The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)

|| Volume || 9 || Issue || 03 || Series I || Pages || PP 81-90| 2020 ||

ISSN (e): 2319-1813 ISSN (p): 20-24-1805

A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to

model a PV- Wind hybrid system.
Ngang, N.B1, EzekielNamere Aneke2
Department of Electrical /Electronic Engineering,
Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu.

Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) array which is composed of modules is considered as the fundamental power conversionunit
of a PV generator system. The PV array has nonlinear characteristics and it is quite expensive and takesmuch
time to get the operating curves of PV array under varying operating conditions. In order to overcome these
obstacles, common and simple models of solar panel have been developed and integrated to many
engineeringsoftware including Matlab/Simulink. However, these models are not adequate for application
involving hybrid energysystem since they need a flexible tuning of some parameters in the system and not easily
understandable for readersto use by themselves. Therefore, this paper presents a step-by-step procedure for the
simulation of PV cells/modules/arrays with Tag tools in Matlab/Simulink. A 200-Watt solar panel is used as
reference model. The output characteristics curves of the model match the characteristics of the solar panel
after simulation. The mathematical modeling of the PVwas demonstrated step by step, Wind Turbine
performance was simulated and observed, the output voltage of the turbine was 240V matched the calculated
value.
A step-by-step procedure for simulating a PV array with Tag tools, using friendly icons and dialogs in
Matlab/Simulink block libraries is shown in this work. This modeling procedure serves as an aid to help people
understand the I–V and P–V operating curves of PV module. The research is the first step to study a hybrid
system where a PV power generation connecting to other renewable energy production sources like wind or
biomass energy systems is applied and simplified.
KEY WORDS: Photovoltaic array, Matlab/Simulink, Hybrid, Tag
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Date of Submission: 20-03-2020 Date of Acceptance: 06-04-2020
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I. INTRODUCTION
Solar (PV) systems capture the sunlight and directly convert it into electricity. Photovoltaic (PV) cell is
the basic element of a PV system. A photovoltaic cell is a semiconductor diode whose p-n junction is open to
the light. When sunlight strikes the solar cell junction, free electrons and holes are generated and a current is
delivered to the load when it is short circuited. A grouping of PV cells forms a solar panel. To obtain large
output voltage solar panels are formed by connecting PV cells in series and to achieve large output current cells
are connected in parallel. A function in Matlab environment was developed to calculate the current output from
the following parameters: Voltage, solarirradiation and temperature in the study of [1].
A method which appliesMatlab m-file and C-language programming iseven more difficult to clarify
[2].Another writerproposed amodel based onsolar cell and array’s mathematical equations and builtwith
common blocks in Simulink environment in [3,4,5 and 6].

Rated output power and rate output wind speed.

As the wind speed rises above the cut-in speed, the level of electrical output power rises rapidly too.
The limit to the generator output is called therated power outputand the wind speed at which it is reached is
called therated output wind speed.At higher wind speeds, the design of the turbine is arranged to limit the power
to this maximum level and there is no further rise in the output power. How this is done varies from design to
design but typically with large turbines, it is done by adjusting the blade angles so as to keep the power at
theconstant level.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Components description
The configuration used in Fig. 1consists of wind energy and PV energy systems,DG, battery bank,
charge controller, bidirectional converter, main load, and dummyload. The dispatch of this configuration is easy
to be understood. The main load issupplied primarily from the WT and PV array through the bidirectional
converter.

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 A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind hybrid system.

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery energy system courtesy of(SpringerInternational
Publishing)

