Discovering Computers 2016

Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 6
Computing
Components
Objectives Overview

Identify characteristics of
Describe the various Describe multi-core
various personal computer
computer and mobile processors, the components
processors on the market
device cases and the of a processor, and the four
today, and describe the
contents they protect steps in a machine cycle
ways processors are cooled

Explain how program and

Define a bit, and describe
Explain the advantages and application instructions
how a series of bits
services of cloud computing transfer in and out of
represents data
memory

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for Detailed Objectives in whole or in part.
Objectives Overview

Describe the
Differentiate
purpose of Explain the
among the various
adapter cards and function of a bus
types of memory
USB adapters

Explain the Describe how to

purpose of a care for computers
power supply and and mobile
batteries devices

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for Detailed Objectives in whole or in part.
Inside the Case

• The case contains and protects the electronics of the

computer or mobile device from damage

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Figure 6-1 in whole or in part.
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 5
in whole or in part.
Inside the Case

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Figure 6-2 in whole or in part.
Inside the Case

• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

computer
– A computer chip contains integrated circuits

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Figure 6-3 in whole or in part.
Processors

• The processor, also called the central processing

unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
• A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or
more separate processor cores
• Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic
unit (ALU)

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in whole or in part.
Processors

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Figure 6-4 in whole or in part.
Processors

• The control unit is the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

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in whole or in part.
Processors

• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle

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Figure 6-5 in whole or in part.
Processors

The processor contains registers, that

temporarily hold data and instructions

The system clock controls the timing of

all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock
speed, and is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)
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in whole or in part.
Processors

• The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are Intel
and AMD

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Processors

• A processor chip generates heat that could cause

the chip to malfunction or fail
• Require additional cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling technology
– Cooling pads

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Figures 6-6 – 6-7 in whole or in part.
Cloud Computing

• Home and business users choose cloud computing

for a variety of reasons

Accessibility Cost savings

Space
Scalability
savings
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in whole or in part.
Data Representation

Analog signals are continuous and vary in

strength and quality

Digital signals are in one of two states: on

or off
• Most computers are digital
• The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
• Bits and bytes
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in whole or in part.
Data Representation
The circuitry in a computer or Eight bits grouped together as a
mobile device represents the on or unit are called a byte. A byte
the off states electronically by the
presence or absence of an electronic represents a single character in
charge the computer or mobile device

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figures 6-8 – 6-9
Data Representation

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Figure 6-10 in whole or in part.
Memory

• Memory consists of electronic components that

store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
Data being
The operating
processed and the
system and other Applications
resulting
programs
information
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in whole or in part.
Memory

• Each location in memory has an address

• Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes
(GB) or terabytes (TB)

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Figure 6-11 in whole or in part.
Memory

• Computers and mobile devices contain two types of

memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents
power is turned off when power is removed

Examples include ROM,

Example includes RAM
flash memory, and CMOS

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in whole or in part.
Memory

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Figure 6-12 in whole or in part.
Memory

• Two common types of RAM exist:

Dynamic RAM
Static RAM (SRAM)
(DRAM)

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Table 6-1 in whole or in part.
Memory

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

and are inserted into memory slots

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Figure 6-13 in whole or in part.
Memory

• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

because it stores frequently used instructions and data

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Figure 6-14 in whole or in part.
Memory

Read-only memory (ROM)

refers to memory chips
storing permanent data and
instructions
•Firmware
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Memory

• Flash memory can be erased electronically and

rewritten
– CMOS technology uses battery power to retain
information when when the power to the computer is
off

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in whole or in part.
Memory

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds

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Table 6-2 and Figure 6-15 in whole or in part.
Adapters

• An adapter card enhances

functions of a component of
a desktop or server system
unit and/or provides
connections to peripherals
– Sound card and video card
• An expansion slot is a
socket on a desktop or
server motherboard that
can hold an adapter card

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Table 6-3
Adapters

• With Plug
and Play, the
computer
automatically
can recognize
peripheral
devices as
you install
them
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Figure 6-16 in whole or in part.
Adapters
• A USB adapter enhances functions of a mobile
computer and/or provides connections to
peripheral devices

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Figure 6-17 in whole or in part.
Buses

• A bus allows the various

devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate with
one another
– Data bus
– Address bus
• Word size is the number
of bits the processor can
interpret and execute at a
given time

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 6-18
Buses

• A computer might have these three types of

buses:

System Backside
bus bus

Expansion
bus

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in whole or in part.
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in whole or in part.
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in whole or in part.
Power Supply and Batteries

• The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts

the wall outlet AC power into DC power

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Figure 6-19 in whole or in part.
Power Supply and Battery

• Mobile computers and devices can run using

either a power supply or batteries
• Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion
batteries

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Figure 6-20 in whole or in part.
 External Components of System Unit

What Is Input?
• Input is any data and
instructions entered
into the memory of a
computer

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-1
What Is Input?

