The human genome project aimed to identify all the genes in human DNA, determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA, and store this information in databases. It also sought to improve data analysis tools, transfer related technologies, and address ethical issues. DNA was isolated from cells, fragmented, cloned, sequenced using automated machines, and aligned using computer programs to map the genome across chromosomes. The project revealed that the human genome contains around 30,000 genes across 3.1 billion base pairs, with functions unknown for over half of genes.
The human genome project aimed to identify all the genes in human DNA, determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA, and store this information in databases. It also sought to improve data analysis tools, transfer related technologies, and address ethical issues. DNA was isolated from cells, fragmented, cloned, sequenced using automated machines, and aligned using computer programs to map the genome across chromosomes. The project revealed that the human genome contains around 30,000 genes across 3.1 billion base pairs, with functions unknown for over half of genes.
The human genome project aimed to identify all the genes in human DNA, determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA, and store this information in databases. It also sought to improve data analysis tools, transfer related technologies, and address ethical issues. DNA was isolated from cells, fragmented, cloned, sequenced using automated machines, and aligned using computer programs to map the genome across chromosomes. The project revealed that the human genome contains around 30,000 genes across 3.1 billion base pairs, with functions unknown for over half of genes.
The human genome project aimed to identify all the genes in human DNA, determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA, and store this information in databases. It also sought to improve data analysis tools, transfer related technologies, and address ethical issues. DNA was isolated from cells, fragmented, cloned, sequenced using automated machines, and aligned using computer programs to map the genome across chromosomes. The project revealed that the human genome contains around 30,000 genes across 3.1 billion base pairs, with functions unknown for over half of genes.
o The scientific project which deal with the study of base
sequences of DNA molecules of complete set of chromosomes is called human genome project. o HGP was closely associated with the rapid development of a new area in biology called as o Goals of Human Genome Project
o Identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human
DNA. o Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. o Store this information in databases;
o Improve tools for data analysis;
o Transfer related technologies to other sectors, such as
industries; o Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. Methodologies o To identifying all the genes that expressed as RNA referred to as Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). o Simply sequencing the whole set of genome that contained all the coding and non-coding sequence, and later assigning different regions in the sequence with functions is called as Sequence Annotation. o The total DNA from a cell is isolated and converted into random fragments of relatively smaller sizes and cloned in suitable host using specialised vectors. o The cloning resulted into amplification of each piece of DNA fragment. o The commonly used vectors are BAC (bacterial artificial chromosomes), and YAC (yeast artificial chromosomes). o The fragments were sequenced using automated DNA sequencers. o Specialized computer based programmes were developed for the alignment of the sequences. o The sequences were subsequently annotated and were assigned to each chromosome. o The sequence of chromosome 1 was completed only in May 2006.
Automated DNA sequencer
Salient Features of Human Genome o The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases.
o The average gene consists of 3000 bases with the largest known human gene being dystrophin at 2.4 million bases.
The largest known human gene- dystrophin
o The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000. o 9 per cent nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people. o The functions are unknown for over 50 per cent of discovered genes. o Less than 2 per cent of the genome codes for proteins. o Repeated sequences make up very large portion of the human genome. o Repetitive sequences are stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times. o Chromosome 1 has most genes (2968), and the Y has the fewest (231). o Scientists have identified about 1.4 million locations where single base DNA differences (SNPs – single nucleotide polymorphism) occur in humans.
Single nucleotide polymorphism (self-drawn )
Applications of HGP o All the genes in a genome can be studied together. o Helps to understand how tens of thousands of genes and proteins work together in interconnected networks. o Helps to diagnose and treat genetic diseases.
