) (Feb 2022)
34. Arteria profunda brachii. (Feb 2009) (May 2022)
35. Ulnar nerve in hand. (Feb 2022)
36. Cubital anastomosis. (Feb 2022)

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LOWER LIMB
Essay

1. Explain the formation of Lumbar Plexus. Add a brief note

on Sciatic Nerve. (May 2021)
2. Write in detail about the Femoral artery under the
following headings- Origin, course, termination, relations,
branches. Add a note on applied anatomy. (Aug 2020)
3. Describe knee joint in detail. Add a note on its applied
aspects. (Aug 2018)
4. Describe the Root value, Course, Relations, Branches and
distribution and applied anatomy of Sciatic nerve. (Nov
2015, Aug 2012)
5. Describe the type, articular surfaces, capsule, bursae,
ligaments, relations, movements and muscles producing
the movements and applied anatomy of Hip Joint. (Aug
2015, Aug 2009, Feb 2022)
6. Describe the boundaries, contents and applied anatomy
of femoral triangle. (Aug 2014, Feb 2012)
7. Describe the Great saphenous vein under the following
headings:

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a. Formation and Termination b. Course and Relations

c. Tributaries and Perforators d. Applied Anatomy.
(Feb 2014)
8. Describe the Arches of foot under the following headings:
(Nov 2013, Feb 2011)
a) Types of arches
b) Constituents and support of each arch
c) Functions d) Applied Anatomy.

Short notes

1. Structures under cover of Gluteus Maximus.

(Feb 2021, Feb 2013, Aug 2015)
2. Great Saphenous Vein. (Feb 2021, Aug 2013,2008)
3. Femoral Triangle. (Feb 2021, Nov 2018)
4. Adductor Magnus. (Feb 2021, Nov 2018)
5. Ligaments of Knee Joint. (Feb 2021, Feb 2014)
6. Anastomosis around knee joint. (May 2021)
7. Structures in lateral compartment of leg. (May 2021)
8. Femoral hernia. (Nov 2019)
9. Arches of foot. (Nov 2019, Aug 2012, Feb 2008)

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10. Dorsalis pedis artery. (Aug 2019, Feb 2009)

11. Inversion and eversion of foot. (Aug 2019, Nov 2013)
12. Medial longitudinal arch of foot. (Aug 2015)
13. Short lateral rotators of the thigh. (Feb 2014, Aug 2012)
14. Inversion and eversion of foot. (Nov 2013)
15. Gluteus Medius muscle (Nov 2013)
16. Inguinal hernia (Aug 2013)
17. Obturator nerve (Aug 2013, Feb 2013, Feb 2010)
18. Popliteus muscle (Aug 2013, Feb 2009)
19. Popliteal fossa (Feb 2013,2012, Aug 2009)
20. Enumerate the muscles of foot in each layer with nerve
supply. (Feb 2013)
21. Enumerate the ligaments & bursae around the knee
joint (Feb 2012)
22. Locking and unlocking of knee joint. (Aug 2011)
23. Femoral nerve. (Aug 2011)
24. Adductor canal. (Feb 2011)
25. Extensor retinacula of leg. (Feb 2011)
26. Inguinal canal. (Aug 2010)
27. Ligaments around the hip joint. (Aug 2010)
28. Peroneal reticula (Aug 2010)

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29. Menisci of Knee joint (Feb 2010)

30. Femoral sheath. (Feb 2009)
31. Subtalar joints. (Feb 2009)
32. Inguinal ligament (Aug 2008)
33. Piriformis muscle (Aug 2008)
34. Popliteal artery (Feb 2022)
35. Tibialis anterior (Feb 2022)
36. Cutaneous innervation of dorsum of foot. (May 2022)
37. Gluteus Medius and anatomical basis of
Trendelenburg’s sign.
38. Common Peroneal nerve. (May 2022)

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ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Essay

1. Discuss the Uterus under the following headings. Position,

Parts, External Features, Relations, Blood Supply,
Lymphatic Drainage & Clinical Anatomy. (Feb 2021, Nov
2018, Nov 2013, Aug 2009)
2. Describe Pancreas under the following headings.
(May 2021, Feb 2013, Aug 2009)
a) Parts and relations. b) Blood supply. c)
Development.
3. Discuss in detail about Portal vein under the following
headings: (Aug 2017) (Feb 2022)
a) Formation course and termination.
b) Relations and tributaries.
c) Sites of Porto-systemic anastomosis.
d) Clinical anatomy
4. Describe the external features, relations, ligaments, blood
supply and developmental anatomy of urinary bladder.
Add a note on its applied anatomy. (Aug 2016, Feb 2010,
Feb 2009)

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5. Describe the Anal canal under the following headings: a.

Interior b. Blood supply c. Development including
congenital anomalies d. Applied Anatomy. (Feb 2014)
6. Describe the relations, blood supply, lymphatic drainage
and applied anatomy of Stomach. (Aug 2013, Feb 2012,
Aug 2010)
7. Enumerate the parts of Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus.
Describe the Gall Bladder under the following headings: a.
Parts b. Peritoneal relations c. Arterial supply d).
Development e. Applied anatomy. (Aug 2012)
8. Describe the Male urethra in detail under the following
headings: Extent, parts, sphincters and blood vessels (Aug
2011)
9. Describe the relations, Blood supply and microscopic
structure of duodenum (Feb 2009)
10. Describe the duodenum under the following headings:
Parts, Relations, Internal features of second part, Blood
supply, Histology and clinical anatomy. (Feb 2022)

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Short notes

1. Rectus Sheath. (Feb 2021, Aug 2009)

2. Trigone of Bladder. (May 2021)
3. Coeliac Trunk. (May 2021, Aug 2009)
4. Spermatic Cord. (May 2021)
5. Pelvic Diaphragm. (May 2021)
6. Thoracolumbar fascia. (Aug 2020, Aug 2009)
7. Inguinal canal. (Aug 2020, Aug 2019, N0v 2014)
8. Lobes of prostate and its applied anatomy. (Aug 2019)
9. Male urethra. (Nov 2019)
10. Blood supply of stomach. (Nov 2019)
11. Porto-caval anastomosis. (Nov 2018)
12. Internal iliac artery. (Aug 2018)
13. Supports of uterus. (Aug 2017,2012, Feb 2011)
14. Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of stomach. (Nov
2016)
15. Sacral plexus. (Aug 2016, Aug 2011)
16. Vermiform Appendix. (Nov 2015)
17. Superior Mesenteric Artery. (Aug 2015)
18. Portal vein. (Aug 2014, Nov 2013, Aug 2011)
19. Ischiorectal fossa. (Feb 2014)
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20. Vascular segments of liver. (Feb 2014)

21. Ligaments of uterus. (Feb 2014)
22. Parts and Blood supply of duodenum. (Nov 2013)
23. Levator Ani muscle. (Nov 2013)
24. Lesser sac (Nov 2013, Aug 2009, Feb 2009)
25. Urinary bladder (Blood supply, nerve supply, Trigone
and applied aspects) (Feb 2013)
26. Draw a neat diagram of coronal section of kidney with
its coverings (Feb 2013, Aug 2012)
27. Development and descent of Testes. (Aug 2012) (Feb
2022)
28. Head of pancreas (Feb 2012)
29. Prostatic part of urethra (Feb 2012)
30. Extra hepatic biliary apparatus (Feb 2012)
31. Second part of duodenum. (Aug 2011)
32. Internal oblique muscle. (Feb 2011)
33. Omental burse (Feb 2011, Aug 2010)
34. Microscopic structure of suprarenal gland. (Aug 2010)
35. Hepato renal pouch. (Feb 2010)
36. Microscopic structure of testis. (Feb 2010)
37. Epiploic foramen (Feb 2010)

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38. Superficial perineal pouch (Feb 2009)

39. Ligaments of Liver (Aug 2008)
40. Coeliac ganglion. (Aug 2008)
41. Interior of Anal canal. (Feb 2022)
42. Lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of stomach. (May
2022)

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THORAX
Essay

1. A) Describe in detail about blood supply of Heart and its

clinical anatomy. (Feb 2021)
B) Describe the blood supply of heart. Add a note
about its clinical significance. (Feb 2015)
2. A 55-year-old man was brought to hospital with
complaints of severe pain in retrosternal area radiating to
the medial side of left arm. His body was profusely
sweating and he was found to be restless. Pulse was
irregular and heart beat was rapid. ECG shows some
changes.
A) What will be the probable diagnosis?
B) Write in detail about blood supply of heart. (May
2021)

3. Describe in detail about the lung under the following

headings:
a) Coverings.
b) Surfaces and borders.
c) Difference between right and left lung.

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d) Blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.

