Straight Line Lecture - 1
Straight Line Lecture - 1
Tomorrow
- PJ SIR
Distance Formula:
= 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 2 .
Find the value of x, if the distance between the
points (x, 8) and (4, 3) is 13.
Section Formula:
If P(x, y) divides the line joining A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2)
in ratio m : n, then;
𝑦1 −𝑦2 𝑦2 −𝑦3
(i) mAB = mBC = mCA i.e. =
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥2 −𝑥3
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
(ii) ABC = 0 i.e. 𝑥2 𝑦2 2 =0
𝑥3 𝑦3 3
(iii) AC = AB + BC or AB ~ BC
(iv) A divides the line segment BC in some ratio
Show that the points (–2, –1), (2, 7) and (5, 13) are collinear.
Area of Triangle
If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are the vertices of triangle
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
ABC, then its area is equal to Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 2,
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 3
provided the vertices are considered in the counter clockwise
sense. The above formula will give a (−) ve area if the vertices
(xi, yi), i = 1, 2, 3 are placed in the clockwise sense.
Note:
Area of n-sided polygon formed by points (x1, y1) ; (x2, y2);
........;(xn, yn) is given by
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑥1
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦2 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 𝑦1
Here vertices are taken in order.
If the co-ordinates of two points A and B are (2, 1) and (4, –3)
respectively. Find the co-ordinates of any point P if PA = PB
and Area of PAB = 6.
Let the area of the triangle with vertices 𝐴 1, 𝛼 , 𝐵 𝛼, 0
and 𝐶 0, 𝛼 be 4 sq.units. If the point 𝛼, −𝛼 , −𝛼, 𝛼 and
𝛼 2 , 𝛽 are collinear, then 𝛽 is equal to
a) 64 b) -8 c) -64 d) 512
Ans - C
Let A(1, 1), B(-4, 3) C(-2, -5) be vertices of a triangle ABC, P be a point
on sides BC, and 1 and 2 be the areas of triangle APB and ABC.
Respectively.
If Δ1 : Δ2 = 4: 7, then the area enclosed by the lines AP, AC and the x-
axis is
1 3 1
a) b) c) d) 1
4 4 2
Ans - C
Break Time
Equation of a Straight Line in various forms:
Now let us understand, how a line can be represented with the
help of an algebraic equation. A moving point (point with
variable co-ordinates) is assumed on the line and a link is
established between its
co-ordinates with the help of some given parameters. There
are various forms of lines depending on the specified
parameter
Point - Slope form:
y − y1 = m (x − x1) is the equation of a straight line whose
slope is m & which passes through the point (x1, y1).
Find the equation of a line passing through (3, –4) and inclined
at an angle of 150º with the positive direction of x-axis.
Slope-intercept form:
y = mx + c is the equation of a straight line whose slope is m
& which makes an intercept c on the y−axis.
Find the equation of a line with slope –3 and cutting off an
intercept of 5 units on negative direction of y-axis.
Two point form:
𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1 is the equation of a straight line
𝑥2 −𝑥1
which passes through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
Find the equation of the line joining the points (3, 4) and (-2, 5)
Intercept form:
𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 is the equation of a straight line which makes intercepts a and
𝑎 𝑏
b on OX and OY respectively.
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (–3, 8)
and the sum of its intercepts on the axes is 7.
Perpendicular/Normal form:
xcos + ysin = p (where p > 0, 0 < 2 ) is the equation of the
straight line where the length of the perpendicular from the origin O on
the line is p and this perpendicular makes an angle with positive
x−axis.
Find the equation of the line which is at a distance 3 from the
origin and the perpendicular from the origin to the line makes an
angle of 30º with the positive direction of the x-axis.
General form:
ax + by + c = 0 is the equation of a straight line in the general form
𝑎
In this case, slope of line = −
𝑏
𝑐 𝑐
x-intercept = − , y-intercept = −
𝑎 𝑏
Find slope, x-intercept & y-intercept of the line 2x – 3y + 5 = 0.