• Commonly used input methods include:

Pointing
Keyboard Touch screens Pen input
devices

Scanners and
Motion input Voice input Video input reading
devices

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in whole or in part.
Keyboards

• A keyboard is an input device that contains keys

users press to enter data and instructions into a
computer or mobile device

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Figure 7-2 in whole or in part.
Keyboards

• Most desktop computer keyboards have…

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in whole or in part.
Keyboards

• There are a variety of keyboard options for

computers and mobile devices

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Figure 7-3 in whole or in part.
Keyboards

• An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the

chance of repetitive strain injuries of wrist and hand
• Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety
in the design of the workplace

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Figure 7-4 in whole or in part.
Pointing Devices

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in whole or in part.
Pointing Devices

• A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the

palm of your hand comfortably
– Optical mouse, laser mouse, and touch mouse

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Figure 7-5 in whole or in part.
 Pointing Devices

• A touchpad is a • A trackball is a
Touchpad

Trackball
small, flat, stationary
rectangular pointing device
pointing device with a ball on its
that is sensitive top or side
to pressure and
motion
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Figures 7-6 – 7-7 in whole or in part.
Touch Screens

• A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display

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in whole or in part.
Pen Input

• With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat

surface to write, draw, or make selections

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Figure 7-9 in whole or in part.
Pen Input

• A graphics tablet, also

called a digitizer, is an
electronic plastic board
that detects and
converts movements of
a style or digital pen
into signals that are
sent to the computer

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-11
Motion, Voice, and Video Input

• With motion input, sometimes called gesture

recognition, users can guide on-screen elements
using air gestures

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in whole or in part.
Motion, Voice, and Video Input

• Voice input is the

process of entering
input by speaking into a
microphone
• Voice recognition, also
called speech
recognition, is the
computer or mobile
device’s capability of
distinguishing spoken
words
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-12
Motion, Voice, and Video Input

• Audio input is the

process of entering any
sound into the
computer such as
speech, music, and
sound effects
• Music production
software allows users
to record, compose,
mix, and edit music and
sounds
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-13
Motion, Voice, and Video Input

• Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and

storing them on a computer or mobile device’s storage medium

Record video on a
digital video (DV)
camera

Transfer
video to a
computer or
mobile device
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in whole or in part.
Motion, Voice, and Video Input

• A webcam is a type of DV camera that enables a

user to:
Send email Broadcast live
Capture video and
messages with images or video
still images
video attachments over the Internet

Conduct
Make video calls
videoconferences

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in whole or in part.
Motion, Voice, and Video Input

• A videoconference is a meeting between two or

more geographically separated people

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Figure 7-15 in whole or in part.
Scanners and Reading Devices

• A scanner is a light-sensing input device that

reads printed text and graphics and then
translates the results into a form the computer
can process
– A flatbed scanner works in a manner similar to a copy
machine except it creates a file of the document in
memory instead of a paper copy

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in whole or in part.
Scanners and Reading Devices

• An optical reader is a device that uses a light source to

read characters, marks, and codes and then converts
them into digital data that a computer can process
– Optical character recognition (OCR)
– Optical mark recognition (OMR)

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Scanners and Reading Devices

• A bar code reader, also

called a bar code
scanner uses laser
beams to read bar
codes
• A QR code stores
information in both a
vertical and horizontal
direction

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figures 7-17 – 7-18
Scanners and Reading Devices

• RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to

communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object
• An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves
• RFID can track:

Gauging
Tracking times of Tracking location of
Checking lift tickets Managing temperature and
runners in a people and other
of skiers inventory pressure of tires on
marathon items
a vehicle

Tracking payment
Checking out Providing access to Managing as vehicles pass
library books rooms or buildings purchases through booths on
tollway systems