Add a note on its applied anatomy. (Nov 2019, Feb
2012)
4. Describe the interior of right atrium in detail and add a
note about its development and clinical anatomy. (Aug
2014, Feb 2008)
5. Describe the Intercostal nerves under the following
headings:
a) What are their branches and what is their unique
feature?
b) classify them
c) Communications
d) Course, relation and branches of a typical intercostal
nerve e) Applied Anatomy. (Nov 2013) (Feb 2022)
6. Describe origin, course, branches of right coronary artery.
(Aug 2013)
7. Define Mediastinum. Name its subdivisions. Name the
contents of posterior mediastinum and describe
Oesophagus under the following headings: a) Level of
origin b. Parts and Relations c. Level of constrictions
microscopic appearance e. Development (Aug 2012)

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8. Describe in detail congenital anomalies of the Heart. (Aug

2010)
9. Describe the arch of aorta under the following headings:
Extent, Relations, Branches and microscopic anatomy. (Feb
2010)
10. Explain the typical intercostal space. (Aug 2009)
11. Define boundaries and contents of posterior mediastinum.
Describe the formation, course & relations, termination
and tributaries of Azygos vein. (Feb 2022)

Short notes

1. Superior Mediastinum. (Feb 2021, Feb 2014, Feb

2012)
2. Pleura. (Feb 2021)
3. Medial surface of left Lung. (May 2021, Feb 2013, Aug
2010)
4. Thoracic part of Oesophagus. (May 2021)
5. Sinuses of pericardium. (Aug 2020, Feb 2013)
6. Venous drainage of heart. (Nov 2019)
7. Intercostal space. (Aug 2019)
8. Features of left ventricle. (Nov 2018)

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9. Oesophagus: a) Commencement termination b) Blood

supply c) Lymphatics d) Congenital anomalies. (Nov
2018)
10. Hilum of lungs with labelled diagram. (Nov 2018)
11. Thoracic duct. (Aug 2018, Feb 2013) Draw and label
the transverse section of thorax at T4 level. (Aug
2018)
12. Interior of right atrium. (Aug 2018, Nov 2013)
13. Bronchopulmonary segments. (Aug 2017, Aug 2009)
14. Blood supply of heart. (Aug 2017, Nov 2013)
15. Azygos vein. (Nov 2016, Aug 2011)
16. Left Coronary Artery. (Nov 2015, Aug 2011)
17. Typical intercostal nerves. (Nov 2014)
18. Parts, arterial supply of Interventricular septum.
(Feb 2014)
19. Cardiac plexus. (Feb 2014, Aug 2009, May 2022)
20. Origin, Termination and applied anatomy of internal
mammary artery. (Feb 2014)
21. Superior sagittal sinus. (Nov 2013)
22. Root of lung. (Nov 2013)
23. Ventricles of heart. (Nov 2013)

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24. Formation of superior vena cava (Aug 2013)

25. Phrenic nerve. (Aug 2013)
26. Styloid process-structures attached (Aug 2013)
27. Venous drainage of heart (Feb 2013)
28. Inter atrial septum. (Aug 2012)
29. Pericardial sinuses (Feb 2012)
30. Relations of arch of aorta (Aug 2012)
31. Brachiocephalic vein (Aug 2011)
32. Development of atria. (Aug 2011)
33. Development of lung. (Feb 2011, May 2022)
34. Hilum of right lung. (Feb 2010)
35. Styloid apparatus. (Feb 2010)
36. Pleural recesses. (Feb 2009)
37. Coronary sinus (Aug 2008)
38. Superior vena cava. (May 2022)

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HEAD AND NECK

Essay

1. Discuss the Pharynx under the following headings: Extent,

Parts, Features, Blood Supply, Muscles forming it and its
clinical anatomy. (Feb 2021) (May 2021)
2. Write in detail about the Thyroid gland under the
following headings - Situation, lobes, coverings, relations,
blood supply. Add a note on applied anatomy. (Aug 2020,
Feb 2009, Nov 2016, Feb 2022)
3. a) Describe in detail about the parotid gland. Add a note
on its applied anatomy. (Aug 2019, Aug 2017, Aug 2010)
4. Describe the facial nerve under the following headings:
(Nov 2018) a) Nuclei of origin and functional components.
b) Course and emergence. c) Branches and its distribution.
d) Clinical anatomy
5. Describe in detail the parts, muscles, innervations,
histology and development of tongue. (Aug 2016, Feb
2013, Feb 2009)

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6. Classify Dural Venous Sinuses. Describe the Cavernous

sinus in detail. Add a note on its applied anatomy. (Aug
2015)
7. Describe the extra ocular muscles in detail. (Feb 2014)
8. Describe the Temporomandibular joint under the
following headings: a) Type of joint b) Articular surfaces c)
Articular disc d) Ligaments e) Movements and the
muscles producing them f) Applied Anatomy (Nov 2013)
9. Describe boundaries and contents of carotid triangle.
(Aug 2013, Feb 2011)
10. Describe submandibular salivary gland under following
heading: Parts, relations, blood supply, nerve supply,
lymphatic drainage and clinical anatomy. (Aug 2011)

Short notes

1. External Jugular Vein. (Feb 2021) (Feb 2022)

2. Cartilages of Larynx. (Feb 2021)
3. A) Lateral wall of Nasal Cavity. (May 2021)
B) Lateral wall of nose. (Aug 2014)
4. Posterior triangle of Neck. (May 2021)

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5. Temporo – Mandibular Joint. (May 2021)

6. Hyoglossus. (Aug 2020, Feb 2010)
7. Nasal septum. (Aug 2020)
8. Extra-ocular muscles. (Nov 2019, Aug 2013)
9. Cavernous sinus. (Aug 2019)
10. Recurrent laryngeal nerve. (Aug 2019)
11. Secretomotor pathway of parotid gland. (Aug 2018)
12. Infrahyoid muscles of neck. (Aug 2018)
13. Torticollis. (Aug 2017)
14. Nucleus, course, distribution and applied anatomy of
Trochlear nerve. (Aug 2016)
15. Draw a labelled diagram of Blood Supply of Thyroid Gland
with its development. (Nov 2015)
16. Nucleus, course, distribution and applied anatomy of
Hypoglossal nerve. (Aug 2015)
17. Lacrimal apparatus. (Feb 2015, Aug 2010)
18. Eustachian tube. (Nov 2014)
19. Ansa cervicalis. (Feb 2014, Nov 2009, Aug 2008, Nov 2013,
Aug 2009)
20. Ciliary ganglion. (Feb 2014)
21. Middle ear. (Feb 2014)

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22. Digastric triangle. (Feb 2014, Feb 2012, May 2022)

23. Subclavian triangle (Feb 2009)
24. Sternocleidomastoid (Nov 2013)
25. Facial artery in face (Aug 2013,2010, Feb 2009)
26. Surfaces, borders of thyroid gland (Aug 2013)
27. Muscles of tongue (Aug 2013)
28. Sagittal section of eye ball (Feb 2013)
29. Paranasal air sinuses (name, Functions, opening, area,
applied aspects) (Feb 2013)
30. Part & Constituent fibres of internal capsule (Feb 2013)
31. Middle ear cavity (Feb 2013)
32. Intrinsic muscles of larynx. (Aug 2012)
33. Median nasal septum. (Aug 2012)
34. External acoustic meatus. (Aug 2012)
35. Pathway of visual reflexes. (Aug 2012)
36. Pterygo palatine ganglion. (Aug 2012)
37. Blood supply & nerve supply of scalp (Feb 2012)
38. Contents of posterior triangle (Aug 2011)
39. Lymphatic drainage of tongue. (Feb 2011)
40. Maxillary air sinus. (Feb 2011)
41. Atlanto axial joints. (Aug 2010)

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42. Venous drainage of face. (Feb 2010)

43. Middle meatus of nose. (Feb 2009)
44. Tympanic membrane. (Aug 2008)
45. Secretomotor Innervation of Parotid Gland. (Feb 2021)

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BRAIN – NEUROANATOMY
Essay

1. Classify white fibres of cerebrum with examples. Describe

internal capsule in detail. (Aug 2018, Aug 2012)
2. Describe the Origin, Course, Relations, Branches and
Clinical Anatomy of Abducent Nerve. (Nov 2015)
3. Classify the white matter of cerebrum with examples and
describe the internal capsule in detail. Add a note on its
applied Anatomy. (Nov 2014)
4. Describe the sulci, gyri and functional areas in
superolateral surface of brain with neat labelled diagrams.
(Feb 2014, Feb 2010)
5. Describe the Spinal cord under the following headings:
a. Extent with coverings
b. External features and Enlargements
c. Cross section at mid thoracic level
d. Blood supply
e. Applied aspects. (Feb 2013)
6. Describe in detail about blood supply of brain. (Aug 2011)
7. Describe the cerebellum as:

