tl Filters C1

EXAMPLE S.l3 Design and draw a prototype low Paaa

137
.,_ having characterlatfc impedance (zJ 500 a and to fllter to Ill
uue Paa 8 fre •tell "I ~ 600
6 Klis.
Solution .
: From question, / l.11'
'lttellcfe• 11p~ L= 4x3.14lx6000
or,
R0 =- 500 n , L= 7.959 mH
and fc = 6 KHz = 6000 Hz 2 C = 0.0442 µF
C =0.0221 µF
The design elements of LPF are L and C given by th I o
R e relati on
L=-o L=7.959 mH
1tfc 2 L = 15.918 mH 2 L = 15.918 mH
or 500
L = 3.141 X 6000 T-typeHPF it-type HPF
L= 26.530 mH ( ·: 7t "'3,J<111 Fig. 4.51. T-type and 1t-type HPF
and C=-
1
EXAMPLE 3.15 Design and draw an m-derived low paaa T-type filter having
1t Role cut off frequency 1 kHz, design impedance 600 0 and infinite frequency
or, attenuation 1050 Hz.
1
c = -3-.l-4_l_x_5_o_o_x_6_o_o_o solution : From question,
R 0 = 600 n
C= 0.1061 µF
fc = l kHz = 1000 Hz
The de.sired T and rt-type low pass filter shown below :
L2 = 13.265 mH and f .. = 1050 Hz
U2 = 13.265 mH
L=26.53o mH
For prototype T-type low pass filter
~ t~-= t~-~-
Ro
L=-
1tfc
rC•0.1061 µF
or, 600
(·:1t=3.141)
L= 3.141xl000
0-
L= 191.02 mH
T-type LPF --0 0-
and 1
1t-type LPF C=--
Fig. 4.50. T-type and 1t-type LPF 1t Rofc
4 or C=
1
EX.uini,
(Ra)= 600 a.
a.14 DeoJgn .., dra,. • prototype hlgJ, P•u filter ti lmpe-
1-iug oUt off hequency {fJ • 6 kHz .... DOu,Jnat <haracteriaT «nd
< it-section 3.141 X 600 X 1000
Solution : From question, .. C = 0.530 µF
F orm- d enved
· T-type low pass filter:
and
fc= 6 kHz= 6000 Hz
R = 600 .Q
=•ne dea;g,,_ •lenients ofoHPF are Land c given by the relatto. n m~ J1-UJ .J1-(:~:J
1
C=-:--- m= 0.3048
or 41tl?ofc :. each s . _ mL _ 0.3048 x 191.02 == 29 11 mH
enes arm - - - ------ .
C=- 1 2 2
4 x 3:::--_~14~1-:-x-6::"'.o:-:o-:-x-6==-=o,o Shunt arm me= 0.3048 x o.530 == 0.161 µF
;,o~
anct C = 0.0221 µF
and (1- m21 L == (1-(0.3048)2
4m J
)x 191.02
L--&_ 4 X 0.3048
4 nfc
 fJ Filters O
Nch\\\lt r 1ltM1i nmt T'HH1illlllllllifl11 I h1u u I j
4n
,. \ .
,l •
!
0.0()70il , If) 1.02
~ - - ~ ~ ,r,,D
2
0.9165/38.204
- 2 • 17.506mH
1
•I ~ 0.30'18
me 0 .9165,0.106 • 00971µF
\
,fm

1· \
:,I L .. )42. 11 9 lllll
l eJld r
1;:2) L =
( 1 - 0.916s2
4/0.9165 r 38.204 '" l.667mH
~ :~ m-<ic1WM T-t.)1)C LPF shown below ";L =17.506 mH =
~L 17 Y.h rr.H
~~
!!! ■ 29.11 mH !!ll: • 29 11 mH
2 _ _,,,,.... 2
mC c 0.161 µF
(1 ~ 2)L= 1.667 r-f-:
2
(1 ;mm )L = 142.119 mH 0-
Fig. 3.53. m-<lerive<l T-type LPF
Fig. 3.52. m-<lerived T-type LPF For m-derived low pass filter (re-type)
ED..!OU! 3.1 6 Design a.nd draw an m-derived low pass (T and it-type) filter
2me = 0.9165x2 0.1061 = 0.0486 µF
~ c:::t ,o !I frequency (fJ = 5000 Hz, design impedance (~) = 600 n and mL = 0.9165 X 38.204 = 35.0}3 mH
~ ey ,o f infinite attenuation (/_) = 12.5 kHz.
'6::!=::ion : From question,
fc= 5000 Hz and (
-1-m
4m
2
1 = ----
C
4x0.9165