The excess power from the wind energy system and/or PV energy system above theload demand is
stored in the battery bank until the batteries are completely charged.
If the battery storage is full; excess power (i.e., dummy power) will be used to supply certain special
loads (i.e., dummy loads), such as loads for cooling and heating purposes, water pumping, and charging the
batteries of emergency lights.used. Mathematical modeling of the proposed HRES parts is detailed in the
following subsections. Among other authors, a proposed model is based on
solar cell and array’s mathematical equations and builtwith common blocks in Simulink environment in
[7,8,9 and 10]. In these studies, the effect of environmental conditions (solar insolation and temperature), and
physical parameters (diode’s quality factor, series resistance Rs, shunt was discussed and noted.s
A step-by-step procedure for simulating PV module with subsystem blocks with user-friendly icons
and dialog in the same approach with TarakSalmi and SavitaNema was developed by Jena, Pandiarajan and
Muthu et al. However, the biggest gap of the studies mentioned above is shortage of considering the effect of
partially shading condition on solar PV panel’s operation. In other researches, authors used empirical data and
Lookup Table or Curve Fitting Tool (CFtool) to build P–V and I–V characteristics of solar module [11]. The
disadvantage of this method is that it is quite challenging or even unable to collect sufficient datafor its
application.From the work of[12] and [13], a solar cell block which hasalready been built inSimscape/Simulink
environment is employed. With this block, the input parameters such as short circuit current, open circuit
voltage, etc. areprovided by manufacturers. The negative point of this approach is that some parameters
including saturation current, temperature,and so on cannot be evaluated.Solar model developed with Tag tools in
Simulink environmentis recorded in the research of [14], and [15], etc. In these papers, only twoaspects (solar
irradiation and temperature) are investigated without providing step-by-step simulation procedure. Hence,lack of
presenting step-by-step simulation procedure is a concern for readers and researchersto follow and do simulation
by themselves.Therefore, the study proposes an easy model built with Tag tools in Simulink environment. The
proposed model shows strength in investigating all parameters’ influence on solar PV array’s operation. In
addition, a unique stepby-step modeling procedure shown allows readers to follow and simulate by themselves
to do research.

III. METHODS
Modeling the system with equations and Building the Simulink Block Diagram is the first step in realising the
first objective.
(a) Modeling of the PV Array,1 shows the equivalent circuit of a PV cell.

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 A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind hybrid system.

Fig.1: Equivalent circuit of a PV cell

The current source Iph is the PV cell photocurrent. Rsh and Rs are the shunt and series resistances of
the cell, (internal resistance). The value of Rsh is always of large magnitude and that of Rs is usually very
small, hence they may be neglected to simplify the analysis [16]. Practically, PV cells are arranged in larger
segments called PV modules and these segments are connected in series or parallel to represent PV arrays which
are used to produce electricity in Photovoltaic systems. The equivalent circuit for PV array is shown in Fig.1The
voltage–current characteristic equation of a solar cell is provided as [17].
Module photo-current,Iph = [Isc + Ki(T − 298)] × Ir/1000 (1)
Here, Iph: photo-current (A); Isc: short circuit current (A); Ki: short-circuit current of cell at 25 °C and 1000
W/m2;T: operating temperature (K); Ir: solar irradiation (W/m2).Module reverse saturation current Irsis
expressed as [18]
Irs = Isc/[exp(qVOC/NSknT) − 1] (2)
Here, q: electron charge, = 1.6 × 10−19C; Voc: open circuit voltage (V); Ns: number of cells connected inseries;
n: the ideality factor of the diode;
k: Boltzmann’s constant, = 1.3805 × 10−23 J/K.
Where Ipv, cell = incident light current (which is directly proportional to the sun radiation),
Id = Shockley diode equation
Irsat, cell = reverse saturation or leakage current of the diode
q = electron charge (1.60217646 x 10-19 C)
k = Boltzmann constant (1.3806503 x 10-23 J/K)
T = temperature of the p-n junction
a = diode ideality constant
The module saturation current Isat varies with the cell temperature, which is given by [19] :
𝑇 3 𝑞 × 𝐸𝑔0 1 1
𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝐼𝑟𝑠 exp − (3)
𝑇𝑟 𝑛𝑘 𝑇 𝑇𝑟
Here, Tr: nominal temperature = 298.15 K; Eg0: band gap energy of the semiconductor, = 1.1 eV; The current
output of PV module is:(Nguyen, 2015)
𝑉/𝑁𝑠 + 1 × 𝑅𝑠 /𝑁𝑝
𝐼 = 𝑁𝑃 × 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝑁𝑝 × 10 × exp − 1 − 1𝑠ℎ (4)
𝑛 × 𝑉𝑡

With:
𝑘 ×𝑇
𝑉𝑡 = (5)
𝑞
And (Nguyen,2015)
𝑉 × 𝑁𝑝 /𝑁𝑠 + 𝐼 × 𝑅𝑠
𝐼𝑠ℎ = (6)
𝑅𝑠ℎ
Here: Np: number of PV modules connected in parallel; Rs: series resistance (Ω); Rsh: shunt resistance (Ω); Vt:
diode thermal voltage (V).
Our reference model is a 200W solar power module that is specified for installation. The characteristics are
obtained from the manufacturer as shown in table 1.