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a) Classification b) connections c) nuclei

d) blood supply e) clinical anatomy. (Feb 2011)
8. Describe the cavernous sinus under the following
headings: Situation, extent, boundaries, relations,
contents, connections and applied anatomy. (Aug 2008)
9. Describe the Cerebellum under the following headings:
Parts, External features, Subdivisions, Cerebellar nuclei,
Arterial supply and Clinical anatomy. (May 2022)

Short notes

1. Floor of Fourth Ventricle. (Feb 2021, Feb 2010)

2. Falx Cerebri. (Feb 2021)
3. Circle of Willis. (Feb 2021, Aug 2016, Aug 2012)
4. Sulci and Gyri in the medial surface of Brain. (May 2021)
5. Spinal Meninges and its modifications. (May 2021)
6. Cerebellar peduncles. (Aug 2020)
7. Section of medulla oblongata at sensory decussation
level with labelled diagram. (Nov 2019)
8. Third ventricle. (Aug 2017)
9. Transverse section of midbrain at the level of inferior
colliculus with a labelled diagram. (Aug 2017)
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10. Fourth ventricle. (Nov 2016)

11. Blood supply of Brain. (Aug 2015)
12. Sulci, gyri and functional areas of supero – lateral
surface of cerebrum. (Feb 2015, Aug 2008)
13. Internal structure at Midbrain at superior collicular level.
(Aug 2014) (Feb 2022)
14. Lumbar puncture. (Aug 2014, Aug 2008)
15. Third ventricle. (Feb 2014)
16. Medulla oblongata at mid olivary level. (Feb 2014)
17. Blood supply of spinal cord. (Nov 2013)
18. Parts, deep nuclei, and arterial supply of cerebellum.
(Nov 2013)
19. Parts of corpus callosum (Aug 2013)
20. Posterior horn of lateral ventricle. (Aug 2013,2011)
21. Meninges with Meningeal spaces (Feb 2013)
22. Supero lateral surface of cerebrum (Feb 2013)
23. Lateral medullary syndrome. (Aug 2012, Feb 2009)
24. Cavernous sinus. (Aug 2012, Feb 2011)
25. Corpus callosum (Aug 2011)
26. Connections of basal ganglia. (Feb 2011)
27. Blood supply of spinal cord. (Feb 2010, Aug 2008)

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28. Cerebellar peduncles. (Aug 2009)

29. T.S. at the level of superior colliculus of mid brain. (Aug
2009)
30. Inter peduncular fossa. (Feb 2009)
31. Rhomboid Fossa. (Aug 2008)
32. Transverse section of Medulla at the motor decussation
level. (May 2022)

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PHYSIOLOGY
PAPER - 1

1) General Physiology
2) Blood And Immunity
3) Nerve And Muscle
4) Gastrointestinal System
5) Renal Physiology
6) Endocrine Physiology
7) Reproductive System

PAPER - 2

1) Cardiovascular System
2) Respiratory System
3) Neurophysiology
4) Special Senses
5) Integrative Physiology

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Short note

1) Classify the fluid compartments of body giving their

normal values, mention two methods to determine
E.C.F. volume (FEB 2021)
2) Transport across cell membrane (FEB 2021)
3) Active transport across cell membrane (MAY 2021)
4) Negative Feedback Mechanism (AUG 2020)
5) Genesis of resting membrane potential (NOV 2019)
6) Passive transport. (NOV 2018)
7) Positive feedback mechanism. (AUG 2017)
8) Primary active transport. (AUG 2017)

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BLOOD AND IMMUNITY

Essay

1) Describe the physiological roles of the different types of

leucocytes circulating in blood. Add a note on functions
of lymphocytes in viral infection. (FEB 2021)
2) What is Erythropoiesis? Describe the stages and factors
regulating Erythropoiesis. Add a note on Anaemias
(MAY 2021)
3) Describe in detail the mechanism of clotting of Blood
(AUG 2020)
4) Define hemostasis. Describe the various stages involved
in coagulation process. (NOV 2018)
5) Define immunity. How will you classify immunity?
Explain in detail cell mediated immunity. (AUG 2017)

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Short Note

1) Tissue macrophage system. (FEB 2021)

2) Types of lymphocytes and its functions. (FEB 2022)
3) Fibrinolytic system (MAY 2021)
4) Monocyte – macrophage system. (NOV 2019)
5) Complement system for antibody action (AUG 2019)
6) Erythroblastosis fetalis (AUG 2019)
7) Triple response. (AUG 2018, AUG 2017, FEB 2009)

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NERVE AND MUSCLE

Essay
1) Discuss the molecular basis of skeletal muscle
contraction. Add a note on Rigor Mortis. (AUG 2019)

Short note
1) Structure and functions of Neuromuscular junction (FEB
2021)
2) Draw a neat labelled diagram of neuro-muscular
junction and explain the events in neuro-muscular
transmission (MAY 2021)
3) Describe the physiological basis of length - tension
relationship (NOV 2019)
4) Properties of smooth muscle. (AUG 2018)
5) Excitation contraction coupling. (AUG 2017)
6) Oxygen debt. (AUG 2015)
7) Define muscle tone and discuss the phenomenon
responsible for it. What conditions lead to alterations of
tone? (FEB 2014)
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8) What is Myasthenia Gravis? Explain the biological basis

of its treatment. (AUG 2011)
9) Causes of muscle tone. (FEB 2010)
10) Chronaxie and rheobase. (AUG 2009)
11) What is myasthenia gravis. Describe the biological basis
of its treatment. (FEB 2009)
12) Rigor mortis. (FEB 2009)
13) Neuro-muscular junction. (FEB 2009)
14) Myasthenia gravis. (AUG 2008)
15) Neuromuscular transmission. (AUG 2008)
16) Muscle spindle. (MAY 2022)

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GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Essay

1) Describe the digestion and absorption of proteins in the

digestive tract. Write a note on malabsorption (FEB
2021)
2) Describe the mechanism of secretion of Hydrochloric
acid in the stomach. What are the factors regulating acid
secretion? Add a note on peptic ulcer. (MAY 2021)
3) Describe the digestion and absorption of fat in the
digestive tract. Add a note on steatorrhea. (MAY 2022)

Short Note

1) Secretion of HCl in stomach and its regulation (FEB

2021)
2) Movements of small intestine (MAY 2021)
3) Digestion and absorption of fat (MAY 2021)
4) Peptic ulcer (AUG 2020)
5) Regulation of gastric secretion (NOV 2019)
6) Gastric emptying. (NOV 2018)
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7) Composition and functions of pancreatic juice. (AUG

2018)
8) Stages of deglutition. (AUG 2017)
9) Describe the phases of gastric juice secretion. (FEB
2022)
10) Functions of bile salts. (FEB 2022)

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RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

Essay

1) Describe the structure of glomerular capillary

membrane and the factors affecting glomerular
filtration. Add a note on measurement of glomerular
filtration rate. (NOV 2019)

Short notes

1) Non-excretory functions of kidney (FEB 2021, AUG 2019)

2) Cystometrogram and its significance (FEB 2021)
3) Classify diuretics and write a note on their sites of action
(MAY 2021)
4) Juxta Glomerular apparatus (MAY 2021)
5) Factors affecting Glomerular Filtration Rate (AUG 2020)
6) Peculiarities of renal blood flow. (NOV 2018) (MAY
2022)
7) Loop diuretics. (AUG 2018)
8) Counter current system in kidney. (AUG 2018)
9) Micturition reflex. (AUG 2017)

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ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY

Essay

1) Explain in detail synthesis, secretion and functions of

thyroid hormone. Add a note on cretinism. (AUG 2018)

Short notes

1) Regulations of blood calcium levels (FEB 2021)

2) Actions of Parathormone (MAY 2021)
3) Functions of Glucocorticoid (MAY 2021)
4) Functions of Growth Hormone (AUG 2020)
5) Aldosterone escape (NOV 2019)
6) Glucose transporters (AUG 2019)
7) Second messengers. (NOV 2018) (FEB 2022)
8) Hyper secretion of growth hormone. (NOV 2018)
9) Hyperthyroidism. (AUG 2017)
10) Parathormone. (MAY 2022)

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Essay
1) Mention the various phases of menstrual cycle.
Correlate the ovarian changes with endometrial changes
during the menstrual cycle. (MAY 2022)