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in whole or in part.
60
Scanners and Reading Devices

• Magstripe readers read the magnetic stripe on

the back of cards such as:
Credit cards

Entertainment cards

Bank cards

Identification cards

Other similar cards

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Figure 7-20 in whole or in part.
Scanners and Reading Devices

• MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text

printed with magnetized ink
• An MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the
computer can process
• Banking industry uses MICR for check processing

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Figure 7-21 in whole or in part.
Scanners and Reading Devices

• A data collection device obtains data directly at

the location where the transaction or event takes
place

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Figure 7-22 in whole or in part.
Week 7

OUTPUT DEVICES AND STORAGE

DEVICES
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in whole or in part.
Week 8

START INSTALLING JAVA ECLIPSE

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in whole or in part.
What Is Output?

• Output is data that has

been processed into a
useful form

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-23
Displays

• Today’s monitors use a

digital signal to
produce a picture
• To display the highest
quality images, the
monitor should plug
into:
– A DVI port
– An HDMI port
– A DisplayPort

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Displays

• Home users sometimes

use a digital television
(DTV) as a display
• HDTV is the most
advanced form of digital
television
• A Smart TV is an
Internet-enabled HDTV

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-25
Printers

• A printer
produces text
and graphics on
a physical
medium
• Before
purchasing a
printer, ask
yourself a series
of questions
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-26
Printers

• A nonimpact printer forms characters and

graphics on a piece of paper without actually
contacting the paper

Ink-jet Photo All-in-one Thermal

Laser printers
printers printers printers printers

Mobile Label Large-format

Plotters
printers printers printers

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in whole or in part.
Printers

• An ink-jet printer forms characters and graphics by

spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper
– Color or black-and-white
– Speed is measured by the number of pages per minute (ppm) it
can print

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Figure 7-27 in whole or in part.
Printers

A photo printer produces lab-

quality photos
•Many use ink-jet technology
•PictBridge allows you to print photos
directly from a digital camera
•Print from a memory card
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in whole or in part.
Printers

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Figure 7-29 in whole or in part.
Printers

High-
speed

Black-
and-
Laser High-
white printer quality

Color

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Figure 7-30 in whole or in part.
Printers

• An all-in-one printer is a single device that prints,

scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes
– Also called a multifunction printer

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Figure 7-32 in whole or in part.
Printers

• A 3-D printer uses a process called additive

manufacturing to create an object by adding
material to a three-dimensional object, one
horizontal layer at a time

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Figure 7-33 in whole or in part.
Printers

• A thermal printer generates images by pushing

electrically heated pins against the heat-sensitive
paper

Dye-
sublimation
printer
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Figure 7-34 in whole or in part.
Printers

• A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-

powered printer that allows a mobile user to print
from a mobile device

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Figure 7-35 in whole or in part.
Printers

• A label printer is a small printer that prints on an

adhesive-type material that can be placed on a
variety of items

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Figure 7-36 in whole or in part.
Printers

• Plotters are used to produce high-quality

drawings
• Large-format printers create photo-realistic
quality color prints

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Figure 7-37 in whole or in part.
Printers

• Impact printers form characters and graphics on a

piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an
inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper

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Figure 7-38 in whole or in part.
Other Output Devices

• Many users attach surround sound speakers or

speaker systems to their computers, game
consoles, and mobile devices to generate higher-
quality sounds

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Figure 7-39 in whole or in part.
Other Output Devices

• Headphones are
speakers that cover or
are placed outside of
the ear
• Earbuds (also called
earphones) rest inside
the ear canal

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-40
Other Output Devices

• A data projector is a
device that projects the
text and images
displaying on a
computer or mobile
device screen on a
larger screen so that an
audience can see the
image clearly

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-41
Other Output Devices

• An interactive
whiteboard is a
touch-sensitive
device, resembling a
dry-erase board, that
displays the image
on a connected
computer screen

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 7-42
Other Output Devices

• Joysticks, wheels, gamepads, and motion-sensing

game controllers can be considered output
devices when they include force feedback
– Technology that sends resistance to the device in
response to actions of the user

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Figure 7-43 in whole or in part.
Assistive Technology Input and Output

Head-mounted pointer Braille printer

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figures 7-44 – 7-45
Operating Systems

