ACID, BASES & SALTS

Topics to be Discussed :
1. Acids and Bases
2. Indicators
3. Understanding the Chemical properties of Acids and Bases.
How do Acids and Bases React with Metals ?
How do Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogen carbonates
React with Acids ?
How do Acids and Bases React with each other?
Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids .
Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base.
4. What do all Acids and all Bases have in Common ?
What Happens to an Acid or a Base in a Water Solution ?
5. How strong are Acid or Base solutions ?
Importance of pH in Everyday Life
6. Salts
pH of Salts
● Chemicals from Common Salt.
➤ Common salt — A raw material for chemicals
➤ Sodium hydroxide
➤ Bleaching powder
➤ Uses of bleaching Powder
➤ Baking soda
➤ Uses of sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3)
➤ Washing soda
➤ Uses of washing soda
● Are the Crystals of Salts really Dry?
➤ Plaster of Paris
 Acids
• Acids are sour in taste.
• Acids turn blue litmus to red.
• Acids give H+ ions in aqueous solution.
• Acid corrode metals.

Strong Acids : HCL , H2 SO4 , HNO3

Weak Acids : CH3COOH , Oxalic acid , Lactic acid
Concentrated Acids : More amount of acid + Less amount
of water.
Dilute Acids : More amount of water + Less amount of acid.
 BASES
These are bitter in taste.
• They turn red litmus to blue.
• Bases give OH- ions in aqueous solution.
• These are the substance which are slippery and
soapy in touch.

Strong Bases - NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2

Weak Bases - NH4OH
Alkalis - These are the bases which are soluble in water.
Indicators
An Indicator tells us whether the given substance is an acid
or base by the change in it’s colour and odour.
• Natural Indicators – Indicators which are obtained naturally are
called Natural Indicators .For example– Litmus , red cabbage,
turmeric, Onion, Vanilla, Clove etc.
• Olfactory Indicators – Substances which change their odour with
acid and base are called Olfactory Indicators .For example - Onion,
Vanilla, Clove etc.
• Synthetic Indicators - Indicators which are obtained from artificial
substances that are synthesized in laboratories are called Synthetic
Indicators .For example– Methyl Orange, Phenolphthalein.
How do Acids and Bases React with Metals ?

Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas

Eg. - Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2

Let's perform an experiment to test whether Hydrogen
gas is released in this experiment or not...
 How do Metal Carbonates and Metal
Hydrogencarbonates React with Acids ?

Metal Carbonate/Hydrogencarbonate + Acid → Salt + CO2 + H2O

EXAMPLES :
Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2(g)
NaHCO3(s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
(Lime (White
water) Precipitate)
How do Acids and Bases React with each other ?

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

Eg. NaOH (aq) + HCL (aq) → NaCL (aq) + H20 (l)

Neutralisation Reaction - The reaction
between an acid and a base to give a salt and
water is known as a neutralisation reaction
Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids

Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water

2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O

Since metallic oxides react with acids to give salts
and water, similar to the reaction of a base with an
acid, metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides.
Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base

Non-metallic Oxide + Base → Salt + Water

The reaction between a non-metallic oxide and a

base is a similar to the reaction between a base
and an acid, we can conclude that non-metallic
oxides are acidic in nature.
WHAT DO ALL ACIDS AND ALL BASES HAVE IN COMMON ?
Both Acids and Bases are
electrolytes, which means they
are good conductors of electricity.
Acids and Bases both produces
ions in water solution.

Quick quiz - Which ions are

produced by acid and bases
respectively in water solution ?
What Happens to an Acid or a Base in a Water Solution ?
Hydrogen ions in HCl are produced in the presence
of water. The separation of H+ ion from HCl
molecules cannot occur in the absence of water.