Short note
1) Spermatogenesis and seminal analysis (FEB 2021)
2) Female contraceptive methods for birth control (FEB
2021)
3) Endometrial changes in menstrual cycle (MAY 2021)
4) Steps in spermatogenesis (AUG 2019)
5) Female contraception. (AUG 2018)
6) Contraception for males. (FEB 2022)
7) Phases of Menstrual cycle. (FEB 2022)
8) Barriers of contraceptives. (MAY 2022)

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Essay

1) Describe the Arterial Blood Pressure. Describe nervous

regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure. (FEB 2021, AUG
2008, AUG 2010)
2) Clinical uses of ECG. (NOV 2018)
3) Pacemaker potential. (AUG 2017)
4) Define blood pressure. Explain in detail short term
regulation of blood pressure. Add a note on
hypertension. (AUG 2017, AUG
2014, NOV 2013)
5) What is cardiac cycle? Describe the various events in
the cardiac cycle. (AUG 2016, NOV 2014, FEB 2013, FEB
2009)
6) Define cardiac output. Explain the factors regulating
cardiac output. Add a note on ejection fraction.
(FEB 2015, FEB 2014, FEB 2011)
7) What is the significance of ejection fraction in
ventricular functioning? (AUG 2012)

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8) Describe the structure and function of the conducting

system of the Heart. List the properties of cardiac
muscle. (AUG 2011)
9) Explain in detail about the conduction system of heart.
Add a note on action potentials of ventricular muscle
and pacemaker. (FEB 2022)
10) Define cardiac output. Factors regulating cardiac
output. Discuss one method for measuring cardiac
output. (MAY 2022)

Short notes

1) Properties of Cardiac Muscle. (MAY 2021)

2) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. (FEB 2021)
3) Hypovolemic Shock. (FEB 2021, AUG 2012, MAY 2022)
4) Peculiarities of pulmonary circulation. (FEB 2021, AUG
2009)
5) Factors affecting cardiac output (AUG 2020, AUG 2018)
6) Pacemaker potential (AUG 2020, FEB 2013, AUG 2008)
7) ECG –Lead –II (AUG 2020, FEB 2011)
8) Give two examples of high cardiac output state and low
cardiac output state. (NOV 2019)

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9) AV nodal delay. (NOV 2019)

10) Myocardial Infarction. (NOV 2019)
11) Sino aortic reflex. (NOV 2019)
12) Jugular venous pulse. (AUG 2019) (FEB 2022)
13) Physiology of fetal circulation before and after birth.
(AUG 2019)
14) Special features of coronary circulation.
(AUG 2019, AUG 2011)
15) Draw a normal electrocardiogram (ECG).
What is Einthoven’s triangle? (AUG 2018)
16) Mean arterial pressure. (AUG 2018)
17) Auto rhythmicity of heart. (NOV 2016)
18) Determinants of Blood pressure. (NOV 2015)
19) Describe the 3 bipolar limb leads of ECG. What is the
significance of?
i. PR interval
ii. ST segment in an ECG? (FEB 2014)
20) Discuss the changes in ventricular volume during
different phases of the cardiac cycle with a diagram.
(FEB 2014)
21) Ionic basis of the pace-maker potential. (NOV 2013)

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22) Wind Kessel effect of aorta. (NOV 2013)

23) Illustrate with a diagram, the left ventricular volume
and pressure changes during a cardiac cycle. (NOV
2013)
24) Define cardiac output. What are the methods to
measure the cardiac output? (AUG 2013)
25) Heart sounds (AUG 2013, AUG 2012)
26) Cardiac Index. (FEB 2013)
27) Regulation of coronary blood flow. (FEB 2011, AUG
2008)
28) Endothelins. (AUG 2010)
29) Cerebral circulation. (AUG 2010)
30) Kirchoff’s law and Einthoven’s law. (FEB 2010)
31) Excitation contraction coupling in cardiac muscle.
(FEB 2010)
32) Atrial natriuretic peptide. (AUG 2009)

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Essay
1) Discuss about transport of oxygen in blood. Draw and
explain Oxygen – Hemoglobin dissociation curve. Add a
note on significance of P50. (MAY 2021)
2) Describe the neural regulation of respiration. Add a
note on periodic breathing. (AUG 2020, NOV 2018, AUG
2009)
3) Describe the oxygen transport in blood. Add note on
fetal hemoglobin. (NOV 2016)
4) Explain the chemical regulation of respiration. Add a
note on oxygen toxicity. (NOV 2015)
5) What are the neural mechanisms involved in
spontaneous breathing?
Discuss chemical regulation of respiration. Distinguish
between the two types of respiratory failure. (FEB
2014)
6) Describe the process of transport of carbon dioxide
from tissues to lungs. (AUG 2013)

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7) Draw an oxygen dissociation curve & describe how

oxygen is transported in the blood. Depict the Bohr’s
effect. (FEB 2012)

Short note
1) Hypoxia and its Types. (MAY 2021, AUG 2018, FEB
2013)
2) Baroreceptors. (MAY 2021)
3) Draw a normal spirogram and write about the volumes
and capacities of lung. (FEB 2021, NOV 2018)
4) Lung Compliance (AUG 2020, AUG 2017, FEB 2011)
5) Chloride Shift. (FEB 2021, NOV 2013, AUG 2008)
6) Surfactant. (NOV 2019, FEB 2015, AUG 2009, AUG
2008)
7) Ventilation-perfusion ratio. (NOV 2019, FEB 2012)
8) Hypoxic Hypoxia. (NOV 2019, AUG 2019, AUG 2017)
9) Bohr effect. (AUG 2019)
10) Anatomic dead space. (AUG 2018)
11) Respiratory exchange Ratio. (AUG 2018)
12) Non-respiratory functions of lungs. (AUG 2018, AUG
2011)
13) Nitrogen narcosis. (NOV 2015)
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14) Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

(AUG 2016, NOV 2014)
15) Baroreceptor reflex. (AUG 2015, FEB 2014)
16) Artificial respiration (FEB 2015, AUG 2011, AUG 2008)
17) Adjustment in respiratory physiology at high altitudes
(FEB 2015)
18) Neural regulation of respiration. (AUG 2014, FEB 2013)
19) Discuss any two pulmonary function tests which can
detect obstructive lung disease. (FEB 2014)
20) Chemical regulation of respiration. (NOV 2013, FEB
2009)
21) Role of surfactant in pulmonary function. (NOV 2013)
22) Functional Residual capacity and its significance.
(FEB 2013, AUG 2011)
23) Respiratory membrane. (FEB 2013) (MAY 2022)
24) Dead space. (FEB 2013)
25) Asphyxia. (FEB 2012)
26) Carbon dioxide transport. (FEB 2011, AUG 2010)
27) Dysbarism. (FEB 2011, FEB 2010)
28) Physiological dead space. (FEB 2010)
29) Intrapleural pressure. (FEB 2022)

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30) Periodic breathing. (MAY 2022)

31) Non respiratory functions of lung. (MAY 2022)

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NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Essay
1) Enumerate the Ascending tracts of Spinal cord. Explain
in detail the pathway for pain. Add a note on Analgesic
system. (MAY 2021)
2) Name the functional divisions of the Cerebellum.
Describe the structure, connections and functions of
cerebellum. Mentions two signs of cerebellar lesions.
(FEB 2021, AUG 2018, AUG 2011, FEB 2009)
3) Describe the origin, course, termination and functions of
pyramidal tract. Write a note on upper motor lesion.
(NOV 2019)
4) Describe in detail the Pyramidal tract. List out the
differences between UMN and LMN lesions. (AUG 2015)
5) Trace the pathway for perception of pain. Discuss the
descending pain modulatory pathways. Discuss the
terms ‘Gating of pain’ and ‘Referred pain’. (NOV 2013,
AUG 2009)

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6) Describe the connections and Functions of

Hypothalamus. (FEB 2013)
7) List the ascending tracts in the spinal cord and discuss
the tracts of posterior column with diagram. (AUG 2012)
8) Classify pain. What are the receptors for pain? Describe
the dual Pathways for pain. What is Analgesic system in
the brain? (FEB 2012)
9) Enumerate the descending tracts of spinal cord.
Describe in detail the pyramidal tracts. Mention its
functions and effects of lesion at different levels. (AUG
2008)
10) Discuss about the nuclei, connections and functions of
Basal ganglia. Add a note on Parkinson’s disease. (MAY
2022)

Short note
1) Functions of Hypothalamus.
(FEB 2021, MAY 2021, AUG 2015)
2) Polysomnography. (FEB 2021)
3) Control of Appetite. (FEB 2021, FEB 2010)
4) Speech areas and Aphasia. (MAY 2021)
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5) Functions of cerebellum (AUG 2020, AUG 2017, AUG

