Course Contents

- Course Objectives /Contents, and Reminding System Analysis, SDLC,

System Modeling,
- System Design Phase,
- The System Technical Architecture,
- The Input Design,
- The Output Design,
- The Interface Design,
- The Data Storage Design,
- The Program Design,

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 Database Design
• Introduction to Data Storage
• Flat Files Data Storage Approach
• Database Approach
• Types of Database Systems
• Data Modeling
• Concepts to Distributed Database
• Introduction to Big Data

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 4. Types of Database Systems

4.1 Introduction and Classification

4.2 Classification: on the basis of the number of users
4.3 Classification: on the basis of the site locations
4.3.1 Centralized Database System
4.3.2 Parallel Database System
4.3.3 Distributed Database System
4.4 Client-Server DBMS

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4. Types of Database Systems

4. Types of Database Systems

4.1 Introduction and Classification

The DBMS can be classified according to

• The number of users, and
• The database site locations.
4.2 Classification: on the basis of the number of users:
The configuration of the hardware and the size of the organization will determine whether
it is a multi-user system or a single user system.

The database system may be:

• Multi-user, or
• Single-user.

In single user system

• The database resides on one computer,
• It is only accessed by one user at a time,
• This one user may design, maintain, and write database programs.
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4. Types of Database Systems

4.3 Classification: on the basis of the site location

4.3.1Centralized Database System

• The centralized database system exists in one location together with its
associated data storage devices and other peripherals.
• It is physically confined ‫ مقيد‬/ ‫ حبيس‬to a single location.
• Data can be accessed from the multiple sites with the use of a computer
network.
• The database is maintained at the central site.

Disadvantages of Centralized
Database System
• When the central site
computer or database system
goes down, then every one
(users) is blocked from using
the system until the system
comes back.
• Communication costs from
the terminals to the central site
can be expensive. 5
4. Types of Database Systems

4.3 Classification on the basis of the site location

4.3.2 Parallel Database System

• Parallel database system architecture consists of a multiple Central Processing Units (CPUs)
and data storage disk in parallel. Hence, they improve processing time and Input/output
(I/O) speeds.

• They are used in the application that have to query extremely large databases or that have
to process an extremely large number of transactions per second.
Advantages of a Parallel Database System
• Parallel database systems are very useful for the applications that have to query extremely
large databases (of the order of terabytes) or that have to process an extremely large number
of transactions per second (of the order of thousands of transactions per second).

• In a parallel database system, the throughput (that is, the number of tasks that can be
completed in a given time interval) is very high and the response time (that is, the amount of
time it takes to complete a single task from the time it is submitted) is very low.
Disadvantages of a Parallel Database System
• In a parallel database system, there is a startup cost.
• …
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4. Types of Database Systems

4.3 Classification on the basis of the site location

4.3.3 Distributed Database System

• A logically interrelated collection of shared data physically distributed over a computer

network is called as distributed database, and
• The software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes
the distribution transparent to users is called as Distributed DBMS.

It consists of a single logical database that is split into a number of fragments. Each fragment is
stored on one or more computers under the control of a separate DBMS, with the computers
connected by a communications network.

In distributed database system, data is spread across a variety of different databases. These
are managed by a variety of different DBMS software running on a variety of
different operating systems. These machines are spread (or distributed) geographically and
connected together by a variety of communication networks.

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4. Types of Database Systems

Advantages of Distributed Database System

• A single database (on server) can be shared across several distinct clients (applications)
systems.
• Distributed database system provides local autonomy. ‫االستقالل‬
• Distributed database architecture provides greater efficiency and better performance.

Disadvantages of Distributed Database System

• Recovery from failure is more complex in distributed database systems than in centralized
systems.

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4. Types of Database Systems

4.4 Client-Server DBMS

Client/Server architecture of database system has two logical components namely

client, and server.

Clients are generally personal computers or workstations. It is called front end. A

client software component is installed on the personal computer.

Server is large workstations, mini range computer system or a mainframe computer

system. It is called backend. The DBMS software reside on the server.

These server and client computers are connected via a computer network. The
applications and tools act as clients of the DBMS, making requests for its services.
The DBMS, in turn, processes these requests and returns the results to the
client(s).

Client-Server computing model can be classified as:

- Single-Tier model
- Two-Tier model
- Three-Tier model
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4. Types of Database Systems

Single-Tier client server computing model

In a single-tier system the database is centralized, which means the DBMS Software and the
data reside in one location and the dumb terminals were used to access the DBMS as
shown.

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4. Types of Database Systems

Two-Tier client server computing model

The wide spread of personal computers in businesses during the 1980s, and the increased
reliability of networking hardware causes Two-tier and Three-tier systems became common.

In a two-tier system, different software is required for the server and for the client.

In the two-tier-computing model, client is considered as data capture and validation tier
and Server was considered as data storage tier.

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4. Types of Database Systems

Problems of two-tier model

The need of enterprise scalability challenged this traditional two-tier client-server
model. In the mid-1990s, as application became more complex and could be
deployed to hundreds or thousands of end-users, the client side, now undergoes with
following problems:
• A' fat' client requiring considerable resources on client's computer to run
effectively. This includes disk space, RAM and CPU.
• Client machines require administration which results overhead.

Thin Clients become

Fat Clients due to:
• Required heavy
processing
• Needed disk
storage
• Needed disk RAM
• … Thousands
of thin
Clients
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4. Types of Database Systems

Three-tier client server computing model

By 1995, three-tier architecture appears as improvement over two-tier architecture. It has

three layers, which are:
• First Layer: User Interface which runs on end-user's computer (the client) .
• Second Layer: Application Server. It is a business logic and data processing layer. This
middle tier runs on a server which is called as Application Server.
• Third Layer: Database Server. It is a DBMS, which stores the data required by the middle
tier. This tier may run on a separate server called the database server.

As, described earlier, the client is now responsible for application's user interface, thus it
requires less computational resources, so clients are called as 'thin client' and it requires less
maintenance.

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4. Types of Database Systems

Advantages of Client/Server Database System

• Client/Server system has less expensive platforms to support applications that had
previously been running only on large and expensive mini or mainframe computers.
• Client offer icon-based menu-driven interface, which is superior to the traditional
command-line, dumb terminal interface typical of mini and mainframe computer systems.
• Client/Server database system is more flexible as compared to the Centralized system.
• Response time and throughput is high.
• The server (database) machine can be custom-built (tailored) to the DBMS function and
thus can provide a better DBMS performance.
• The client (application database) might be a personnel workstation, tailored to the needs
of the end users and thus able to provide better interfaces, high availability, faster
responses and overall improved ease of use to the user.
• A single database (on server) can be shared across several distinct client (application)
systems.

Disadvantages of Client/Server Database System

• Programming cost is high in client/server environments, particularly in initial phases.
• There is a lack of management tools for diagnosis, performance monitoring and tuning and
security control, for the DBMS, client and operating systems and networking environments.

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End

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