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    What Is Analog-To-Digital Conversion (ADC)

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    SmiLy PeRsoN
    This document provides an overview of analog-to-digital conversion (ADC): - ADC converts continuous analog signals to discrete digital signals without altering the essential content. It changes both time and amplitude from continuous to discrete. - The output has defined voltage levels that are usually a power of two. Digital signals are binary with two states of 1 and 0. - ADC is important because digital signals are more efficient for electronic circuits and computers, which operate using discrete numbers. - The Nyquist theorem states the sample rate must be at least twice the highest frequency to accurately reproduce signals without distortion or aliasing. This allows reconstruction of the original analog signal. - ADC has been key to modern technologies like

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    What Is Analog-To-Digital Conversion (ADC)

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    SmiLy PeRsoN
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    This document provides an overview of analog-to-digital conversion (ADC): - ADC converts continuous analog signals to discrete digital signals without altering the essential content. It changes both time and amplitude from continuous to discrete. - The output has defined voltage levels that are usually a power of two. Digital signals are binary with two states of 1 and 0. - ADC is important because digital signals are more efficient for electronic circuits and computers, which operate using discrete numbers. - The Nyquist theorem states the sample rate must be at least twice the highest frequency to accurately reproduce signals without distortion or aliasing. This allows reconstruction of the original analog signal. - ADC has been key to modern technologies like

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    This document provides an overview of analog-to-digital conversion (ADC): - ADC converts continuous analog signals to discrete digital signals without altering the essential content. It changes both time and amplitude from continuous to discrete. - The output has defined voltage levels that are usually a power of two. Digital signals are binary with two states of 1 and 0. - ADC is important because digital signals are more efficient for electronic circuits and computers, which operate using discrete numbers. - The Nyquist theorem states the sample rate must be at least twice the highest frequency to accurately reproduce signals without distortion or aliasing. This allows reconstruction of the original analog signal. - ADC has been key to modern technologies like

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    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views7 pages

    What Is Analog-To-Digital Conversion (ADC)

    Uploaded by

    SmiLy PeRsoN
    This document provides an overview of analog-to-digital conversion (ADC): - ADC converts continuous analog signals to discrete digital signals without altering the essential content. It changes both time and amplitude from continuous to discrete. - The output has defined voltage levels that are usually a power of two. Digital signals are binary with two states of 1 and 0. - ADC is important because digital signals are more efficient for electronic circuits and computers, which operate using discrete numbers. - The Nyquist theorem states the sample rate must be at least twice the highest frequency to accurately reproduce signals without distortion or aliasing. This allows reconstruction of the original analog signal. - ADC has been key to modern technologies like

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    Home > Electronics

    DEFINITION

    analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)


    9 By Paul Kirvan
    WhatIs.com
    g
    u
    What is analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)?
    c Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) is an electronic process in which a continuously
    o variable, or analog, signal is changed into a multilevel digital signal without altering its
    essential content.
    i
    n An analog-to-digital converter changes an analog signal that's continuous in terms of
    both time and amplitude to a digital signal that's discrete in terms of both time and
    amplitude. The analog input to a converter consists of a voltage that varies among a
    theoretically infinite number of values. Examples are sine waves, the waveforms
    representing human speech and the signals from a conventional television camera.

    The output of the analog-to-digital converter has defined levels or states. The number of
    states is almost always a power of two -- that is, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The simplest digital
    signals have only two states and are called binary. All whole numbers can be
    represented in binary form as strings of ones and zeros.

    w
    k Analog-to-digital conversion changes continuous analog signals to discrete digital

    Why is digitization important?


    Digital signals propagate more efficiently than analog signals, largely because digital
    impulses are well defined and orderly. They're also easier for electronic circuits to
    distinguish from noise, which is chaotic. That is the chief advantage of digital
    communication modes.

    Computers "talk" and "think" in terms of binary digital data. While a microprocessor can
    analyze analog data, it must be converted into digital form for the computer to make
    sense of it.