2014)
6) Brown Sequard syndrome.
(AUG 2019, NOV 2014, AUG 2011, AUG 2009, AUG
2008)
7) Thalamic syndrome. (NOV 2019)
8) Synaptic plasticity. (NOV 2019)
9) Tract of Gall and Burdach. (NOV 2018) (FEB 2022)
10) Mechanism of receptor potential. (AUG 2018)
11) Stages of sleep. (AUG 2017)
12) Describe the connections and functions of temporal
lobe. (NOV 2016)
13) Golgi tendon reflex. (AUG 2016)
14) Classification of nerve fibers. (AUG 2012)
15) Parkinson’s disease with treatment. (AUG 2012)
16) Waves of EEG. (AUG 2012)
17) Referred pain and its theories. (AUG 2011)
18) Functions of Thalamus. (FEB 2011, AUG 2008)
19) REM sleep. (FEB 2011)
20) Decerebrate rigidity. (FEB 2011)
21) Anterior spino thalamic tract. (AUG 2010)

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22) Postural reflexes. (AUG 2010)

23) Induction of sleep. (FEB 2010)
24) Climbing, mossy and parallel fibres. (FEB 2010)
25) Blood brain barrier. (AUG 2009)
26) Describe decompression sickness. (FEB 2009)
27) Compare rem and non-rem sleep. (FEB 2009)
28) Describe formation, circulation and functions of
cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.). (FEB 2009)
29) Functions of vestibular apparatus. (FEB 2009)
30) Referred pain. (FEB 2022)
31) Composition and functions of CSF. (MAY 2022)

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SPECIAL SENSES

Essay

1) Describe the optic pathway from the photoreceptors to

the visual cortex. Add a note on visual field defects
produced by lesions at various levels of the pathway.
(AUG 2019, FEB 2011)
2) Describe in detail the photochemical mechanism of
vision and mechanism of dark adaptation. (AUG 2013)
3) With the help of a diagram, describe the auditory
pathway. Add a note on conduction deafness. (AUG
2010)
4) Elucidate how pressure vibrations in the air are
perceived as sound. (FEB 2010)

Short note

1) Colour vision. (FEB 2021, AUG 2011, AUG 2010)

2) Dark Adaptation. (MAY 2021, AUG 2011, FEB 2009)
3) Otolith Organ. (MAY 2021)
4) Taste pathway.
(MAY 2021, AUG 2011, FEB 2011, AUG 2010, AUG 2008)
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5) Auditory Pathway (AUG 2020) (FEB 2022)

6) Effects of lesions in optic pathway. (NOV 2015, AUG
2008)
7) Errors of refraction with correction. (AUG 2012)
8) Functions of middle ear. (AUG 2012)
9) Theories of hearing. (FEB 2011, AUG 2010)
10) Aqueous humor. (AUG 2010)
11) Chemo receptors. (AUG 2010)
12) Organ of corti. (FEB 2009)

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INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Essay

1) What are the types of muscular exercise?

Discuss the various physiological changes occurring during

and after exercise. (FEB 2010)

Short note

1) Physiological changes in human body during exercise.

(MAY 2021)
2) Acclimatization at high altitude. (MAY 2021)
3) Changes that occur in acclimatization. (FEB 2021)
4) Caisson’s disease. (AUG 2019)
5) Ventilation-Perfusion ratio. (AUG 2012)

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BIOCHEMISTRY
Paper - 1

1) Chemical basis of life

2) Carbohydrate metabolism
3) Lipid metabolism
4) Electron transport chain
5) Proteins & tissues
6) Nutrition

Paper - 2

1) Aminoacidic & protein metabolism

2) Minerals & hormones
3) Homeostasis
4) Molecular biology
5) Clinical biochemistry

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Essay

1) Describe the structure of biological membranes. Discuss

the various transport mechanisms across membranes
with suitable examples. (Feb 2021)

2) Classify Enzymes. Describe in detail the various factors

affecting enzyme action. Add a note on enzyme
regulation. (Aug 2013)
3) Define enzymes. Classify enzymes with suitable
examples. Explain the concept of active site of enzymes
(Feb 2010)

Short notes

1) Passive Transport Mechanisms. (Aug 2020)

2) Classify membrane transport mechanisms. Add a note on

active transport. (Nov 2018)

3) Types of enzyme inhibition with suitable examples. (Nov

2018)

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4) Mode of action of enzymes. (Aug 2016)

5) Competitive enzyme inhibition. (Nov 2015) (Feb 2021)

6) Name 5 enzymes, serum levels of which are increased in

disease conditions, along with the corresponding disease
condition where such changes are seen. (Feb 2014)

7) Explain, with a diagram, the fluid mosaic model of cell

membranes. (Feb 2014)

8) Explain how the activity of an enzyme is affected by the

pH of the medium. (Feb 2014)

9) Structure and functions of Mitochondria. (Feb 2021)

10) Covalent modification of enzymes in regulation of

enzyme activities (Nov 2013)
11) Isoenzymes, with reference to definition, examples and
clinical importance (Nov 2013)
12) Isoenzymes and their diagnostic importance (Feb 2013)
13) Transport mechanism across cell membrane (Feb 2013)
14) Isoenzymes of Lactate dehydrogenase and their
significance (Aug 2012)

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15) What are the various muco polysaccharides? Add a note

on hyaluronic acid (Aug 2012)
16) Line Weaver Buck’s plot and its significance (Aug 2012)
17) Enzyme, coenzymes, inhibitors of Pyruvate
Dehydrogenase Reaction (Aug 2012)
18) Allosteric inhibition (Feb 2012)
19) Functions of mitochondria (Feb 2012)
20) Sphingolipidoses (Aug 2011)
21) Isomerism in carbohydrates (Aug 2011)
22) Enzyme inhibition (Feb 2011)
23) Regulation of enzyme activity (Aug 2010)
24) Explain with a neat labelled diagram of fluid mosaic
model of biological membrane (Feb 2010)
25) Cardiac troponin (Aug 2009)
26) Enzyme poisons (Aug 2009)
27) Active transport (Feb 2009)
28) Uronic acid pathway (Feb 2009)
29) Levels of organization of proteins (Feb 2009)
30) Glycosaminoglycans (Feb 2009)
31) Isoenzymes (Aug 2008)
32) Structure of cell membrane (Aug 2008)

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CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Essay

1) Write in detail about the galactose metabolism &it’s

Applied aspects. (Aug 2020)

2) Explain the glycogen metabolism and its regulation. Add

a note on associated disorders. (Aug 2019)

3) What is the normal blood glucose level? Discuss the

factors regulating blood glucose in the fasting and
postprandial states. Write the diagnostic criteria for
diabetes mellitus. (Nov 2018)

4) Describe the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.

Briefly write the metabolic fate of pyruvate. (Aug 2016)

5) Describe in detail about the metabolic change and

complications in Diabetes Mellitus. Add a short note on
the biochemical investigations to be done in Diabetes
Mellitus. (Nov 2014)

6) Describe the synthesis of glucose from alanine and

mention its regulation. (Feb 2014)

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7) Name the ketone bodies. How are they formed and

utilized in the body? Add a note on the metabolic
changes in diabetic ketoacidosis. (Aug 2013)
8) What is the normal blood sugar level? Describe in detail
how it is maintained within normal limits (Feb 2013)
9) Explain the significance and reactions of Hexose
Monophosphate shunt and disorders associated to it
(Aug 2012)
10) Describe the steps of HMP shunt pathway. What is its
significance? How is it regulated? (Feb 2010)
11) What is gluconeogenesis? Describe the pathway involved
in Gluconeogenesis. Add a note on regulation of
gluconeogenesis (Aug 2008)

Short note

1) PDH. (Aug 2020)

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2) Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and laboratory

investigation in diabetes mellitus. (Nov 2019)

3) Mucopolysaccharides with examples. (Nov 2019)

4) Lactic acidosis. (Aug 2019)

5) Types, functions, tissue specificity and physiological

relevance of glucose transporters relevant to insulin
secretion and action. (Aug 2019)

6) Glucose transporters. (Aug 2018)

7) Von Gierke disease. (Aug 2018) (Aug 2014)

8) Significance of hexose mono phosphate shunt. (Aug

2017)

9) Galactosemia. (Aug 2017)

10) Write about Glycated haemoglobin, ractopamine,

advanced glycation end products. (Nov 2016)

11) Glycolysis in RBC. (Aug 2015)

12) Shuttle pathways across mitochondrial membranes.

(Aug 2015)

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13) Define Gluconeogenesis and explain the various steps.