Table 1:Electrical parameters for PV array

S/NO PARAMETERS VALUES
1 Maximum Power 200W
2 Maximum Power Voltage 24.6V
3 Maximum Power Current 8.13A
4 Open Circuit Voltage 30V
5 Short Circuit Current 8.56A
6 Reference Temperature 25°C
7 Module Efficency 15.3%
8 Solar cell efficiency 17.2%
9 Maximum system voltage 1000V DC

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 A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind hybrid system.
10 Operating temperature -400C – 850c (360C)
11 Total number of cells in parallel 72 (6x12)
12 Total number of cells in series1

All electrical specifications are under test conditions of Irradiance of I kW/m 2,and cell temperature 250C.

3.1 (a)Procedure for Modeling Solar PV Step by step

The modeling of the PV array has to do with the diode equivalent circuit fundamentalequations;this will cover
diode current source,series resistor,and parallel resistor. The entire modeling will be done with tags in simulink
environment.The simulation will be based on the equations stated above,that is (1) Module photocurrent (2)
Module reverse saturation current,(3)Module Saturation current(4)The current output of PV model. (5) Vt
thermal voltage, (6) shunt current Ish
𝑇 3 𝑞 × 𝐸𝑔0 1 1
The equation given in[19] for,Isat =𝐼𝑟𝑠 exp −
𝑇𝑟 𝑛𝑘 𝑇 𝑇𝑟
A mathematical model of PV array including fundamental components of diode, current source, series resistor
and parallel resistor is considered with Tags and modeled in Simulink environment. (http://mathwork.com). The
simulation of solar module is from the equations given in the previous section and will be followed
sequentially.

Step 1:Provision of input parameters

Input parameters for modeling are required,: These values are:Tr is reference temperature = 298K that
is(273+25);n is ideality factor = 1.2; k is Boltzmann constant = 1.3805 × 10 −23 J/K; q is electron charge = 1.6 ×
10−19; Isc is PV module short circuit current at 25 °C and 1000 W/m2 = 8.56A; Voc is PV module open circuit
voltage at 25 °C and 1000 W/m2 = 30 V; Eg0 is the band gap energy for silicon = 1.1 eV. Rs is series resistor,
normally the value of this one is very small, = 0.0001 Ω; Rsh is shunt resistor, the value of this is so large, =
1000 Ω.

3.2 Step 2
Module photon-current is given in Eq. (3.1) and modeled as Fig.3.8 (Ir0 = 1000 W/m2).
Iph = [Isc + Ki(T − 298)] × Ir/1000 (7)

Fig. 2: Modeled circuit of equation 1 PV photo current.

3.3 Step3: Module reverse saturation current from equation 2Irs = Isc/[exp(qVOC/NSknT) − 1]

Module reverse saturation current is given in Eq. (2) and modeled as Fig 9.

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 A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind hybrid system.

Fig.3 Modeled circuit for equation 2 reverse saturation current Irsat = Isc/[exp(qVOC/NSknT) − 1]

3.4 step 4 to calculate the module saturation current Isat, as given in equation3
𝑇 3 𝑞 × 𝐸𝑔0 1 1
𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝐼𝑟𝑠 exp − and modeled as figure 4
𝑇𝑟 𝑛𝑘 𝑇 𝑇𝑟

Fig.4: Modeled circuit for equation 3

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 A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind hybrid system.

3.5 Step 5
A modeled circuit for equation 3.6 is shown in figure 3.11,where the inputs are expressed in order to calculate
𝑉 × 𝑁𝑝 /𝑁𝑠 + 𝐼 × 𝑅𝑠
the shunt current given as 𝐼𝑠ℎ =
𝑅𝑠ℎ
In this equation,Np is the number of PV modules connected in parallel;R: series resistance in ohms;R sh is the
shunt resistance while Vt is the diode thermal voltage(vt).The 200W solar panel is chosen as the reference
module for simulation and the detailed parameters of module expressed as in table 3.

