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    Iptc 11204 MS P

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    Multi-Azimuth Streamer Acquisition—Initial Data Analysis

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    Iptc 11204 MS P

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    Ralf Jones
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    Multi-Azimuth Streamer Acquisition—Initial Data Analysis

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    IPTC-11204-MS-P

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    Multi-Azimuth Streamer Acquisition—Initial Data Analysis

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    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views4 pages

    Iptc 11204 MS P

    Uploaded by

    Ralf Jones
    Multi-Azimuth Streamer Acquisition—Initial Data Analysis

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    IPTC 11204

    Multi-Azimuth Streamer Acquisition—Initial Data Analysis


    W. Rietveld, J. Keggin, and M. Benson, BP Egypt; T. Manning, BP EPT UK; and A. Burke and A. Halim, PGS Egypt

    Copyright 2007, International Petroleum Technology Conference


    This paper shows how multi-azimuth (MAZ) towed streamer
    This paper was prepared for presentation at the International Petroleum Technology data is processed in the Nile Delta, looks at some of the issues
    Conference held in Dubai, U.A.E., 4–6 December 2007.
    highlighted above and discusses our initial attempts to
    This paper was selected for presentation by an IPTC Programme Committee following review
    of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as
    improve the image of the combined datasets.
    presented, have not been reviewed by the International Petroleum Technology Conference
    and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily
    reflect any position of the International Petroleum Technology Conference, its officers, or The multi-azimuth (MAZ) survey
    members. Papers presented at IPTC are subject to publication review by Sponsor Society
    Committees of IPTC. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper
    A 630 sq km five azimuth towed streamer survey was acquired
    for commercial purposes without the written consent of the International Petroleum Technology in late 2004. The legacy 2000 dataset was used as the 6th
    Conference is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not
    more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous azimuth. The objective of the survey was to provide the ‘best
    acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, IPTC, P.O.
    Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.
    possible’ seismic data quality over a pre-Messinian discovery
    for appraisal and development purposes.
    Abstract
    A thin but complex layer of partially eroded anhydrite and Processing flow and its limitations
    other facies lie at a depth of around 3km across large areas of In terms of large velocity contrasts, part of the Nile Delta can
    the Nile Delta in the Mediterranean. Wavefield distortion, be characterized by a dipping, complex sea floor and the thin,
    attenuation and the generation of complex multiple diffraction but complex Messinian layer that lies at a depth of around
    noise cause the quality of the underlying seismic image to be 3km. This layer can be characterized by anhydrite deposits,
    highly variable. Multi-azimuth (MAZ) seismic can help channel systems and a rugose base, where the total layer
    resolve these issues and improve the deep pre-Messinian thickness is commonly less than 200m.
    image. Gas hydrates near the waterbottom and the Messinian layer are
    Here we discuss the processing flow and initial data analysis major multiple generators. In these relatively deep waters
    of a MAZ streamer dataset. The main elements of the flow surface related multiple elimination (SRME, Verschuur et al.,
    used are a standard streamer demultiple followed by Kirchhoff 1992) has been the preferred demultiple tool, typically
    PSTM. The initial data analysis shows that MAZ greatly followed by an additional Radon demultiple. With the rugosity
    improves general image quality, signal-to-noise ratio and of the seafloor, the near seafloor gas hydrate scatterers, and the
    lateral resolution, and suppresses diffracted and other Messinian, we know that our multiples have a strong 3-D
    multiples effectively, despite some of the obvious limitations character. Therefore the used SRME+Radon flow only
    of the processing flow. Issues and challenges around this provides a partial solution.
    approach are discussed. In a 3-D earth with large lateral velocity changes, different
    acquisition directions will sample different parts of the
    Introduction subsurface, hence could potentially experience dramatically
    Multi-azimuth or wide-azimuth seismic is not a new different velocities. The way to image these data properly is
    technology, and has been with us for many years in the form using prestack depth migration, where the true raypaths of the
    of land and ocean bottom surveys. The literature is rich with seismic energy are followed. Gaus and Hegna, 2003 and Riou
    examples of how high-fold multi-azimuth data can produce et al., 2005 describe the PSDM method and its application to
    stunning improvements over their single azimuth 3D multi-azimuth data.
    equivalents (Rogno et al., 1999, Keggin et al., 2002, Gaus and The complexity of the Messinian layer, however, is such that a
    Hegna, 2003, Arntsen and Thompson, 2003, Riou et al., 2005, robust velocity model cannot be derived, neither by current
    Manley et al., 2005, Michell et al., 2006). We know from tomographic solutions, nor by a traditional Gulf of Mexico
    theory and case histories that multi-azimuth data will lead to interpretation approach. This is because the complexity of the
    improved signal to noise, improved multiple attenuation and Messinian layer is not ‘simply’ structural, but the internal
    improved illumination. velocity distribution in the relatively thin layer is also highly
    However, because of approximations in current processing variable.
    technology, the processing of multi-azimuth data will leave Therefore Kirchhoff prestack time migration (K-PSTM) has
    errors in the final imaged results, both kinematic and dynamic. been used as the main imaging tool, relying on post-migration
    Simple stacking of the data, though surprisingly robust in most residual curvature analysis to improve data flattening. The use
    situations, makes assumptions about data consistency between of prestack time rather than depth migration will also result in
    surveys and will likely not result in the most optimal image. some lateral positioning errors. It is obvious that both these
    2 IPTC 11204

