Linux

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Q.1. What are the features of linux?

Answer:

1. Open Source: The main advantage of Linux, is it is an open- source operating system. This
means the source code is easily available for everyone and any user can use Linux operating
system for free without license.
You are allowed to contribute, modify and distribute the code to anyone without any
permissions.
2. Free: Another important feature of Linux is that it is free to use. This makes it available to
everyone, regardless of financial limitations. This capability has assisted Linux's wide
acceptance, particularly in those countries where the cost of proprietary software is
extremely expensive.
3. Security: Linux is well-known for its security features. Linux is free from various Virus attacks
like Spyware, Trojan, Adware etc. Linux is more secure than any other operating system.
Linux provides security features like Authentication, authorization, encryption etc. LINUX
does not require any anti-virus software.
4. Light weight infrastructure: Linux is a lightweight operating system that does not require a
lot of system resources to run. It requires only 4GB to 8GB of hard disk space to install. It also
requires less RAM to run applications. It supports all types of file formats like text files, audio
files, video files, graphic formats etc.
5. Multi-User & Multiprogramming OS: Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can
access system resources like memory, ram, application programs at same time. It is also a
multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
6. Stability: It provides high stability. It rarely slows down or freezes and there is no need to
reboot it after a short time.
7. Graphical User Interface: LINUX is command-line interface OS. But it also provides
interactive graphical user interface like windows. LINUX can be converted into a Graphical
User Interface by installing the GUI package. The Popular GUI Package for LINUX is Ubuntu.
8. Performance : The performance of the Linux system is much higher than other operating
systems. It allows a large number of people to work at the same time and it handles them
efficiently.
9. Portable: Linux is designed to be highly portable and can run on a wide range of hardware,
including desktop computers, I servers, supercomputers, and embedded devices.
10. Software Update: The software updates in Linux are easy and frequent.
11. Compatibility: Linux is highly compatible with a wide range of hardware and applications.
This implies that users may run Linux on nearly any device.
12. Community support: Linux has a wide and active user and developer community that is
always ready to assist others. This community offers assistance through forums, email lists,
and other online tools.
13. Flexibility: Linux is a flexible operating system that may be used for a variety of tasks. It can
function as a desktop operating system, a server operating system, an embedded system,
and many other things.
Q.2. Explain architecture of Linux

Answer:

The following is a high-level overview of the main layers of the Linux architecture:

1. Hardware layer: This is the bottommost layer of the Linux architecture and represents the
physical hardware components of the computer, such as the processor, memory, and
storage. The hardware layer is responsible for interacting with the various hardware devices
and providing access to them for the rest of the operating system.
2. Kernel layer: The kernel is the core of the operating system and is responsible for managing
the resources of the computer, such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It also provides
services to the other components of the operating system and acts as the intermediary
between the hardware and the software layers.
3. System libraries layer: This layer consists of a set of libraries that provide functions for the
applications to use. These libraries include system calls, which are used to invoke kernel
functions, as well as other functions that perform tasks such as file manipulation,
networking, and memory management.
4. System utilities layer: This layer consists of a set of programs that perform various system-
level tasks, such as managing processes, controlling user accounts, and configuring system
settings. These utilities are usually command-line programs that are invoked by the user or
by other programs.
5. Desktop environment layer: This layer is optional and is not present on all Linux systems. It
provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to interact with the operating
system using a mouse and keyboard. The most common desktop environments in Linux are
Gnome, KDE, and Face.
6. Applications layer: This is the topmost layer of the Linux architecture and consists of the
various applications that run on the operating system. These can be anything from
productivity software and games to web browsers and media players.

Q.4. Explain the cat command.

Answer:

Cat (concatenate) command is very frequently used in Linux. It reads data from the file and gives its
content as output. It helps us to create, view, and concatenate files.

So let us see some frequently used cat commands.

Q.5. Explain mkdir, rm, rmdir command.

Answer:

Mkdir -The mkdir command allows users to create or make a new directory.

Rm - Remous the entires for a specified file, group of files, or certain select files from a list
within a directory.

Rmdir - remove can empty directory on various operating systems.


Q.6. Explain the cp command.

Answer:

cp stands for a copy. This command is used to copy files or groups of files or directories. It creates an
exact image of a file on a disk with a different file name. cp command requires at least two filenames
in its arguments.

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