Parametric form:
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1
P(r) = (x, y) = (x1 + r cos q, y1 + r sin q) or = = 𝑟 is the
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
equation of the line in parametric form, where ‘r’ is the parameter whose
absolute value is the distance of any point (x, y) on the line form the
fixed point (x1, y1) on the line.
Remark:
The above form is derived from point-slope form of line.
sin 𝜃
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 where 𝑚 = tan 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
cos 𝜃
Find the equation of the line through the point A(1, 4) and making
an angle of 45º with the positive direction of x-axis. Also
determine the length of intercept on it between A and the line
x + y – 10 = 0
A line, with the slope greater than one, passes through the point A(4, 3)
and intersects the line x – y – 2 = 0 at the point B. If the length of the
29
line segment AB is , then B also lies on the line:
3
a) 2x + y = 9
b) 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 7
c) x + 2y = 9
d) 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 3
Ans - C
Angle between two straight lines in terms of their slopes:
If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two intersecting straight lines
(m1, m2 ≠ -1) and q is the acute angle between them, then
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
tan 𝜃 =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
Note:
(i) Let m1, m2, m3 are the slopes of three lines L1 = 0; L2 =
0; L3 = 0 where m1 > m2 > m3, then the tangent of interior
angles of the ABC formed by these lines are given by,
𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑚2 −𝑚3 𝑚3 −𝑚1
tan 𝐴 = ; tan 𝐵 = and tan 𝐶 =
1+𝑚1 𝑚2 1+𝑚2 𝑚3 1+𝑚3 𝑚1
The distance between the two points A and A’ which lie on y
= 2 such that both the line segments AB and A’B (where B
𝜋
is the point (2, 3)) subtend angle at the origin, is equal to:
4
48 52
a) 10 b) c) d) 3
5 5
Ans - C
Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the
point (3,–2) and making angle 60º with the line 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
Let a triangle be bounded by the lines L1: 2x + 5y = 10; L2:
-4x + 3y = 12 and the line L3, which passes through the
point P(2, 3), intersect L2 at A and L1 at B. If the point P
divides the line-segment AB, internally in the ratio 1 : 3,
then the area of the triangle is equal to
110 132 142 151
a) b) c) d)
13 13 13 13
Ans - B
Break Time
Parallel Lines:
(i) When two straight lines are parallel their slopes are
equal. Thus any line parallel to y = mx + c is of the type of y
= mx + d, where ‘d’ is a parameter.
(ii) Two lines ax + by + c = 0 and a’x + b’y + c’ = 0 are
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
parallel if = ≠ .
𝑎′ 𝑏′ 𝑐′
𝑐1 −𝑐2 𝑑1 −𝑑2
m2x + d1, y = m2x + d2 is given by
𝑚1 −𝑚2
Find the equation of the straight line that has y-intercept 5 and is
parallel to the straight line 3x – 7y = 8.
Two sides of a square lie on the lines 5x – 12y + 6 = 0 and 5x –
12y = 20. What is its area ?
Find the area of the parallelogram whose sides are x + 2y + 3 = 0,
3x + 4y – 5 = 0, 2x + 4y + 5 = 0 and 3x + 4y – 10 = 0
Perpendicular Lines:
(i) When two lines of slopes m1 and m2 are at right angles,
the product of their slopes is -1, i.e., m1m2 = -1. Thus any
line perpendicular to y = mx + c is of the form
1
𝑦=− 𝑥 + 𝑑, where ‘d’ is any parameter.
𝑚
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐
= = −2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Find the foot of perpendicular of the line drawn from
P (2, –3) on the line x – 2y + 5 = 0.
