UPLB Department of Science and Technology Scholars’ Society

University of the Philippines Los Baños, UP College, Laguna 4031

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Science English Mathematics Enrichment Program

General Compilation of Handouts

Mathematics

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Science, English, Mathematics Enrichment Program General Compilation of Handouts - Mathematics |Page 2

ALGEBRA
Laws of Exponents 1. Constant- fixed, usually a number
1 2. Variable- something that changes its value, usually letters
an * am  anm an 
1
,a  0 an  n a ( a  b) n  a n  b n 3. Algebraic expression- a constant or variable or a combination that is denoted
n
a
m
by mathematical operation
an nm (ab) n  a n b n n m
a n  n (a) m ( a )  a
nm 4. Polynomial- special cases of algebraic expression with no irrational expression,
a ,a  0
am negative and fractional exponent
a
n
an a 0  1, a  0
5. Terms- group connected by an operation + and –
   n ,b  0 6. Coefficients- numeric or letter
b b
7. Degree- sum of the exponent of the variable
8. Degree of the polynomial- highest degree of a term in a polynomial
Polynomial
Special Products n a * n b  n ab
2
( x  a )( x  b)  x  (a  b) x  ab n
a n  a if n is odd
2 2 2
( x  y )  x  2 xy  y = a if n is even
( x  y )( x  y )  x 2  y 2 n a a
 n  ,b  0
(ax  by )( cx  dy )  acx 2  (ad  bc) xy  bdy 2 nb b
( x  y ) 3  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
Inequalities
Factoring Polynomials If a  b and b  c then a  c
ax  ay  az  a( x  y  z ) If a  b , then a  c  b  c
x 2  y 2  ( x  y )( x  y ) If a  b , then a  c  b  c
If a  b and c  0 , then ac  bc
x 2  (a  b) x  ab  ( x  a )( x  b)
If a  b and c  0 , then ac  bc
x 2  2 xy  y 2  ( x  y ) 2 If b  0, x  b is equivalent  b  x  b
( x  y )( x 2  xy  y 2 )  x 3  y 3 If b  0, x  b is equivalent to x  b or x  b

Radicals
Logarithms Binomial Theorem
y  logb x if and only if x  b y (a  b) n  n C0 a n  n C1a n 1b n C 2 a n  2 b 2  ... n C r a n  r b r  ... n C n b n
logb 1  0 log x  log10 x where n C r  n!
(n  r )!r!
logb b  1 logb b u  u
logb uv  logb u  logb v log b (u )  log b u  log b v
v
logb u n  n logb u ln x  loge x
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GEOMETRY
Slope, midpoint, Distance Formula
Given points P (x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) in a plane, then:
1. The slope, m, of a line ⃡ is given by y2 - y1 or y1 - y2
x 2 - x1 x1 - x 2
2. The midpoint of ̅̅̅̅ has coordinates ( )
3. The length of ̅̅̅̅ is√( ) ( ) , this is the distance formula.
4. An equation of ̅̅̅̅ is , where is the slope and is the y-intercept.

Equation of Lines, Parallel and Perpendicular Lines, and how to graph lines.
The general form of an equation of a line is , where and .
1. The two more commonly used forms of an equation of a line are:
a. Slope-intercept form: where m is the slope and b the y-intercept
b. Point-slope form: ( ) where m is the slope ( ) the given point.
( )
c. Two-point form: ( ) where ( ) and ( ) are the given points.
2. If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal; that is, if is the slope of and is the slope of , then .
3. If two lines are perpendicular, then their slopes are negative reciprocals; that is, if is the slope of and is the slope of , then or .
4. To graph a slant line, plot any two points belonging to the line, or use its slope and a point.
5. When a line is inclined to the left, its slope is negative. When a line is inclined to the right, its slope is positive.
6. The graph of x = a is a vertical line through the point (a, 0). The slope of a vertical line is undefined.
7. The graph of y = b is a horizontal line through the point (0, b). The slope of the horizontal line is zero.

Areas and Perimeters Volumes

Area Perimeter 1. Prism:
1. Rectangle: 2. Cube:
2. Parallelogram: 3. Cylinder:
3. Rhombus: 4. Sphere:
4. Square: 5. Right circular cone:
5. Triangle: 6. Pyramid: ( )
6. Trapezoid: ( )
7. Circle:

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Angles and Triangles

1. Right angle – an angle whose degree measure is 90. 3. Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
2. Acute angle – an angle whose degree measure is less than 90. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite these
3. Obtuse - an angle whose degree measure is greater than 90. angles are also congruent.
4. Complementary angles – when the sum of the measures of the two 4. Exterior Angle Theorem
angles is 90. The measure of a exterior angle of a triangle is greater than any of its
5. Supplementary angles – when the sum of the measures of the two remote interior angles.
angles is 180 5. The Triangle Inequality Theorem
A. Classification of Triangles according to: The sum of lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length
1. Sides of than third side.
a. Isosceles - an angle whose degree measure is 6. Pythagorean Theorem
b. Equilateral - a triangle with exactly three congruent sides In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
c. Scalene - a triangle with no congruent sides squares of the legs.
2. Angles 7. The 30°-60°-90° Triangle
a. Acute - a triangle whose angles are all acute In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the side opposite the 30°-angle is half as long as
b. Obtuse - a triangle with one obtuse angle the hypotenuse.
c. Right - a triangle with one right angle 8. The 45-45-90 Triangle
B. Congruence and Similarity in Triangles In a 45-45-90 triangle, the hypotenuse is √ times as long as the
1. Two triangles are congruent; that is, , if and only if, hypotenuse.
a. Corresponding angles are congruent. PARALLEL LINES
b. Corresponding sides are congruent. A B
2. Two triangles are similar; that is, , if and only if, L1
C D
a. Corresponding angles are congruent.
b. Corresponding sides are proportional. E
L2 F
C. Other Theorems on Triangles
G H
1. For every triangle, the sum of the measures of the angles is 180.
2. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these If L₁ // L₂, then the alternate interior angles are congruent. e. g. C = F
sides are also congruent. If L₁ // L₂, then the corresponding angles are congruent. e. g. B = F
If L₁ // L₂, then the sum of the interior angles on the same side of a transversal is
180°. e. g. C + E = 180°

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PRE-CALCULUS
CONIC SECTIONS
A. PARABOLA - set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from the B. ELLIPSE – set of points in a plane the sum of whose distances from
focus and directrix two fixed points F1 and F2 (the foci) is a constant.

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C. CIRCLE – is the set of all points on a plane equidistant (radius) from D. HYPERBOLA
a given point (center).

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Examples
A. Parabola

C. Circle

B. Ellipse
D. Hyperbola

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