2
( 1-0.9165 ] x0.1061
R0 = 600 n
z:iri f .. = 12.5 kHz= 12500 Hz
f~ prol.Otype low pass fllter
(
~
1 m
2
1
= 0.00468 µF
L= Ro ml= 35.013 mH
1t fc
fZ' L~ 600
')c a'·°""" ,, ~ 'fa'·"""
3.1 4 1 X 5000
L .. 38. 204 mH °':,Ca 0.0486 µF ('.;;:
.zuj
,,.
C=-
C ..
7t

1
Role
"""1,u,LE

0 IFig. 3.54. m-derive<l it-type LPF

I~
fllld (t ,.d ,.tyP'I
3.1 4 J X 600 ~ 5000
C= 0, 1061 µF
~Vi
3 .17 Design and draW an in-derived high pass
Sol ntig fc = 4 kHz, Ro = 600 0 and/.. = 3.6 ~-
m•Fr~:)' u on.• From question,
fc .. 4 kHz "' 4000 Hz
Ro'"' 600 0
{fl
2 and
J.., == 3 .6 kHz"' 3600 Hz
rrt "' '1- ( - -)
5000
12500 For m-derived HPF
m • 0,9J6S
for rn-dt-rived IO"N pr.1 1,u filt,,r (Trlype) m•,Jl-(7.J
 ...
;, •
,, ~
'
•
I I ij
• II
' II
•!"
II
 JJ Filters C
Network FIiters and Transmission Lines ti
142
~ ~ 1
or.
- 4m 2
( l-m
l C .. 0.3423 µF
C= 2nRfc
1
2C/m = 0.730 µF 2 X 3.141 X 1000 X 2000 [Let R= 1 kn)
~
0
-71 :30~LF I 0 C = 0.07959 µF
C
Um =3.650 mH
0
I (1-~)c
4m
= 0.3423 µF
o
Vin
Fig. 3.57. m-derived T-type HPF
EXAllPLE 3.19 Design and draw circuit diagram of a second order Butterw
0
low pass filter having cut-off frequency of 2 kHz. rth
Solution : From question, ·
fc = 2 kHz = 2000 Hz Fig. 3.58. Second order Butterworth LPF.
n = 2 (·: n ➔ number of order)
:. Butterworth polynomial = s2 + ✓2S + 1 EXAMPLE 3.20 Design and draw a second order Butterworth high pa11 filter
... (!)
having cut off frequency of 10 kHz,
Transfer function of second order Butterworth filter is given as
Solution : From question,
H(s) = -- Ao fc = 10 kHz= 10000 Hz
----"'- ... (2)
2 n = 2 ( ·: n ➔ number of order)
(~) + -Ao{~)+(3 1
:. Butterworth polynomial = s2 + ✓2S + 1
... (1)
Transfer function of HPF Butterworth second order filter is given as
where gain (Ao) = 1 + Ri 2
R1 H(s) = 2 Ao ... ( )
Comparing equation (1) and (2), we get
3-A0 =✓2
( :,) +(3-Aol[ !]+1
Ao= 3 - 1.414 = 1.586
(·: ✓2 = 1,414)
where, gain (A 0) = 1 + .~
R1
1.586 = 1+ Ri
R1 equating equations (1) and (2), we get
(·: Ji "1,414)
~ = 1.586 - 1 = 0.586
3-A0 = ✓2
Ao= 3 - 1.414 = 1,586
Let Rl = 10 k.Q Ri
1.586 = 1 + Ri
~ = 0.586
or Ri = i.ss6 - 1 = o.sB6
or R.i R1
10 = 0 .586
Ri = 5.86 k.Q Ri = o.sB6
R1
we know that 1 Let
we= RC R:i = s k!l
R _ ~ =B-53161
or 1 (·: (J)c ~ z4J l - 0.586
2rr.fc= RC
 iu ~·~it\1WII. rttlOI'$ tm,1 lmnsml~slon Ll11011 Q a Filters ti
145
"~ ktmw thnt (\\, .. °Re ~ assi
·ve band P
ass filter has a series resonant circuit in each s .
. . h h enes arm
onant circt11t m t e s unt arm. The resonant freque . f
r,tYP e P aJlel res al nc1es o
14 d a pe.f hunt arms are equ .
~- 2 1{k RC
o~,.;es afld s_ band stop filter has a parallel resonant circuit in each sen·
;c,,· s1ve . . . th h
.tYJ'e pas eries resonant clI'CUlt m e s unt arm. The resonant frequencies
es
lrt R• '.?kQ ... 200011 15- ~ afld a 5 hunt arms are equal.
1 of series 8:"d ~ter has a constant K filter and m-derived filter in cascade with
1
. AcornP0 s~:ed terminating half s~ctio~ a~ each end ..
C• 21tRfc = 2x3.14lx2000x10000 16 one rn-de b ed on piezoelectric pnnc1ple. Its eqwvalent circuit has RLC in
C= 0.00795 µF ·- i filter as . C
R 17·crYs~ allel with capacitance p·
series in Pa: ass filter can have T-configuration or lattice configuration.
crystal ban p
18,
C
v., o-11-1---11 I □ IMPORTANT FORMULAE □ .
;> I ovo
_ constant K Low Pass filter :
1
(i) Design impedance (Ro) = fc
1
J
(ii) Cut off frequency (f = 1t.Ju5
.. ~ Inductance (L) =
Fig. 3.59. Second order Butter worth HPF
(m, Ro
-:r
1t;C
C SUMMARY □ 1
(iv) Capacitance (C) = 1t Role
L ,.:_ e:te:r- is a frequency selective device which allows some frequencies to pass
t:=tJcgh it and attenuates other frequencies.
2. ihe ~ which separates the pass band from an attenuation band is
~ cur off frequency (fJ. , , , ,
(v) Attenuation constant (a) = 2 cos h -I ( fJ
2~ I-.. •P.er may be have one or more cut off frequencies, denoted as 'f and 'h •
,_....ere '/
1 ' is lower cut off frequency and 'J;' is upper cut off
1
frequency. (l/1) Phase constant(~) = 2 sin·
1
( fJ
~- A ~ e filter consist of inductors and capacitors. .
(llit) Characteristic impedance for T-type LPF
5. 1:::n ~ e filter consist of operational amplifier (op-amp), resistors and capacitors,
~J
6 . Tu p!'C.Cuct of series impedance (z1) and shunt impedance (Zil is equal to K,
i.e.. Zi Zi'"' K (constant). th
Z 0 r= Ro~l -(
7. ~ m . E low pass filter: A low pass filter allows all frequencies, . upto e
£?-cified_ cut off frequency (fJ. t (lliit) Characteristic impedance for Tt-type LPF
e. ~ . a t Khigb pass filter: A high pass filter allows all frequencies from a cu Ro
d.! frt:ql.!ency (fJ to infinite frequency (f_).
t;; . ~ n t ~ band pass filter : Band pass filter allows to pass limited ban
frequenaea Le., fi to fi.
lO. Con.at.ant ~ band stop filter: Band stop filter attenuate limited ban ncY•