(Feb 2021)

14) Formation and fate of Pyruvate. (Feb 2021)

15) Lactose intolerance (Nov 2013)

16) What is the importance of pentose phosphate pathway
in the body (Nov 2013) (Aug 2010)?
17) Gluconeogenesis, with reference to definition,
substrates, sites and importance in the body (Nov
2013) (Aug 2010)
18) Glycated hemoglobin, with reference to its formation,
reference value in blood and its clinical importance (Nov
2013)
19) Write briefly about the significance of HMP shunt
pathway (Aug 2013)
20) Galactosemia (Feb 2013) (Aug 2008)
21) Mention the types of hetero polysaccharide and their
functions (Aug 2012)
22) Causes of hypoglycemia (Feb 2012)
23) Neoglucogenesis (Feb 2012)
24) Cori's cycle and glucose alanine cycle (Aug 2011)

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25) Glycogenolysis (Aug 2011)

26) Fructose intolerance (Aug 2011)
27) Regulation of blood glucose (Feb 2011)
28) Glycogen metabolism (Feb 2011)
29) What are glycoproteins? Give three examples and its
importance (Feb 2010)
30) Rapaport leubering shunt pathway and its significance
(Feb 2010)
31) Renal glycosuria (Aug 2009)
32) Insulin (Feb 2009)
33) Glucose tolerance test (Aug 2008)

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LIPID METABOLISM

Essay

1) How are dietary lipids digested and absorbed? Write

about the transport of lipids in plasma. (Feb 2021)

2) Explain the site, steps and energetics of β oxidation of

even chain fatty acids. Add a note on its regulation. (Aug
2018)

3) Write in detail about metabolism and regulation of

ketone bodies. Add a note on diabetic ketoacidosis. (Aug
2017)

4) Component and function of phospholipids. (Aug 2015)

5) Describe the beta oxidation of Palmitic acid and its

regulation. (Aug 2014)

6) How are low-density lipoproteins (LDL) produced in the

body? Describe with the help of a diagram, their
metabolic fate. What determines this process of their
metabolic fate? Explain the clinical significance of this
lipoprotein. (Feb 2014)

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7) Describe how cholesterol is synthesized in our body.

What are the products formed from Cholesterol (Feb
2011)?
8) Sources and fate of Acetyl CoA, Explain the denovo
synthesis of cholesterol and its regulation (Feb 2009)
9) Explain the steps of beta oxidation of palmitic acid. Add a
note on energetics (Aug 2008)

Short note

1) Fatty Liver-Causes including role of Lipotrophic Factors

(Aug 2020)

2) Dyslipidemias (Aug 2020)

3) Absorption of lipids (Nov 2019)

4) Metabolism of LDL with clinical importance. (Nov 2019)

5) Functions of prostaglandins. (Nov 2019)

6) How are dietary lipids distributed after digestion and

absorption? (Aug 2019)

7) Phospholipids. (Aug 2019)

8) Fatty liver. (Nov 2018)

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9) Biochemical changes in Atherosclerosis. (Nov 2018)

10) Metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation. (Aug

2018)

11) Reverse cholesterol transport. (Aug 2017)

12) Metabolism of LDL. (Aug 2016)

13) Carnitine. (Nov 2015)

14) Apolipoproteins. (Feb 2015)

15) Metabolism of Adipose tissue in fasting condition. (Feb

2015)

16) Write about the biological actions & clinical applications

of Prostaglandins. (Nov 2014)

17) Enumerate the compounds derived from cholesterol and

mention their biochemical functions. (Feb 2021)

18) Role of carnitine in beta oxidation of fatty acids (Nov

2013)
19) Carnitine shuttle (Aug 2013)
20) Bile salts – synthesis and biological role (Aug 2013)
21) Fatty liver and lipotropic factors (Feb 2013)

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22) Ketosis (Feb 2013)

23) Prostaglandins and their importance (Feb 2013)
24) Alcohol metabolism (Aug 2012)
25) Fredrickson's classification and their functions (Aug
2012)
26) Classification of hyperlipidemias and their clinical
importance (Aug 2011)
27) High density lipoprotein cycle (Aug 2011)
28) Fatty acid synthase complex (Feb 2011)
29) Ketogenesis (Feb 2011) (Aug 2008)
30) Biochemical importance of derivatives of cholesterol
(Aug 2010)
31) Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols (Aug 2010)
32) Explain the metabolism and functions of HDL (Feb 2010)
33) Structure of cholesterol and its importance in the body
(Aug 2009)
34) Digestion and absorption of lipids (Aug 2008)

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AMINO ACID AND ETC

Essay

1) Describe the process by which ATP is synthesized in the

body (Nov 2013)
2) What are the components of Mitochondrial ETC.
Describe the events and inhibitors of oxidative
phosphorylation (Aug 2012)
3) What are the components and reactions of ETC. Add a
note on its inhibitors (Feb 2012)
4) Describe in detail TCA cycle and the energetics of the
same. Justify why TCA cycle is called an amphibolic cycle
(Aug 2011)
5) Describe in detail the components and chemiosmotic
theory of ETC (Aug 2011) (Feb 2010)
6) Define citric acid cycle. How it is regulated? What is it’s
amphibolic role? (Aug 2010)
7) What is oxidative phosphorylation. Discuss the steps of
the same and mention its significance (Aug 2009)

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Explain how pyruvate enters the Kreb's citric acid cycle for
oxidation. How many ATPs are produced in this way (Feb
2009)?

Short note

1) Write in detail about compounds which affects Electron

Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation. (Nov
2014)

2) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. (Nov 2016) (Aug

2014)

3) Mechanism of synthesis of ATP in ETC (Nov 2013)

4) Describe the energetics of complete oxidation of 1 mole

of glucose to CO2 and H2O under aerobic conditions
(Aug 2013)
5) Define biological oxidation and mechanism of ATP
synthesis (Feb 2013)
6) Cytochrome P450 (Feb 2013)
7) Metabolic adaptation in fed state (Aug 2012)
8) Alkaptonuria (Feb 2012)
9) Oxidative phosphorylation (Feb 2011)

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10) Inhibitors of ETC (Aug 2010)

11) Write a note on chemiosmotic theory (Feb 2009)

12) Define oxidative phosphorylation. What are the factors

that can affect BMR? (Aug 2008)

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PROTEINS & TISSUES

Essay:

1) Describe how bilirubin is formed and excreted in the body (Nov

2013)
2) What are porphyrias? Classify different types of porphyrias and
give the enzyme defect and biochemical findings. (Aug 2009)

Short notes:

1) Biochemical features seen in blood and urine of a patient with

haemolytic anaemia (Feb 2021)

2) Synthesis and regulation of Porphyrins. (Feb 2021)

3) Biological value of Proteins. (Feb 2021) (Feb 2015)

4) 2,3 BPG -Formation and it’s role. (Aug 2013)

5) Glycosylated hemoglobin (Feb 2012), (Feb 2011)
6) Catabolism of hemoglobin (Feb 2011)
7) Transport of Bilirubin (Aug 2010)
8) Abnormal hemoglobin (Aug 2010)
9) Collagen (Feb 2009) (May 2022)
10) Hemoglobin S (Aug 2008)

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NUTRITION

Essay:

1) Iron – Dietary sources, factors affecting dietary iron

absorption, transport and storage, causes and clinical
features of Iron deficiency anaemia. (Nov 2019)

2) Describe the sources, daily requirement, absorption,

biochemical function and deficiency manifestations and
toxicity of iron. (Nov 2016)

3) Write a note on the metabolism of Vitamin D. (Nov

2015)

4) Write in detail about the dietary sources, daily

requirement and biochemical functions of Thiamine. Add
a note on the deficiency manifestations. (Feb 2015)

5) Mention the source, daily requirement of Vitamin B12.

Describe its absorption, biochemical function and
deficiency manifestations. (Feb 2013), (Feb 2011)

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6) Describe the dietary sources, daily requirements,

biochemical function and deficiency symptoms of
vitamin C (Feb 2012)

7) Describe the chemistry, absorption, functions and

deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A (Aug 2010)

Short notes:

1) Vitamin C-Sources, RDA, Functions and Deficiency

Manifestations (Aug 2020)

2) Explain why B12 deficiency causes macrocytic anaemia.

(Aug 2019)

3) Functions of vitamin B6 and its deficiency manifestations.