Fig.5: Modeled Circuit for shunt current of Equation 3.6

Fig.6: Interconnection of all subsystems of PV Module.

(b) Modeling of Wind Turbine

Wind energy falls under the class of a clean, friendly and endless source of energy. Therefore, a wind energy
system is one of the preferred sources of alternative energy for the future demand. A wind turbine changes the,
kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy. The amount of this converted mechanical energy depends on the
air density and the wind velocity. The power developed by the wind comes from the turbine and is expressed as
1/2Cp(λ,β)ƿAW3 (8)
Where
Pm power captured by wind turbine
ρ=Air density,β=Pitch angle (in degrees),r = Blade radius (in meters)
W= Wind Velocity (in m/s), the term λ is the tip-speed ratio, given by the equation
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 A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind hybrid system.

λ=ѡr /V (9)
Where ѡ = rotor speed of rotation in (rad/sec)
Cp can be expressed as the function of the tip speed ratio (λ)[20](Ochieng, 2014)

− 0.4 β-5] exp-165/ λ

116
Cp=1/2[ (10)
λ1

(Ochieng, 2014)
(11)
λ =Tip speed ratio
λ
1= constant
Where CP = performance coefficient of turbine
ρ = air density (kg/m3)
A = area of turbine blades (m3)
w = wind velocity (m/sec)
λ = tip speed ratio of the rotor blade tip speed to wind speed
β = blade pitch angle (deg)
The coefficient CP is the fraction of kinetic energy which is converted by wind turbine into mechanical energy.
It is
related to the tip speed ratio (λ).Wind turbine output torque (T m) can be calculated using equation [21](Anjali
Rana,2015):

(12)

Fig. 7: Wind Turbine Blade

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 A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind hybrid system.

Fig. 8: Wind Turbine Model in Simulink equation 8.(1/2Cp(λ,β)ƿAW3)

Fig. 9: Ideal power curve of wind turbine courtesy of (Anjali Rana,2015)

This wind turbine is connected to a three phase synchronous generator which converts this mechanical power
into electrical power. A single turbine is used in this work.
(c) Modeling of Hybrid PV/Wind System
A collection of Wind and PV energy system into a hybrid generation system can increase their efficiency by
boosting their overall energy output, by reducing energy storage requirement. This makes system less costly and
more reliable as compared to individual energy system.
A hybrid system of wind and PV connected together is simulated. It consists of a converter with PWM generator
and voltage source converter which convert DC to AC of grid frequency. A Simulink model of hybrid system is
shown in fig.10

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 A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind hybrid system.

Fig. 10: Complete Simulink model of HRES wind/PV/Battery hybrid system

1. PV model in SIMULINK was simulated.

2. Wind Turbine performance was simulated and observed.
3. Battery Bank was modeled and simulated for charging and discharging capability.
4. The Hybrid Renewable Energy SystemHRES) was used to power or supply electric energy to the residential
Area. Simulation was done using and inductive motor that consumed the same load current as the residential
load equivalent in rural area,.
The graphs of figures11 and 12 showed the output curves of the generated parameters

Fig.11: current –voltage curve of Photovoltaic Module

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 A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind hybrid system.

Fig. 12: Output voltage of a wind turbine

IV. CONCLUSION
A step by step method for simulating PV array and wind turbine with tag tools and user friendly icons
and dialogs in Matlab/Simulink block libraries is illustrated.This modeling approach serves as an aid to help
people to have a deeper understanding of I-V and P-Voperating curves of PV module.This paper is a step to
study a hybrid system where a PV power generation connecting to other renewable Energy production sources
like wind or biomas energy system are applied.

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Ngang, N.B,etal " A Step-By-Step Technique for using Simulink and MATLAb to model a PV- Wind
hybrid system." The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 9(3) (2020): 81-90.

DOI:10.9790/1813-0903018190 www.theijes.com Page 90