d of
d of
2
V HfJ
frequenciea Le., Ii to / 2 and pass below / frequency and above the f2 [reque · Conatant-K high pass filter :
11 A V4.!.!!i7e filter may ~ a symmetrical Tor 7t type.
1
~
12 da
· T-tyr..,: s>aufve lr,n pa.a filter has an inductance L/2 in each series ann ~• in {i) Design impedance (Ro)=
~dtance 'C In the shunt arm The it-type filter has an inductance 1
UT1ea arm and a c.ipar.:ltanei- C/2 in each shunt arm. d 1111 (ii) Cut off frequency (fJ = 41tJtc
- 13 T-"""~~- · h'm. . annan
· ·,I"- ,--srve · 1v• pa.a filtr:r haa a capacitance 2 C in each senes
ind~t.a?lQ L In the 11hunt &rm. The 7t•type filter has a capacitance '
C ·n the
(.. ~ Ro
I = 4 1tfc
acnes arm and an ind uctc,ncee 2L in each shunt arm. 1tt, Inductance (L)
 ,
"
fIij ., f 11I rl r
II'

I I
I
1
I I •
I '
~
f ' c•
f r I
i
• i i
?} ~ I I .__,
 14~
._.-. ... . . .......,,..._ ____ 1101.'! 0
6-. ~\'t ~ \"\)n~tnnt ·~ hl~h 1i,:,ss illtr\\ th<- en t 11ff It~ -,
l . i q w111:,v lt;J 111 pl' nigh po ss filter
(C) protot~ved nigh pMiB filter.
(,~ f., • .i _ ~
.. ~ , "1.i. \ ·
{t)) f., ., N m·dcrl
I
(dl .den·ved filter,
.
when included in compos·t
. . 1 e fi1lter ·
l 1 fltl ,rt vide high attenuation immediately b • IS
f h "gh cut Off
l..il-- ~ (cl) 1.C
16· ) to pro
(Cl se with case o 1 pass and low passeyond
fil1 frequency
to u . . . ter coupr
(b) nave infuute attenuation m the entire attcn _ mg
_ ~ ~ti~tll.' in'P('1Mc-e l)f n constunt-K T-type low pass fit (q to btain constant characteristic impedan . uation band
ter in th (dl to o
~'
ts
. i
eatop
. . . ce m the circuit
l:..::' ttn" (b) resistive w11en an m-derived.filter. 1s built with. m = o.6 • the structure . . ·
17, btaining terminating half-sections IS ideally suited for
.~ ~~- (d) complex
0
(Cl) erating as a prototype filter
~~ 'it:f- r~--~ a~.nus.tion frequency (f..) in a composite low pass filt . (b) op . between T and n-filters
~ f_ (b) atfc er hes i.rJ1pedance matching
-~a...,~ j;. (d) at oo (q · · h " h tt ti.
( providmg very 1g. a .enua on at frequencies cl ose to cut off frequen
d)
~. ...\ t:;¢t ps..~ filter is one which ,n-derived filter bemg bisected, the impedance at the . . . cy
18· ~en found to be z01t( m). The filter is then a pomt of bisection has
,.:::: p&K--.:::!i s!] high frequencies (b) passes frequencies intermittently
f;:i ~u...--cs all low frequencies (a) n-type structure (b) Some other structure
-1'i
,-· ;..,.,...,·encies
c:rs:.'l!atcS all .. ...'t.... below a designated cut off frequency , and Passes (q 'f.type structure (d) either ofT of n-type structure
I.!:: ~.!C.lcies above cut off. . When high pass and low pass fil~er are connected in paralleL the combination
,.::._ Lt. i:;:,.;- pass fil.:ex is one which 19 can act as a band pas filter proVIded.
:;, passes all low frequencies (a) The cut off frequency of the low pass filter equals the cut off frequency of
l~'. tlocs :lOt allow any frequency to passed through it the high pass filter
~ ~ all high frequencies (b) cannot act as a band pass filter
(c) the cut off frequency of low pass filter is higher than the cut off frequency
~ ?2-SSCS all frequencies upto cut off frequency, and attenuates all other
