Course Contents

- Course Objectives /Contents, and Reminding System Analysis, SDLC,

System Modeling,
- System Design Phase,
- The System Technical Architecture,
- The Input Design,
- The Output Design,
- The Interface Design,
- The Data Storage Design,
- The Program Design,

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 Database Design
• Introduction to Data Storage
• Flat Files Data Storage Approach
• Database Approach
• Types of Database Systems
• Data Modeling
• Concepts to Distributed Database
• Introduction to Big Data

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1. Introduction to Database Design

1. Introduction to Data Storage Design

3
1. Introduction

1. Introduction to Data Storage Design

Data storage is the heart of an information system. Example

Data can be stored in computer-based system using one of two approaches:

• Flat files Data Storage, conventional file system, or traditional file system.
• Database Data Storage , a central source of data that can be shared by many applications

Each approach has it advantages and disadvantages. Next

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 1. Introduction to Database Design

Balance Storage

Customer Customer

Banking System
Query about Balance
Balance
 1. Introduction to Database Design

Balance Storage

Customer X
Banking System
Query about Balance
Balance
 1. Introduction to Database Design

Balance Storage

Customer X
Banking System
Query about Balance
Balance
??

Example
2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

2. Flat Files Data Storage,

Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

2.1 Characteristics of File Processing System

2.2 Flat Files Terminologies
2.3 Types of Flat Files
2.4 File Organization & Accessing of Flat Files
2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Flat File Approach

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2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

2.1 Characteristics of Flat File System

Here is the list of some important characteristics of flat file processing

system:
• Conventional file system is an approach for storing and organizing data on an
electronic system to make it easy to handle and access by programs and
applications.
• Flat files are container of data inside the computer system, in a simplest way,
storing data for an organization.
• It is a two-dimensional tables consisting from a set of records, each record
consists of a set of data items.
• Each flat file is independent from one another, each file support one program
or application at a time.
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2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

2.1 Characteristics of Flat File System

Here is the list of some important characteristics of flat file processing

system:
• Flat file is called also conventional file, or traditional file, or generally file.
• As systems became more complex, file processing systems offered little
flexibility, presented many limitations, and were difficult to maintain.
• flat files contains records having no structured relationship among each
others.
• Flat files are maintained and managed by the operating system.

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2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System,

Traditional File System Approach

Example:

Student Registration Library Books Accounting Processing

Application Layer
Application Application Application

File System File System, O.S.

Student Data Data Storage

Accounting Data Books Data
Layer (Flat Files)

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2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

2.2 Flat Files Terminologies

File: A group of related records that support some purposeful action.

Record: A group of fields that support some purposeful action, which is a

collection of interrelated attributes that describe an entity, as shown in figure

Order-# Last Name Initial Street Address City State Credit-Card

Key Attributes

Field: A group of characters with certain type that support some purposeful
action.
File organization: Way of organizing data, records, fields, inside the file. It
can take different forms, such as: sequential, indexed sequential, direct, …
File Accessing: Way of how to access data, records, inside the file. It can take
different forms, such as: sequential accessing, indexed sequential accessing,
direct accessing, … 12
2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

2.3 Types of Flat Files

Master file: Usually, it contains the master data, characterized by:
- Contains a records that are relatively permanent.
- The records in general are large.
- Each record contains a primary key and several secondary keys.
- Example: (customer records, personal records, parts inventory file, …).

Transaction file: Usually, it is used to enter changes that update the master file and
produce reports with updates done.
New Master file: Master file after updating.
Work file: files that are created during processing of other files as dummy file to help
in the processing since some programs can run more efficiently if a work file is used (ex:
a work file that is resorted so that records may be accessed more quickly). Example

Report file (Print File): When a program generating printed output, and there is no
available printer, the output of the program is directed to the report file which can be
reprinted later, this process is called spooling.
Next
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2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

Sorted by
Sorted by Customer
Date number

Invoices File
Order File

Sales Department Accounting Department

Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order Invoice
Generation Back

Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Invoice

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2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

Sorted by
Sorted by Customer
Date number

Invoices File
Order File

Sales Department Accounting Department

Order
Order
Order
Order
Order Soring by
Order
Order
Order Invoice
Customer
Number Generation Back

Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Invoice

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2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

Master File

System Application-1
System Application-2
System Application-1
System Application

Master file
after
New Master File
updating
2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

Master File Transaction File

System Application-1
System Application-2
System Application-1
System Application

Master file
after
New Master File
updating

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2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

To be sorted by
Customer
number
Records are
sorted by Master File Working File Transaction File
date

System Application-1
System Application-2
System Application-1
System Application

Master file
after
New Master File
updating
2. Flat files Data Storage, Conventional File System, Traditional File System Approach

To be sorted by
Customer
number
Records are
sorted by Master File Working File Transaction File
date

System Application-1
System Application-2 Print File
System Application-1
System Application

Master file
after
New Master File
updating

Reports

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End

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