Chapter 1 Reviewing

number concepts

TEACHER: REHAM IBRAHIM

SESSION 1
Reviewing number concepts
What are numbers ?
• A number is a basic component of mathematics. Numbers are
used for counting, measuring, keeping things in order,
indexing, etc. We have different types of numbers based on
their properties such as natural numbers, whole numbers,
rational and irrational numbers, integers, real numbers,
complex numbers, even and odd numbers, etc
• Numbers form the basis of mathematics. We should befriend
numbers in order to understand math.
The different types of numbers
Modern numbers system has different types of numbers
called sets of numbers:
Natural numbers
● Natural numbers are a part of the number system, including
all the positive numbers from 1 to infinity. Natural numbers are
also called counting numbers because they do not include zero
or negative numbers.
●Natural numbers are a part of real numbers. The set of
natural numbers includes only the positive integers, i.e., 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, ……….∞.
• The set of natural numbers in Mathematics is written as
{1,2,3,...}. The set of natural numbers is denoted by the
symbol, N. N = {1,2,3,4,5,...∞}
🤔 Is 0 a Natural Number?
• No, 0 is NOT a natural number because natural numbers are
counting numbers. For counting any number of objects, we
start counting from 1 and not from 0.
 Whole Numbers
• The set of whole numbers is the same as the set of natural
numbers, except that it includes an additional number which
is 0. The set of whole numbers in Mathematics is written as
{0,1,2,3,...}. It is denoted by the letter, W.
• W = {0,1,2,3,4…}
• We can say that
the set of natural numbers is
a subset of the set of whole numbers.
 • Integers numbers
• Integers include positive numbers, negative numbers, and
zero.
• Integers include all whole numbers and negative numbers.
• Positive Numbers: A number is positive if it is greater than
zero. Example: 1, 2, 3 . . .
• Negative Numbers: A number is negative if it is less than zero.
Example: -1, -2, -3 . . .
• Zero is defined as neither a negative number nor a positive
number. It is a whole number.
• Z = {... -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
 Rational Numbers
• A rational number is a number that is of the form p/q
(fraction)where p and q are integers and q is not equal to 0. The set
of rational numbers can be written as fraction or or as a decimal
and it is denoted by Q
• examples of rational numbers are as follows.
• 56 (which can be written as 56/1)
• 0 (which is another form of 0/1)
• 1/2
• √16 which is equal to 4
• 0.3 or 3/10
• -0.7 or -7/10
• Important tips :
• If the decimal form of the number is terminating or recurring as in the case of
5.6 or 2.141414, we know that they are rational numbers.
• In case, the decimals seem to be never -ending or non-recurring, then these are
called irrational numbers. As in the case of √5 which is equal to
2.236067977499789696409173... which is an irrational number.
• Example: Is 0.923076923076923076923076923076... a rational number?
• Solution: The given number has a set of decimals 923076 which is recurring
and repeated continuously. Thus, it is a rational number.
• Example: Is √2 a rational number?
• Solution: If we write the decimal value of √2 we get √2 = 1.414213562....which
is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal. Therefore, this is not a
rational number. It is an irrational number.
• Prime Numbers are the numbers that have only two factors, that are,
1 and the number itself. Consider an example of number 5, which has
only two factors 1 and 5. This means it is a prime number. Let us take
another example of the number 6, which has more than two factors,
i.e., 1, 2, 3, and 6. This means 6 is not a prime number .
• There are 25 prime numbers from 1 to 100. The complete list
of prime numbers from 1 to 100 is given below:
• Odd Numbers Vs. Even numbers:
• Odd numbers are those numbers that cannot be divided into two
parts equally. In other words, odd numbers are positive
integers that cannot be categorized into groups of two. For
example: 1, 3, 5, 7, etc.
• Even numbers are those numbers that can be divided into two
equal groups or pairs and are exactly divisible by 2. For example,
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and so on. These numbers can be grouped in equal
pairs.
• A square number is found when we multiply an integer
(whole number) by itself
• Square root
• The square root of a number is that factor of a number which
when multiplied by itself gives the original number.
• The square root of a number is the value of power 1/2 of that
number. In other words, it is the number whose product by
itself gives the original number. It is represented using the
symbol '√ '. The square root symbol is called a radical, whereas
the number under the square root symbol is called the
radicand.
• Square Root by Prime Factorization Method
• Prime factorization of any number means to represent that number as
a product of prime numbers. To find the square root of a given
number through the prime factorization method, we follow the steps
given below:
• Step 1: Divide the given number into its prime factors.
• Step 2: Form pairs of similar factors such that both factors in each
pair are equal.
• Step 3: Take one factor from the pair.
• Step 4: Find the product of the factors obtained by taking one factor
from each pair.
• Step 5: That product is the square root of the given number.
• Common Factor
• "Factors" are numbers we can multiply together to get
another number.
When we find the factors of two or more numbers, and
then find some factors are the same ("common"), then
they are the "common factors".
Example: 12 and 16
• The factors of 12 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12
• The factors of 16 are: 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16
So the common factors of
12 and 16 are: 1, 2 and 4
• Greatest Common Factor
• The highest number that divides exactly into two
or more numbers.
It is the "greatest" thing for simplifying fractions!
• Let's start with an Example ...
• Cube numbers And cube root
• The cube for the number (x) is represented as x 3 and is read as
"x-cubed" (or) "x to the power of 3" (or) "x raised to 3". For
example, let us take the number 5. We know that 5 × 5 × 5 =
125. Hence, 125 is called the cube of 5
• as Cube root is the number that needs to be multiplied three
times to get the original number. Now, let us look at the cube
root formula, where y is the cube root of x. ∛x = y. The radical
sign ∛ is used as a cube root symbol for any number with a
small 3 written on the top left of the sign. Another way to
denote cube root is to write 1/3 as the exponent of a number
• How to Find Cube Root of a Number?
• The cube root of a number can be determined by using
the prime factorization method. In order to find the cube root
of a number:
• Step 1: Start with the prime factorization of the given number.
• Step 2: Then, divide the factors obtained into groups
containing three same factors.
• Step 3: After that, remove the cube root symbol and multiply
the factors to get the answer. If there is any factor left that
cannot be divided equally into groups of three, that means the
given number is not a perfect cube and we cannot find the
cube root of that number.