:.~..!encies. of the high pass filter
(d) the cut-off frequency oflow pass filter is lower than the cut off frequency of
: t- ff c=:. £:K.e.'"iVeri filter is built with m = 1, it will
the high pass filter.
~ '5eco::ne a prototype filter (b) Not act as a filter
20. A filter consisting of two inductors in series arm and an inductor and a capacitor
fq ?,:,r be physically realisable
connected in series in the shunt arm should be
:q be •..:sed. only where high attenuation near cut-off is desired (a) m-derived high pass filter (b) prototype low pass filter
.:2. I.. ~ pass filter
(c) m-derived low pass filter (d) band stop filter.
~ ~~ all frequencies (b) operates only in de supply 21. Cut off frequencies of constant-K filters of all types are given by
CJ -E.:Iem!2.tes frequencies between two designated cut off frequencies and
~ ~
~ all .o ther frequencies d (a) - - =- 1 (b) - =0
4 22 4q
-iJ p.E.Sses frequ encies between two designated cut off frequencieS,
· an
rnern• r:t~ all other frequencies
(c) ~ = 1 (d) None of the above
!.3. I-~ ~e::1 filter should have
22 Th 4
22 ,n-deri,-ed filter is
l~ :v:ro -E.tt.entu;tion in the attenuation band · e frequency of infinite attenuation of a low pass
(OJ~ atlenu.ation in the pass band (a) equal to the cut off frequency of the filter
(q -v:ro mt:n.u.ation in the pass band th
(b) close to but less th.an the cut off frequency of ethtilr~ter
(t.!j ~ of the above.
(c) ~lose to but greater than the cut off frequency of e
(dJ infinite . be chosen so
14 . In ;;. Cu:r, L ... :::;.c, the filter is 23. In ant frequency is to
th th ~ m-derived low pass filter (LPF) , the reson ,
f'4 Termir.2ting half-!"..ction (b) Constant-K-high pass filter at 1t is
(q Cc..T!lpr~ te filter (d) m-derived low pass filter. (a) sam
'b' e to th.at of cut off frequency
~
(c) above
b th e cut off frequency of the above . be chosen
15 · A filt.er a' fr:11.m d v, m;ve cut-<,ff frequency given by J, -= I
,,;;:; •
the fi)ter Is
2 elow the cut off frequency (dl none t frequency is to
c nvLC 4. n the
1 . F) the resonan
(a) prototype lr.r11 paae Tor n filter so th ~ -denved high pass filter (HP •
(~ band Va.! & filter at it is
(n) S
(b) a:rne to that of cut off frequency
ove the cut off frequency
 Network Filters and Transmission Lines ·- Filters
150
151
(c) below the cut-off frequency
(d} none of the above
~ .,,orks as a
Jitle.,, (b) HPF
band pass filter may be obtained by using a high pass fi1 35· ~a) 1,PF (d) neither of the above
25 . A ~~0 attenuator
(a) high pass filter (b) RC filter wect by a (l'l alf-sections with m = 0.6 gives
(c) low pass filter (d) none of the above
36.
vse of h r
urate value of Jc
a) ace
ea.ctive toad to the filter .m the pass band
26 _ A band stop filter is one which (
(a) Attenuates all frequencies greater than upper cut off frequency J. (bP tching of the filter in the pass band
(b) frequencies lying between/1 and/2 are attenuated and all oth 2 ('1 rna
d) a.ccurotc value off..
are passed er frequencies
( tz crYstol in the filter hns
(c) stops passage of de through it
(aquarwer frequency of p,1rollcl