    errors will vary as a function of acquisition azimuth, hence azimuth data comes from the azimuthal diversity rather than
    will cause some degradation in final image quality. the increase in fold (Bouska, 1998). Note however, that dense
    offset sampling is required for any sort of multi-trace filtering
    Data analysis in the CMP, shot or receiver domain.
    Figure 1 (left) shows gathers after K-PSTM, for all six
    acquisition azimuths, without any postmigration flattening Conclusions
    applied. The data is sorted according to azimuth, then to In this paper we have shown that multi-azimuth data can be
    offset. The move-out has differences both as a function of successfully combined through a basic processing flow whose
    azimuth and offset. Note that these differences are already main components are SRME and K-PSTM. 3-D (diffracted)
    visible in the shallow part of the section, where the Messinian multiples are successfully suppressed and velocity issues can
    (at 3s) actually does not come into play yet. be dealt with using the application of 4th order move-out and
    To deal with the residuals after migration, simple 4th order time-variant trim corrections.
    move-out was picked on each individual azimuth. The picks It was also demonstrated that azimuthal diversity can be more
    were smoothed before application. This has been the extent of important than offset diversity and has a significant impact on
    dealing with any residual move-out related velocity issues, final data quality.
    Figure 1 (middle). To deal with any residual timing errors
    between events on the different azimuths, simple time-variant Acknowledgements
    trim solutions were used (Figure 1, right). The pilot for the The authors would like to thank Peter Cook and Ed Jones for
    trim was the stack over all azimuths of the full offset stacks. their insights in data quality and improvements, PGS for their
    The actual trim values have been filtered and smoothed to efforts in processing the data, and BP, RWE Dea and EGAS
    avoid any cycle skips and data disruptions. This trim process for permission to publish these results.
    has to be run with care as remnant multiples and other noise
    trains can line up as well. The impact of the residual move-out References
    and trim is most noticeable on partial offset stacks and very Arntsen, B. and Thompson, M., 2003, The Importance of Wide
    necessary when deriving AVO attributes. Azimuth in Imaging, 65th Mtg.: Eur. Assn. Geosci. Eng., A40
    Figure 2 shows velocities autopicked after K-PSTM at several Bouska, J., 1998, The other side of fold: The Leading Edge, 17, 31-
    locations in the shallow post-Messinian section (left) and in 36.
    Gaus, D and Hegna, S., 2003, Improved Imaging by Pre Stack Depth
    the deeper pre-Messinian section (right) as a function of Migration of Multi-Azimuth Towed Streamer Seismic Data, 65th
    acquisition azimuth. The distance between analysis points is Mtg. Eur Assn Geosci. Eng., C02
    2.5km. The azimuthal variation is strong in places, however, Keggin, J., Widmaier M, Hegna, S., Kjos, E, 2002, Attenuation of
    the inconsistency would suggest it is velocity heterogeneity multiple diffractions by multi-azimuth streamer
    that is causing this rather than azimuthal anisotropy. acquisition. F039 64th Ann.Mtg. EAGE Florence.
    Figure 3 shows comparisons of amplitude extractions deep in Manley, D.M., Mohammed, S.F, Robinson, N.D and Thomas, R.W,
    the section (around 6s) for the legacy single azimuth and the 6 2005, Structural interpretation of the deepwater Gunashli Field,
    azimuth MAZ data. The better amplitude continuity and Facilitated by 4-C OBS seismic data: The Leading Edge, 24,
    improved lateral resolution, visible through the improved fault 922-926
    Michell, S., Shoshitaishvili, E., Chergotis, D., Sharp, J., and Etgen, J.,
    imaging, are obvious. 2006, Wide Azimuth Streamer Imaging of Mad Dog; Have We
    Solved the Subsalt Imaging Problem?: 76th Ann. Internat. Mtg.:
    Fold vs. azimuthal coverage Soc. of Expl. Geophys., 2905-2908
    Since the multi-azimuth data, as shown in Figure 3b, has six Riou, A., Kravik, K., Saxton, P., Lemaistre, L., Aubin, V. and
    times the fold of the single azimuth data, one could argue that Bertini, F., 2005, Hild, Multi Azimuth Seismic Experiment, 67th
    all the uplift in the seismic image simply comes from the Mtg.: Eur. Assn. Geosci. Eng., B031.
    dramatic increase in fold. However, if one compares a single Rogno H, Kristensen A, Amundsen L, The Statjord 3D, 4C OBC
    azimuth stack (Figure 4a) with a 60-fold multi-azimuth stack Survey, The Leading Edge Nov. 1999.
    in Figure 4b, using only every 6th offset for each azimuth, it is Verschuur, D.J., Berkhout, A.J. and Wapenaar, C.P.A., 1992,
    Adaptive surface-related multiple elimination: Geophysics, 57,
    obvious that a large part of the improvements in the multi- no. 9, 1166-1177.
    IPTC 11204 3