    A typical telephone modem makes use of ADC to convert the incoming audio from a
    twisted-pair line into signals the computer can understand. In a digital signal
    processing system, an analog-to-digital converter is required if the input signal is
    analog.

    What is the Nyquist theorem and why is it important?


    The Nyquist or sampling theorem describes analog-to-digital conversion. It enables the
    reproduction of a pure sine wave measurement, which is also known as the sample rate.

    The way people experience the world is mostly analog; think sound and light waves. For
    these signals to be used in computing, they must be converted to digital ones. However,
    digital electronics works in discrete numbers. To convert an analog signal to a digital
    one, measurements must be sampled at a regular frequency. The sample rate must be
    at least twice its frequency. This approach is used in digital audio and video to reduce
    aliasing, or the production of a false frequency.

    A sample rate that is too low won't accurately depict the original signal; it will be
    distorted or have aliasing when reproduced. A rate that is too high will use more storage
    and processing resources than necessary.

    The Nyquist theorem is used to locate the point where the right amount of information
    is gathered. Other names for the theorem are the Nyquist-Shannon theorem or the
    Whittaker-Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem.
    How the Nyquist theorem works
    Analog signal frequency is measured in hertz. Their frequency describes the number of
    times they go up and down in a second. Electrical engineer and mathematician Claude
    Shannon explained the theorem as follows: "If a function x(t) contains no frequencies
    higher than B hertz, it is completely determined by giving its ordinates at a series of
    points spaced 1/(2B) seconds apart."

    To correctly reproduce a signal, the sample rate has to be two times the highest
    frequency.

    To show how this works, imagine a sensor on the Earth tasked with measuring the
    brightness of the sky. It takes a measurement once a day, every 24 hours. Data from
    this sensor would lead a researcher to inaccurately believe the sky stays at a constant
    brightness throughout the day. If the experiment is changed so that measurements are
    taken 18 hours apart, it would produce equally inaccurate data, randomly alternating
    between full daylight, complete darkness and some dim light.

    Have the sensor take a measurement every 12 hours, however, and the results depict
    the Earth's day-night cycle over a 24-hour period. To get an accurate measure of the
    Earth's 24-hour rotation, the measurements must be done at least twice its rate, which
    are 12-hour intervals.

    Importance of analog-to-digital conversion


    A key role ADC has played in modern technology development is the evolution of voice
    communication systems from old-style analog signal processing to today's voice over
    IP, or VoIP, systems. From the 1950s through the 1970s, telephone systems were unable
    to communicate directly with computers. The emergence of modems made it possible,
    but they were not always cost-effective.

    For computer input devices, such as teletypewriters, to communicate with computer


    systems, they had to connect to a modem that linked to the front end of a computer
    system, such as a mainframe. Modem transmission speeds were slow compared with
    today's ultrahigh-speed networks. A fast modem in the 1960s and 1970s provided 2,400
    bits per second of throughput to computers. By contrast, today's systems operate at
    gigabit speeds.
    ADC technology became the linchpin for developing digital private branch exchange, or
    PBX, systems, as well as systems for smaller office applications. These systems used a
    fully digital switching architecture, and ADC units embedded in telephone sets -- and,
    sometimes, within the switch itself -- converted analog voice signals to digital bit
    streams that the digital switch could process.

    Conversely, the opposite process was used when a voice call was delivered to another
    user. A digital-to-analog converter, or DAC, converted the digital code from the switch
    into audible analog signals. This model is still in use today, more than 50 years later.
    ADC technology is also used to process video signals into digital bit streams for
    transmitting visual images also with voice communications.

    The future of analog-to-digital conversion


    The nature of audible sounds generating sine waves that ADC units can sample is not
    going to change unless there is a quantum change in physics. As such, ADC technology
    is likely to be embedded in all types of computing devices long into the future. ADC is
    perhaps one of the most significant technological advancements of the past century.

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