37. A . rcsonnncc Lhnn the frequt·ncy• of scncs
. resonance
(d) attenuates all frequencies less than lower cut off frequency f., ) lo
(b) the property of scrtt~s rcsononcc
27. Terminating half-section used in composite filters are built with th
(a) m = 0.8 (b) m = 0.6 e valueof111 (q reactive toad to the filter 111 the puss bund
(c) m = 1 (d) m = 0.3 (d) accurate value of 1-_
28. Cut-off frequencies of constant K filters of all types are given by . Band poss !ilter (13PF) con be constructt~d using
38 (a) series tuned circuits
in the series arms
~ ~ (b) series tuned circuits in the series arms und purnllcl tuned circuit in the
(a) - = 1 (b) - • - I
4~ 4~
shunt orm
~ (c) parollcl tunecl circuits in the scrlco urms oncl scrlrs tuned c1rcui1a In the
(c) ~ =0 (d) None of the above
4 shunt arm
29. A band pass filter (BPF) is a (d) porallcl tuned circuits in the scrlc'I tirrn s
(a) cascaded circuit of LPF and HPF with non-over lapping pass-bands
(b) cascade of LPF and HPF, LPF deciding the higher cut ofT frequency and ANSWERS
HPF deciding the lower one 5, ('1 6 (a)
3 . (c) 4. (bl
(c) parallel connected HPF and LPF network without any overlapping band I. (d) 2 . (d) I 1. (a) 12 fr/)
9 . (d)
10, (d) 18 ra)
(d) cascaded circuit ofLPF and HPF, LPF deciding the lower cut-ofTfrequency. 7. (c) 8 . (c) 17, (al
15 . (a} 16. (a) 24 !cl
30. A prototype filter has its Zo value 13. (c) 14 . (b) 23 , (vl
21. (a) 22. (cj JO (bl
19. (c) 20. (c) 29 (b)
(a) inductive in the pass band 28. (bl J6 (r/J
25. (cj 26. (b) 27. (/J} 35 (a)
(b) resistive in the pass band 34 , (al
3 I. (c) 32 (a) 33 (ci)
(c) complex impedance in the pass band 37. (b) 38. (b).
(d) capacitive in the pass band.
31. A m-derived low pass filter (LPF) has J_ position REVIEW QUESTIONS
(a) at zero (b) at infinity IE
2. Xplain th e difference
' . -, (818
between 'ocuve' ond ·passive filters...., ,00o. '/)I) 5/
(c) above fc (d) below fc
32. The pass band of high pass filter (HPF) is · Design an . , /. ,. 5 J 1<Ht ar.d
R • 600 m-denved low pass filter having fc " 5 kilt, (B- TE r,,lhl 200oJ
(a) above 5 kHz (b) below 5 kHz
(c) between 5-10 kHz 0
3· Des;gn n.
freque and draw a second order Butterworth loW poss fiil1<' ""'' • "'' cll
(d) above DC d ·s (BTE !)llhl 2~.1
33. Characteristic impedance (Zo) of a constant K filter m
. th e pass ban I 4. Sk, lchncy
th of 10 kH , . . "' ,nd '""'""''
(a) a pure resistance (b) a pure inductance llnped ance
e attenuation vs frequency ' phnse shtfl vs fcqll 1 ~ • 'l! filtcrs- "
to!YJ>t'C'/ Q\li, r- .NII
(cl a pure capacitance (d) a complex impedance ·de vs frequency curves for T and 11-tyPe pro · · (B1E 0tlhl 2vuv,
34 Tw t
. . . half-sections
o ermmatmg . . filt er WI'th m = • 0.6 proVI
in a composite 1 2
5, w.
(a) matching between m-derived and prototype sections nte short notes on the following 3 04 2005, 200 , 0091
(b) the maximum attenuation in the attenuation band (al c (BTE Delhi :zoOO, :zo0 , :;O '
(c) constant input and output impedances in the pass band rySt.al filters
(d) the best roll-off characteristic of the filter.
 152 ··----:...:..--~
Nutwn1 I< I lllot 1 1 ~ I rrul'mtl 1wlo1, l lnoo