    Raw gathers After RM O and time variant trim 0

    time(s)
    4

    Figure 1: Interleaved supergathers, sorted to azimuth, then offset, straight after migration (left), after RMO (middle) and after
    time variant trim (right). Note the improved flattening of the data.

    0o azi(o) 0o
    1900 2100
    330o 30o 330o 30o
    v(m /s)

    300o 1700 60o 300o 2000 60o

    270o 1500 90o 270o 1900 90o

    240o 120o 240o 120o

    210o 150o 210o 150o


    180o 180o
    Figure 2: Velocities autopicked after K-PSTM as a function of acquisition azimuth; shallow, post-Messinian ~2s (left) and
    deeper, pre-Messinian, ~4s (right). The analysis locations are 2.5km apart. Note the obvious dependency on acquisition
    azimuth for these velocities. This is likely associated with lateral velocity variations, rather than azimuthal anisotropy,
    although that cannot be excluded at this moment.

    1 AZ 6 AZ

    Figure 3: Amplitude extractions from the single azimuth (left) and 6 azimuths MAZ volume (right) around 6s. Note the
    improved amplitude continuity and increased lateral resolution
    4 IPTC 11204

    time(s)
    8

    6
    time(s)

    8
    Figure 4: 60 fold single azimuth stack (top) versus 60 fold multi-azimuth stack (bottom) showing the deeper section. Note the
    improved data continuity on the MAZ stack. Also, the overall noise level has improved, even though the fold in both images is
    equal.

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