3
Let 𝐴 , 𝑎 𝑎 > 0, be a fixed point in the xy-plane. The
𝑎
a) 2 b) 2 c) 2 2 d) 4
Ans - C
The equations of the sides AB, BC and CA of a triangle ABC are 2x + y
= 0, x + py = 15a and x – y = 3 respectively. If its orthocentre is (2, a),
1
− < 𝑎 < 2, then p is equal to
2
Ans - 3
𝛼 𝛼
Let 𝐴 𝛼, −2 , 𝐵 𝛼, 6 and 𝐶 , −2 be vertices of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶. If 5, is
4 4
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑎′ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ′ 𝑦 + 𝑐′
=±
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎′2 + 𝑏 ′2
Note:
Equation of straight lines passing through P(x1, y1) and equally
inclined with the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
are those which are parallel to the bisectors between these two
lines and passing through the point P.
Find the equations of the bisectors of the angle between
the straight lines 3x + y + 1 = 0 and x + 3y + 1 = 0.
Methods to discriminate between the acute angle bisector &
the obtuse angle bisector:
(i) If q be the angle between one of the lines and one of the
bisectors, find tan q.
If tan 𝜃 < 1, then 2q < 90º so that this bisector is the acute
angle bisector.
If tan 𝜃 > 1, then we get the bisector to be the obtuse angle
bisector.
Methods to discriminate between the acute angle bisector &
the obtuse angle bisector:
(ii) Let L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 are the given lines and u1 = 0 and u2 =
0 are the bisectors between L1 = 0 and L2 = 0. Take a point P on
any one of the lines
L1 = 0 and L2 = 0. Take a point P on any one of the lines
L1 = 0 or L2 = 0 and drop perpendicular on u1 = 0 and u2 = 0 as
shown in figure. If,
𝑝 < 𝑞 ⇒ 𝑢1 is the acute angle bisector
𝑝 > 𝑞 ⇒ 𝑢1 is the obtuse angle bisector.
𝑝 = 𝑞 ⇒ the lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular.
Methods to discriminate between the acute angle bisector &
the obtuse angle bisector:
(iii) If aa’ + bb’ < 0, then the equation of the bisector of this
acute angle is
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑎′ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ′ 𝑦 + 𝑐′
=+
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑎′2 + 𝑏 ′2
If, however, aa’ + bb’ > 0, the equation of the bisector of the
obtuse angle is:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑎′ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ′ 𝑦 + 𝑐′
=+
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎′2 + 𝑏 ′2
For the straight lines 2x – y + 1 = 0 and x – 2y – 2 = 0,
find the equation of the
(i) bisector of the obtuse angle between them;
(ii) bisector of the acute angle between them;
Condition of Concurrency
Three lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a3x + by + c3 = 0 are
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
concurrent if 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
Alternatively: If three constants A, B and C (not all zero) can be
found such that
A(a1x + b1y + c1) + B (a2x + b2y + c2) + C(a3x + b3y + c3) ≡ 0,
then the three straight lines are concurrent.
If the straight lines x + 2y = 9, 3x + 5y = 5 and ax – by = 1
are concurrent. Then find the value of 35a + 22b
Family of Straight Lines:
The equation of a family of straight lines passing through the
point of intersection of the lines,
L1 a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & L2 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is given by L1
+ k L2 = 0 i.e.
(a1x + b1y + c1) + k(a2x + b2y + c2) = 0, where k is an arbitrary
real number.
Note:
(i) If u1 = ax + by + c, u2 = ax + by + d, u3 = ax + by + c, u4 =
ax + by + d then u1 = 0; u2 = 0; u3 = 0 ; u4 = 0 form a
parallelogram. The diagonal BD can be given by u2u3 – u1u4
= 0.
Note:
(ii) The diagonal AC is also given by u1 + u4 = 0 and u2 + u3
= 0, if the two equations are identical for some real and
[For getting the values of & compare the coefficients of
x, y & the constant terms].
If 3a + 2b + 5c = 0 and the set of lines ax + by + c = 0
passes through a fixed point . Find co-ordinates of that
point.
Obtain the equations of the lines passing through the
intersection of lines 3x + 7y = 17 and x + 2y = 5 and is
perpendicular to the straight line 3x + 4y = 10.
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