(Nov 2018)

4) Biochemical functions of Vitamin B12. (Aug 2018)

5) Functions of calcium. (Aug 2018) (Feb 2014)

6) Iron absorption. (Aug 2017)

7) Coenzymatic role of Pyridoxine. (Aug 2014)

8) Factors regulating blood calcium. (Aug 2014)

9) Explain the folate trap hypothesis. (Feb 2014)

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10) What are good dietary sources of iron? Explain how iron is
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. (Feb 2014)

11) Describe the functions and deficiency manifestations of

vitamin A. (Feb 2014)

12) Functions of Vitamin – C. (Feb 2021)

13) Role of vitamin D in the body (Nov 2013)

14) Causes of iron deficiency and manifestation of such
deficiency (Nov 2013)
15) Thiamine, with reference to its function in the body,
dietary sources and deficiency manifestations (Nov 2013)
16) Explain “Methyl folate trap”. (Aug 2013)
17) What is the dietary fiber and explain their importance in
human nutrition with respect to the prevention of disease
(Aug 2013)?
18) Sources, RDA and biological role of Vitamin C (Aug 2013)
(Aug 2008)
19) Write briefly about calcium homeostasis (Aug 2013)
20) Digestion and absorption, transport of iron (Feb 2013)
21) The principles of balanced diet (Feb 2013), (Feb 2012),
(Aug 2011)

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22) Functions, deficiency, symptoms of vitamin thiamine (Aug

2012)
23) Calcium homeostasis and it’s disorder (Aug 2012) (Feb
2009)
24) Obesity (Feb 2012)
25) Thalassemia (Feb 2012)
26) Role of niacin as coenzyme (Aug 2011)
27) Biochemical role of vitamin C (Aug 2011) (Aug 2009)
28) Net protein utilization (Aug 2011)
29) Active form of Vitamin D and it’s biochemical role (Feb
2011)
30) Protein energy malnutrition, types and it’s important
featured (Feb 2011) (Aug 2009)
31) Vitamin E (Aug 2010)
32) Nutritional importance of proteins (Feb 2010)
33) Describe the requirement, sources, metabolic functions
and deficiency manifestations of folic acid (Feb 2010)
34) Total parental nutrition and its importance (Feb 2010)
35) Fluorosis (Aug 2009) (May 2022)
36) Beri- Beri (Aug 2009)
37) Wald's visual cycle (Feb 2009)

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38) Define BMR. What are the factors that can affect BMR?
(Aug 2008)

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AMINO ACID & PROTEIN METABOLISM

Essay:
1) Discuss the metabolism of Phenylalanine. Write a note
on the inborn error associated with Phenylalanine. (Feb
2021)

2) Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

structure of proteins. (Nov 2019)

3) Explain the biochemical basis and clinical features of

porphyria. (Aug 2019)

4) Write in detail about ammonia production, transport and

disposal. Add a note on disorders of urea cycle. (Aug
2018)

5) Brief about the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Describe in detail about phenylketonuria. (Nov 2017)

6) Describe in detail about the Synthesis of Tyrosine and its

metabolic end products. (Nov 2015)

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7) Describe in detail about the formation and transport of

ammonia in our body. Add a note on Urea cycle. (Aug
2015)

8) Describe the catabolism of heme in the body. Explain the

different types of jaundice. How do you investigate a case
of jaundice (Aug 2013)?

9) Name the aromatic amino acid. Add a note on

physiologically important derivatives of tyrosine (Feb
2013)

10) Explain protein synthesis in detail. Add a note on drugs

that inhibit protein synthesis (Feb 2013)

11) Describe the metabolism of tyrosine. Name the inborn

errors associated with this pathway (Aug 2012)

12) Describe the steps of s-adenosyl methionine cycle.

Explain the term transmethylation with five suitable
examples (Feb 2010)

13) Describe the pathway for synthesis of urea from

ammonia. What is normal blood urea level? Name the

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conditions in which blood urea level is increased and give

the biochemical basis (Aug 2009)

14) Name the compounds derived from glycine. Explain any

two in detail (Feb 2009)

15) Describe the pathways of methionine metabolism. Add a

note on metabolic functions of methionine and cysteine
(Aug 2008)

16) Explain the catabolic pathways of Tyrosine and disorders

associated with Tyrosine metabolism? (Aug 2021)

Short notes:

1. Collagen. (Aug 2020)

2. Cytochrome P 450 enzyme systems- Functions and
Properties of Induction by Drugs (Aug 2020)
a. Name the Enzyme defect in Classical phenyl
Ketonuria
b. Clinical features of PKU
c. Name 2 test to detect PKU (Aug 2020)
3. Metabolism of catecholamines. (Nov 2019)

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4. Types, properties and functions of different classes of

immunoglobulins. (Aug 2019)

5. Products formed from tryptophan. (Aug 2019)

6. Structure of collagen. (Nov 2018)

7. Classes of Immunoglobulins. (Nov 2018)

8. Proteinuria. (Aug 2018)

9. Glutathione. (Nov 2017)

10. Disorders of Tyrosine metabolism. (Nov 2016)

11. Metabolism of Methionine. (Feb 2015)

12. Give a detailed account of how bilirubin is formed and

excreted. (Nov 2014)

13. Transamination reaction and its significance. (Aug 2014)

14. Essential amino acids. (Feb 2014)

15. Sources of ammonia in the body and its metabolism.

(Feb 2014)

16. Functions of glycine in the body. (Feb 2014)

17. Denaturation of proteins (Nov 2013) (Aug 2009)

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18. Specialised products derived from tyrosine (Nov 2013)

19. Active form of methionine and its function (Aug 2013)

20. Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis (Aug 2013)

21. Porphyria (Aug 2013)

22. Functions of albumin (Feb 2013) (Feb 2012) (Aug 2009)

23. Secondary structure of proteins (Aug 2012) (Aug 2011)

24. Structure of an immunoglobulin, with the help of a

figure (Aug 2012) (Feb 2012)

25. Function of tyrosine in the body (Aug 2012)

26. Transamination reactions (Aug 2012) (Aug 2008)

27. Precipitation reactions of proteins (Feb 2012)

28. Explain the types and functions of immunoglobulins

(Aug 2011)

29. Phenylketonuria (Aug 2011) (Aug 2010) (Feb 2009)

30. Homocystinuria (Feb 2011)

31. Synthesis and mechanism of action of nitric oxide (Feb

2011)

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32. Give an account of the formation of specialised products

from glycine (Feb 2010)

33. Explain the term transamination and its salient features

(Feb 2010)

34. What are porphyrias? Describe any three porphyrias in

detail. (Feb 2010) (Feb 2009)

35. Plasma proteins (Feb 2009)

36. Urea cycle (Feb 2009)

37. Active methionine (Feb 2009)

38. Bilirubin formation and excretion (Feb 2009)

39. Alkaptonuria (Aug 2008)

40. Orotic acidurias (Aug 2010)

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MINERALS & HORMONES

Essay

1. Write in detail about the absorption, transport, daily

requirement and deficiency manifestations of iron (Feb
2011)

Short notes

1.Copper metabolism and its applied aspects. (Feb 2021)

2.Absorption of dietary Iron. (Feb 2021)

3.Heavy metal poisonings. (Feb 2014)

4.Detoxification by conjugation (Aug 2013)

5.Conjugation reactions involved in metabolism of

xenobiotics (Aug 2012)

6.Define xenobiotics and add a note on the various

detoxification reactions (Aug 2011)

7.Fluorosis (Aug 2011)

8.Antioxidants (Feb 2011)

9.Phase two detoxification (Feb 2011)

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10. Formation of epinephrine (Aug 2010)

11. Cytochrome P 450 (Aug 2010)

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HOMEOSTASIS MECHANISM
Essay

1. What is the normal pH of blood? Discuss how the pH of

blood is maintained. (Feb 2021)

2. Write briefly the mechanisms by which the pH of the

body fluids is regulated. Add a note on acid base
disturbances with examples. (Nov 2018)

3. Name the important buffer systems in the body.

Describe in detail the role of lungs and kidneys in
maintenance of acid base balance. (Aug 2016)

4. What is a Buffer? Describe in detail about the Renal

Regulation of Blood ph. (Feb 2015)

5. Describe the role of the kidney to maintain the pH of

blood. What are the compensatory mechanisms that
kidney will adopt to maintain pH in the presence of
metabolic acidosis (Nov 2013)?

