Python Programs

Creating variables and assigning values
To create a variable in Python, all you need to do is specify the variable name, and then assign a value to it.
<variable name> = <value>
Python uses = to assign values to variables. There's no need to declare a variable in advance (or to assign a
data
type to it), assigning a value to a variable itself declares and initializes the variable with that value. There's
no way to
declare a variable without assigning it an initial value.
# Integer
a=2
print(a)
# Output: 2
# Integer
b = 9223372036854775807
print(b)
# Output: 9223372036854775807
# Floating point
pi = 3.14
print(pi)
# Output: 3.14
# String
c = 'A'
print(c)
# Output: A
# String
name = 'John Doe'
print(name)
# Output: John Doe
# Boolean
q = True
print(q)
# Output: True
# Empty value or null data type
x = None
print(x)
# Output: None
Variable assignment works from left to right. So the following will give you an syntax error.
0=x
=> Output: SyntaxError: can't assign to literal
You can not use python's keywords as a valid variable name. You can see the list of keyword by:
import keyword
print(keyword.kwlist)
Rules for variable naming:
1. Variables names must start with a letter or an underscore.
x = True # valid
_y = True # valid
9x = False # starts with numeral
=> SyntaxError: invalid syntax
$y = False # starts with symbol
=> SyntaxError: invalid syntax
2. Your variable name may consist of letters, numbers and underscores.
has_0_in_it = "Still Valid"
3. Names are case sensitive.
x=9
y = X*5
=>NameError: name 'X' is not defined
Even though there's no need to specify a data type when declaring a variable in Python, while allocating
the
necessary area in memory for the variable, the Python interpreter automatically picks the most suitable
built-in
type for it:
a=2
print(type(a))
# Output: <type 'int'>
b = 9223372036854775807
print(type(b))
# Output: <type 'int'>
pi = 3.14
print(type(pi))
# Output: <type 'float'>
c = 'A'
print(type(c))
# Output: <type 'str'>
name = 'John Doe'
print(type(name))
# Output: <type 'str'>
q = True
print(type(q))
# Output: <type 'bool'>
x = None
print(type(x))
# Output: <type 'NoneType'>
Now you know the basics of assignment, let's get this subtlety about assignment in python out of the way.
When you use = to do an assignment operation, what's on the left of = is a name for the object on the
right. Finally,
what = does is assign the reference of the object on the right to the name on the left.
That is:
a_name = an_object # "a_name" is now a name for the reference to the object "an_object"
So, from many assignment examples above, if we pick pi = 3.14, then pi is a name (not the name, since an
object
can have multiple names) for the object 3.14.
You can assign multiple values to multiple variables in one line. Note that there must be the same number
of
arguments on the right and left sides of the = operator:
a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
print(a, b, c)
# Output: 1 2 3
a, b, c = 1, 2
=> Traceback (most recent call last):
=> File "name.py", line N, in <module>
=> a, b, c = 1, 2
=> ValueError: need more than 2 values to unpack
a, b = 1, 2, 3
=> Traceback (most recent call last):
=> File "name.py", line N, in <module>
=> a, b = 1, 2, 3
=> ValueError: too many values to unpack
The error in last example can be obviated by assigning remaining values to equal number of arbitrary
variables.
This dummy variable can have any name, but it is conventional to use the underscore (_) for assigning
unwanted
values:
a, b, _ = 1, 2, 3
print(a, b)
# Output: 1, 2
Note that the number of _ and number of remaining values must be equal. Otherwise 'too many values to
unpack
error' is thrown as above:
a, b, _ = 1,2,3,4
=>Traceback (most recent call last):
=>File "name.py", line N, in <module>
=>a, b, _ = 1,2,3,4
=>ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 3)
You can also assign a single value to several variables simultaneously.
a=b=c=1
print(a, b, c)
# Output: 1 1 1
When using such cascading assignment, it is important to note that all three variables a, b and c refer to
the same
object in memory, an int object with the value of 1. In other words, a, b and c are three different names
given to the
same int object. Assigning a different object to one of them afterwards doesn't change the others, just as
expected:
a = b = c = 1 # all three names a, b and c refer to same int object with value 1
print(a, b, c)
# Output: 1 1 1
b = 2 # b now refers to another int object, one with a value of 2
print(a, b, c)
# Output: 1 2 1 # so output is as expected.
Changing Case in a String with Methods
name = "Berhampur"
print(name.title())
name = "oca"
print(name.upper())
name = "Good Morning Every One"

print(name.lower())
first_name = "Berhampur"
last_name = "OCA"
u full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
print(full_name)
print("Hello, " + full_name.title() + "!")
message = "Hello, " + full_name.title() + "!"

print(message)
Adding Whitespace to Strings with Tabs or Newlines

>>> print("Python")
Python
>>> print("\tPython")
Python
>>> print("Languages:\nPython\nC\nJavaScript")
Languages:
Python
C
JavaScript
>>> print("Languages:\n\tPython\n\tC\n\tJavaScript")
Languages:
Python
C
JavaScript
Stripping Whitespace
Extra whitespace can be confusing in your programs. To programmers 'python' and 'python ' look
pretty much the same. But to a program, they are two different strings. Python detects the extra space in
'python ' and considers it significant unless you tell it otherwise.
It’s important to think about whitespace, because often you’ll want to compare two strings to
determine whether they are the same. For example, one important instance might involve checking
people’s usernames when they log in to a website. Extra whitespace can be confusing in much simpler
situations as well. Fortunately, Python makes it easy to eliminate extraneous
whitespace from data that people enter.
Python can look for extra whitespace on the right and left sides of a string. To ensure that no
whitespace exists at the right end of a string, use the rstrip() method.
>>> favorite_language = 'python '
>>> favorite_language
'python '
>>> favorite_language.rstrip()
'python'
'python '
>>> favorite_language = 'python '

>>> favorite_language = favorite_language.rstrip()
'python'
>>> favorite_language = ' python '

>>> favorite_language.rstrip()
' python'
>>> favorite_language.lstrip()
'python '
>>> favorite_language.strip()
'python'

Python Programs

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Python Programs

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Creating variables and assigning values

name = "Good Morning Every One"

message = "Hello, " + full_name.title() + "!"

Adding Whitespace to Strings with Tabs or Newlines

>>> favorite_language = 'python '

>>> favorite_language = ' python '

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