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Geom-WPS Office

The document describes different models of hyperbolic and elliptic geometry and differentiates between Euclidean, hyperbolic, and elliptic geometry. It identifies the Poincaré disk, half-plane, Beltrami-Klein, and hyperboloid models of hyperbolic geometry and the spherical and projective models of elliptic geometry. It also differentiates Lambert and Saccheri quadrilaterals in hyperbolic and elliptic geometry and compares properties like the parallel postulate, line intersections, triangle angles and areas, similarity, and line lengths between the three geometries.

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48 views3 pages

Geom-WPS Office

The document describes different models of hyperbolic and elliptic geometry and differentiates between Euclidean, hyperbolic, and elliptic geometry. It identifies the Poincaré disk, half-plane, Beltrami-Klein, and hyperboloid models of hyperbolic geometry and the spherical and projective models of elliptic geometry. It also differentiates Lambert and Saccheri quadrilaterals in hyperbolic and elliptic geometry and compares properties like the parallel postulate, line intersections, triangle angles and areas, similarity, and line lengths between the three geometries.

Uploaded by

nalddandal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Answer the following questions, statements, or problems.

Write your answers on a whole sheet of


yellow or colored pad paper.

A. Identify the different models of hyperbolic and elliptic geometry. (5 points)

1. Hyperbolic Geometry Models:

- Poincaré Disk Model: Represents the hyperbolic space as a disk, with points inside the disk
representing the space and the boundary representing infinity.

- Poincaré Half-Plane Model: Represents the hyperbolic space as the upper half-plane, with the real
line as the boundary representing infinity.

- Beltrami-Klein Model: Represents the hyperbolic space as the interior of a unit disk, with distances
and angles defined based on the intersection of lines with the disk boundary.

- Hyperboloid Model: Represents the hyperbolic space as a hyperboloid embedded in a higher-


dimensional Euclidean space.

2. Elliptic Geometry Models:

- Spherical Model: Represents the elliptic geometry on the surface of a sphere, with points on the
sphere representing the space and great circles representing "straight" lines.

- Projective Model: Represents the elliptic geometry as a projection from a higher-dimensional space
onto a projective plane.

B. Differentiate Lambert and Saccheri Quadrilaterals both in the hyperbolic geometry and elliptic
geometry. (10 points)
C. Differentiate Euclidean geometry, hyperbolic and elliptic geometry from each other using the given
table below. (20 points)

Euclidean geometry, hyperbolic geometry, and elliptic geometry

1. Parallel Postulate:

- Euclidean: One line parallel to a given line through an external point.

- Hyperbolic: Infinitely many lines parallel to a given line through an external point.

- Elliptic: No parallel lines; any two lines intersect at one point.

2. Intersection of two distinct lines:

- Euclidean: Two distinct lines intersect at one point.

- Hyperbolic: Two distinct lines intersect at one point.

- Elliptic: Two distinct lines intersect at one point.

3. Angle sum of a triangle:

- Euclidean: Sum of interior angles is always 180 degrees.

- Hyperbolic: Sum of interior angles is always less than 180 degrees.

- Elliptic: Sum of interior angles is always greater than 180 degrees.

4. Triangle similarity:

- Euclidean: Similar triangles have congruent angles and proportional side lengths.

- Hyperbolic: Similar triangles have congruent angles, but side length ratios differ from Euclidean
geometry.

- Elliptic: Similar triangles have congruent angles, but side length ratios differ from Euclidean geometry.
5. Length of a line:

- Euclidean: Lines can be extended indefinitely in both directions.

- Hyperbolic: Lines can be extended indefinitely in both directions.

- Elliptic: Lines are finite and form closed loops.

6. Area of a triangle:

- Euclidean: Determined by base/height or side lengths and trigonometric functions.

- Hyperbolic: Determined by angles and radius of hyperbolic space.

- Elliptic: Determined by angles and radius of elliptic space; area can exceed that of a plane triangle.

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