+ -
HCL + H2O → H3O + Cl
Hydrogen ions cannot exist alone, but they
exist after combining with water molecules.
Thus hydrogen ions must always be shown as
H+ (aq) or hydronium ion (H3O+ ).
How strong are Acid or Base solutions ?
A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, called pH
scale has been developed. The p in pH stands for ‘potenz’ in German,
meaning power. On the pH scale we can measure pH generally from 0(very
acidic) to 14 (very alkaline). pH should be thought of simply as a number
which indicates the acidic or basic nature of a solution. Higher the
hydronium ion concentration, lower is the pH value.
The pH of a neutral solution is 7. Values less than 7 on the pH scale
represent an acidic solution. As the pH value increases from 7 to 14, it
represents an increase in OH– ion concentration in the solution, that is,
increase in the strength of alkali.
The strength of acids and bases depends on the number of H+ ions and OH–
ions produced, respectively. Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to
be strong acids, and acids that give less H+ions are said to be weak acids
pH Scale Diagram
 Importance of pH in Everyday Life
Are plants and animals pH sensitive ?
Our body works within the pH range of
7.0 to 7.8. Living organisms can survive
only in a narrow range of pH change.
When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it
is called acid rain. When acid rain flows
into the rivers, it lowers the pH of the
river water. The survival of aquatic life in
such rivers becomes difficult..
 Importance of pH in Everyday Life
pH in our Digestive system
Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid. It
helps in the digestion of food without harming
the stomach. During indigestion the stomach
produces too much acid and this causes pain
and irritation. To get rid of this pain, people
use bases called antacids. These antacids
neutralise the excess acid. Magnesium
hydroxide (Milk of magnesia), a mild base, is
often used for this purpose.
 Importance of pH in Everyday Life
pH change as the cause of tooth decay
Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower
than 5.5. Tooth enamel, made up of calcium phosphate is
the hardest substance in the body. It does not dissolve in
water, but is corroded when the pH in the mouth is
below 5.5. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids
by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in
the mouth after eating. The best way to prevent this is to
clean the mouth after eating food. Using toothpastes,
which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth can
neutralise the excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
 Importance of pH in Everyday Life
Self defence by animals and plants through chemical warfare
Bee-sting leaves an acid which causes pain and
irritation. Use of a mild base like baking soda on the
stung area gives relief. Stinging hair of nettle leaves
inject methanoic acid causing burning pain.
Some Naturally occuring Acids
SALTS
pH of Salts
Salts of a strong acid and a strong base are
neutral with pH value of 7. On the other
hand, salts of a strong acid and weak base
are acidic with pH value less than 7 and
those of a strong base and weak acid are
basic in nature, with pH value more than 7.
Chemicals from Common Salt

Sodium hydroxide
Bleaching powder
Baking soda
Washing soda
Plaster of Paris
 When electricity is passed through an aqueous
SODIUM solution of sodium chloride (called brine), it
HYDROXIDE decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. The process
is called the chlor-alkali process because of the
products formed– chlor for chlorine and alkali for
sodium hydroxide.
2NaCl + 2H2O → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
USES :
• It is used to make soap and detergents .
• It is used in paper manufacture.
• It is used in oil refining .
• It is also used as pesticides
BLEACHING Bleaching powder is produced by the action
of chlorine on dry slaked lime [Ca(OH)2 ].
POWDER Bleaching powder is represented as CaOCl2.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O

(i) For bleaching cotton and linen in the

textile industry, for bleaching wood pulp in
paper factories and for bleaching washed
clothes in laundry.
(ii) As an oxidising agent in many chemical
industries.
(iii) For disinfecting drinking water to make it
free of germs.
 The soda commonly used in the kitchen for making
BAKING tasty crispy pakoras is baking soda. Sometimes it is
added for faster cooking. The chemical name of the

SODA compound is sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3). It

produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw
materials.
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH4 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3

(i) For making baking powder, which is a mixture of

baking soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate) and a mild
edible acid such as tartaric acid
(ii) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is also an ingredient in
antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in
the stomach and provides relief.
(iii) It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
WASHING
Another chemical that can be obtained from sodium
chloride is Na2CO3 .10H2O (washing soda). You have
seen above that sodium carbonate can be obtained by

SODA heating baking soda; recrystallisation of sodium

carbonate gives washing soda. It is also a basic salt.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3 .10H2O

USES :
(i) Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass, soap
and paper industries.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such
as borax.
(iii) Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for
domestic purposes.
(iv) It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.
 Are the Crystals of Salts really Dry ?
( Water of Crystallisation )

Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules

present in one formula unit of a salt. Five water molecules are
present in one formula unit of copper sulphate. Chemical formula
for hydrated copper sulphate is CuSO4 .5H2O. Now you would be
able to answer the question whether the molecule of Na2CO3
.10H2O is wet. One other salt, which possesses water of
crystallisation is gypsum. It has two water molecules as water of
cyrstallisation. It has the formula CaSO4.2H2O .
 Plaster of Paris
On heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses water molecules
and becomes calcium sulphate hemihydrate
(CaSO4.1/2H2O ). This is called Plaster of Paris, the
substance which doctors use as plaster for supporting
fractured bones in the right position. Plaster of Paris is
a white powder and on mixing with water, it changes to
gypsum once again giving a hard solid mass.
What happens to pH when milk changes to curd ? Why ?

When milk changes into curd its, its pH will

decrease. Because curd contains
lactic acid, so H+ ions concentration
increases and thus pH will decrease.

Which ions are present in a dilute aqueous solution of HCL ?

In a dilute aqueous solution of Hydrochloric acid, H30+ & Cl- ions are present.
Why do we feel a burning sensation in the stomach when we
overeat ? What is the medicine used to cure it called ?
When we overeat , the burning sensation in the stomach is due to
excess hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach .The medicine used
to neutralise it is called antacid .The most commonly used antacid is
magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia).

Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain

water does?
The presence of ions is necessary in order for any solution to conduct
electricity. Distilled water is pure water, which is free from any kind of acids,
bases or salts. Hence, it does not conduct electricity due to absence of ions.
Thanks For Watching