6. What is the normal pH of blood? Describe the various

mechanisms which maintain it. Mention the acid base
disorders (Aug 2013) (Aug 2010) (Feb 2009)
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7. What is the function of sodium in the body? What is the

reference range for levels of serum sodium? Describe
the working of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system to maintain optimal amount of sodium in the
body. Briefly discuss disorder associated with
derangements in sodium homeostasis (Aug 2012)

8. Describe the role of plasma and renal buffers in

maintaining acid base homeostasis (Aug 2011)

9. Describe in detail about Thyroid function tests. (May

2022)

Short notes

1. Metabolic Acidosis. (Feb 2021) (Nov 2017) (Nov 2016)

2. Respiratory acidosis. (Aug 2018) (May 2022)

3. Disorders associated with potassium homeostasis. (Feb

2014)

4. Causes and clinical features of dehydration (Nov 2013)

5. Cyclic AMP (Aug 2013) (Feb 2011)

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6. Different mechanisms involved in hormone action (Aug

2013)

7. Causes for respiratory acidosis (Feb 2013)

8. Renal mechanism of acid base balance (Feb 2013)

9. Role of lungs in maintenance of pH of blood (Aug 2012)

10. Role of kidney in regulating pH of blood (Feb 2012) (Aug

2008) (Aug 2021) (Feb 2022)

11. Functions of glucocorticoids (Feb 2012)

12. Role of parathormone in calcium, phosphate

homeostasis (Aug 2011)

13. Metabolic acidosis (Feb 2011) (Aug 2009)

14. Assessment of hypothyroidism (Feb 2011)

15. Dehydration (Aug 2010)

16. Water toxicity (Aug 2010)

17. Give an account of water distribution and its balance in

the body (Feb 2010)

18. Functions of adrenal cortical hormone (Aug 2009)

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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Essay

1. Write in details about the Importance, Applications and

Steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction. (Aug 2020) (Nov
2016)

2. Describe in detail the steps in protein synthesis. Add a

note about Post translational modification and inhibitors
of protein synthesis. (Nov 2014)

3. Discuss in detail the replication of DNA. Mention the

inhibitors of replication. (Aug 2014)

4. What is the reference range for serum uric acid? What is

the source of uric acid in the body? What is its ultimate
fate? Discuss causes of abnormalities in levels of serum
uric acid. (Feb 2014)

5. Describe recombinant DNA technology. Explain the

different techniques with its application (Feb 2014)

6. With the help of a figure, describe the process by which

DNA replication takes place in a cell (Aug 2012)

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7. What is cloning? Mention the various types of cloning.

Describe in detail the steps involved in recombinant
DNA technology (Aug 2011)

8. Write in details about the initiation, elongation and

termination of transcription. Give an account if post
transcriptional processing (Feb 2011)

9. Discuss about nucleic acids under following headings:

(Feb 2010)

a) Types

b) Functions

c) Components

d) Chargaff’s rule of DNA composition

e) Different forms of DNA double helix

f) Difference between DNA and RNA

10. Describe the biosynthesis of purine nucleotide. Add a

note on regulation (Aug 2008)

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11. Write an essay on Recombinant DNA technology. What

are the important applications of the technique? (Feb
2022)

Short notes

1. Genetic Code. (Aug 2020) (Feb 2015) (Aug 2010)

2. Telomerase and its application. (Feb 2021)

3. Inhibitors of Purine nucleotide biosynthesis. (Feb 2021)

4. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. (Feb 2021) (Nov 2017)

5. Functions of proteins and enzymes involved in DNA

replication. (Nov 2019)

6. Mutation. (Aug 2019)

7. Genomic library. (Aug 2019)

8. Post translational modifications with examples. (Nov

2018) (Feb 2022)

9. Blotting techniques. (Nov 2018) (Feb 2022)

10. Properties of genetic code. (Aug 2018)

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11. Importance and applications of recombinant DNA

technology. (Aug 2018)

12. DNA repair mechanism. (Nov 2017) (Nov 2015)

13. Polymerase chain reaction. (Nov 2017)

14. Southern blot technique and its applications. (Nov 2016)

15. Write about post transcriptional processing. Mention

about post transcriptional inhibitors. (Aug 2016)

16. Structure of mRNA. (Nov 2015)

17. Structure of DNA. (Aug 2015)

18. Purine Salvage pathway. (Feb 2015)

19. What is Blotting technique? Write in detail about

Southern blot technique. (Nov 2014)

20. Restriction endonucleases (Feb 2014)

21. Post-translational modifications of proteins (Feb 2014)

22. Functions of nucleotides (Feb 2014)

23. Types of mutations. (Nov 2013)

24. Post transcriptional modifications of RNA (Nov 2013)

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25. Restriction endonucleases and their uses (Nov 2013)

26. Structure of DNA (Nov 2013) (Feb 2013)

27. Cell cycle (Nov 2013) (Aug 2011)

28. Consequences of hyperuricemia (Nov 2013) (Feb 2011)

29. LAC operon (Aug 2013) (Feb 2013) (Aug 2010)

30. Transcription and post transcriptional modifications

(Aug 2013) (Feb 2013) (May 2022)

31. Tumour markers (Aug 2013) (Aug 2012) (Aug 2009)

32. Recombinant DNA technology (Feb 2013)

33. Purine salvage pathway and its importance in the body

(Feb 2013) (Aug 2012) (Feb 2012) (Aug 2011) (Aug
2010)

34. Causes and manifestations of gout (Aug 2012)

35. Repair mechanism of DNA (Feb 2012)

36. Post translational modifications (Feb 2012) (Feb 2010)

(Aug 2008)

37. Mutation (Aug 2011) (Feb 2011) (Aug 2008)

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38. t-RNA (Aug 2010)

39. Polymerase chain reaction and its application (Feb 2010)

40. Write an account of salvage pathway in purine

nucleotide synthesis. Add a note on Lesch – Nyhan
syndrome (Feb 2010)

41. Blotting techniques (Feb 2010)

42. Gene therapy. (Feb 2010)

43. Reverse transcription (Aug 2009)

44. Gout (Aug 2009) (Aug 2008) (Feb 2022)

45. Plasmid (Aug 2009)

46. Formation of uric acid (Feb 2009)

47. Replication (Feb 2009)

48. Difference between DNA and RNA (Aug 2008)

49. Oncogenes (Aug 2008)

50. Southern blotting (Aug 2008)

51. Purine Salvage pathway (Feb 2012)

52. t- RNA (Feb 2010)

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53. What are nucleotides? Name any three biologically

important nucleotides and their importance (Feb 2010)
54. Classify RNA and explain the function (Aug 2009)
55. Hyper uricemia (Aug 2009)
56. Describe the DNA repair mechanisms with suitable
clinical examples? (Aug 2021)
57. Brief the causes, symptoms and treatment of Gout?
(Aug 2021)
58. Applications of DNA recombinant technology. (Aug
2021)
59. Tumor markers. (Feb 2022)

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CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Essay

1. List the parameters that are commonly used in clinical

practice as indicators to assess the function of liver.
Explain the basis of the use of these parameters in
assessment of liver function. Briefly discuss medical
condition in which these parameters become abnormal.
(Nov 2013)

2. Enumerate the liver function tests and how Vanden

Bergh test distinguishes different types of jaundice (Feb
2012)

3. Describe the separation of serum proteins by paper

electrophoresis. Draw the pattern of electrophoresis in I)
Multiple myeloma ii) Nephrotic syndrome (Aug 2010)

4. Name liver function test with diagnostic significance of

each. Write in detail the biochemical tests of any three
done in your laboratory (Aug 2009)

5. Enumerate liver function tests with their clinical

significance. (Feb 2022)
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Short notes

1. Conjugation reactions in Xenobiotics. (Feb 2021)

2. Biochemical features of Cancer cells. (Feb 2021)

3. Renal function tests. (Nov 2019)

4. Tests done to assess biosynthetic functions of liver.

(Nov 2019) (Aug 2018)

5. Congenital jaundice. (Aug 2019)

6. Classify jaundice based on liver function tests. (Nov 2018)

7. Tests to assess renal tubular function. (Nov 2017)

8. Describe about the various patterns of diseases in protein

electrophoresis. (Aug 2016)

9. Liver function tests. (Nov 2015)

10. Laboratory investigations in different types of

Jaundice.(Aug 2015)

11. What is creatine clearance? Write the normal value of it.

(Feb 2014)

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12. Principle and applications of electrophoresis (Nov 2013)

(Feb 2013) (Aug 2012) (Feb 2012) (Feb 2011)

13. Renal function test (Aug 2013) (Feb 2009)

14. Tubular function test (Feb 2012)

15. Serum protein electrophoresis (Aug 2011)

16. What are isotopes? What is its application in

biochemistry? (Feb 2010)

17. Colorimeter (Aug 2009)

18. ELISA (Feb 2009) (May 2022)

19. Flame photometer (Feb 2009)

20. Formation of creatine (Aug 2008)

21. Creatinine clearance test. (May 2022)

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SYSTEMIC SQUAD

Maanasha

Sneha

Sowmiya Raj

Thrisha

Uvaranjith

TEAM IMPULSE (EDITOR)

Nirmal

2022 REVISED BY
E.Pradyumna
R.Aravind

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You can find us at

dr.nerve

t.me/drnervekgmc

dr.nerve

dr.nerve

[email protected]

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