• An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that

coordinate all the activities among computer or mobile
device hardware
Start and shut down
Provide a user
a computer or Manage programs Manage memory Coordinate tasks
interface
mobile device

Provide file
Monitor Establish an Internet management and Updating operating
Configure devices other device or
performance connection system software
media-related tasks

Control a network Administer security

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in whole or in part.
Operating Systems

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Figure 9-1 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• Starting Computers and Mobile Devices

– If a computer or mobile device is off, you press a
power button to turn it on

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Figure 9-2 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• An operating system includes various power

options

Sleep mode saves any open Hibernate mode saves any

documents running programs open documents and running
or apps to RAM, turns off all programs or apps to an
unneeded functions, and then internal hard drive before
places the computer in a low- removing power from the
power state computer or device

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in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• A user interface
(UI) controls how
you enter data and
instructions and
how information is
displayed on the
screen
• With a graphical
user interface
(GUI), you interact
with menus and
visual images
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 9-3
Operating System Functions

• In a command-line interface, a user types

commands represented by short keywords or
abbreviations or presses special keys on the
keyboard to enter data and instructions

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Figure 9-4 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• How an operating system handles programs

directly affects your productivity

Single tasking Foreground

Single user
and and
and multiuser
multitasking background

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in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

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Figure 9-5 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• Memory management optimizes the use of the computer

or device’s internal memory
• Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium
functioning as additional RAM

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Pages 416 - 417 or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 96
Figure 9-8 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• The operating system determines the order in

which tasks are processed

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Figure 9-9 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

Page 419 or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 98
in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• A performance monitor is a program that

assesses and reports information about various
computer resources and devices

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Figure 9-10 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• Operating systems typically provide a means to

establish Internet connections

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Figure 9-11 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• Many programs, including operating systems,

include an automatic update feature that
regularly provides new features or corrections to
the program

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Figure 9-12 in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• Operating systems often provide users with a

variety of tools related to managing a computer,
its devices, or its programs

File Manager Search Image Viewer Uninstaller Disk Cleanup

Disk File PC Backup and

Screen Saver
Defragmenter Compression Maintenance Restore

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in whole or in part.
Operating System Functions

• Some operating systems • A network

are designed to work administrator uses the
with a server on a server operating system
network to:
• These multiuser – Add and remove users,
operating systems allow computers, and other
devices
multiple users to share
– Configure the network,
a printer, Internet
install software and
access, files, and administer network
programs security
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Page 423 103
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Operating System Functions

• A user account enables

a use to sign in to, or
access resources on, a
network or computer
– A user name, or user ID,
identifies a specific user
– A password is a private
combination of
characters associated
with the user name

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 9-13
Types of Operating Systems

Page 425 105

Table 9-2
Desktop Operating Systems

• A desktop operating system is a complete

operating system that works on desktops, laptops,
and some tablets

Windows Mac OS UNIX

Chrome
Linux
OS
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in whole or in part.
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 107
in whole or in part.
Desktop Operating Systems

• The Macintosh operating system has earned a

reputation for its ease of use
• Latest version is OS X

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in whole or in part.
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 109
in whole or in part.
Desktop Operating Systems

UNIX is a multitasking
operating system developed
in the early 1970s

Linux is a popular,
multitasking UNIX-based
operating system
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Figures 9-14 – 9-15 in whole or in part.
Desktop Operating Systems

• Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system

designed to work primarily with web apps

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Figure 9-16 in whole or in part.
Server Operating Systems

Windows OS X
Server Server

UNIX Linux
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Pages 432 - 433 or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 112
in whole or in part.
Mobile Operating Systems

• The operating system on mobile devices and

many consumer electronics is called a mobile
operating system and resides on firmware

Windows
Android iOS
Phone

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in whole or in part.
Mobile Operating Systems

• Android is an open
source, Linux-based
mobile operating
system designed by
Google for smartphones
and tablets

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Page 434 114
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 9-17
Oreo, Pie and Q or Android 10
115
Mobile Operating Systems

• iOS, developed by
Apple, is a proprietary
mobile operating
system specifically
made for Apple’s
mobile devices

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Page 434 116
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 9-18
Mobile Operating Systems

• Windows Phone,
developed by Microsoft,
is a proprietary mobile
operating system that
runs on some
smartphones

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Page 435 117
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 9-19