(/>) ('nmpll/\if n 1l1tc1 ti

(t) t\l'ltY<' liltrrs
1 \nee nll\tch!n g
(c,,.,..1 11\l!)C(lt
or 11ltcrn
(l') Second order Butter worth filter
(f) High puss filter
b. Design u co~lstant-K-section high pass filter having cut-off frcqilt'TJ, 12 J
and design unpedanc e 600 n. (BTE Delhi 2 003
2
7 . Write the uses of band pass and band stop filters in Telecommurucatron s:,.
(BTE Delht
, 8. Design and draw the circuit diagram of a second order Butterwor th low
filter having a cut-off frequency of 5 kHz. (BTE Delhi 2
9. Design and draw the circuit diagram of a second order Butterwor th high
filter having a cut-off frequency of 2 kHz. (BTE Delhi 2
10. Why we prefer use of m-derive d filters and Butterwo rth filters ins
prototype filters. (BTE Delhi
11. Design a low pass T and 1t-section filters having a design impedance Is=
n and cut off frequency fc = 2 kHz. (BTE Delhi 2
12. Why are active filters preferred over passive filters? (BTE Delhi 2

13. Explain the use of terminati ng half sections in composit e filters .

(BTE Delhi 2005, 2

14. Design an m-derived T-section HPF to meet the following specifications.

fc = 5 kHz, J = 4.5 kHz and R0 = 100 Q
00
(BTE Delhi 2
15. Design a prototype high pass filter having a cut off frequency of 2000 Hz
design impedanc e of 300 n. Draw T and 1t-section of this filter.
(BTE Delhi 2

16. Explain in brief the propertie s of piezoelec tric filters and their uses.
(BTE Delhi 2

17. Derive the relation between cut off frequenc y and frequency of: 2
attenuati on form-der ived low pass filter. (BTE Delhi
2
18. Explain different types of filters with their character istic. (BTE Delhi
. constant-K-T-section low pass filter having cut off frequency iic ==3
19. Design .
2
and nominal character istic impedan ce of 500 n. (BTE Delh'
20. Derive m-derived 1t-section network from constant-K-1t section network,
• (BTE Delhi 2

21. Derive the expressio n of cut-off frequenc y for a constant K-high pas::~
(BTE De
bym-d
22. What are the draw backs of constant K filters. How it is over come lhi 2
filters. Explain principle of m-derive d filter. fBTE De te
. T . f ' aJ c}iaJ1lCoti.
23. Des1gn -section o am-deriv ed high pass filter having nornin . t
impedan ce R~ = 600 n, cut off frequenc y fc = 4 kHz and infir;;e ; ; ,2
frequenc y J 3.6 kHz. (B .
mress 1011
-
00
. rth low pass filter. Derive the exr thl :l
24. Explam first order Butterwo
transfer function. (BTE De
0