Introduction to Computer

Lesson – 1.1 (Page 14)

Analytical Questions
 Describe the components of a computer
Answer:
A computer is used to process data and a data processing system must consist of more than just
machines. A computer system must contain:
a) Hardware
b) Software
c) Human ware
d) Operational procedures

I. Hardware
Hardware generally refers to the machine or physical equipment that performs the basic
functions of the data processing cycle. In addition to the computer itself, other hardware devices
are also required. A printer is an off-line device and a keyboard is an on-line device

II. Software
A program is a sequence of instructions which directs a computer to perform certain functions.
Programs are referred to as software. Software is generally categorized as either system
software or application software.

a) System software
Consist of programs that easier the use of computer by a user. These programs are
sometimes referred to as utility programs. They perform such standard tasks as organizing
and maintaining, scheduling. Of all the systems software, the most important one is known
as the operating system.

b) Application software
Consist of programs to perform specific user applications. A computer program giving
instructions for the steps involved in preparing results of a public examination is an
example of applications software.
 III. Human ware
Human ware refers to the persons who design, program, and operate a computer installation.
There are numerous categories of jobs, but the three principal positions required in a large
computer installation are system analyst, programmer, and computer operator.
People in each of these areas generally perform special-purpose tasks under the supervision of
a director or manager.

a. The main task of the system analyst is to study information and processing requirements.
A systems analyst defines the applications problem, determines systems specifications,
recommends hardware and software changes.

b. A programmer requires a comprehensive knowledge of one or more programming

languages and standard coding procedures. A programmer's principal job is to code or
prepare programs based on the specifications made by the systems analyst.

c. A computer operator generally performs a series of well-defined tasks that will keep the
computer operating at maximum efficiency. The operational efficiency of a computer
installation is dependent on the quality and abilities of the operational staff.

System
Analyst

Programmer

Computer
Operator

IV. Procedures
A data processing center needs well-defined procedures for its core operations. These functions
generally include obtaining, preparing, and entering data into the computer, processing jobs,
initiating new programs and changing or deleting old ones etc.

 Write the importance and limitations of a computer

Answer:
The word “computer” comes from the word “compute” which means to calculate. So a computer is
normally considered to be a calculating device that performs arithmetic operations at enormous speed.

Modern Definition of computers:

A computer is an electronic device which is used to perform operation on raw data as per instruction
given by user. All the Plugged with computer system (keyboard, mouse, CPU) is called hardware, the
language, instruction, and data are the called software. It has some importance and also some limitations
Importance:

1. Speed:
The computer takes a fraction of seconds to perform any operation. The speed of computer is
measured in micro seconds (10-3), Milliseconds (10-6), nanoseconds (10-9) and even
Picoseconds (10-12).

2. Accuracy:
The accuracy of computer is very high and the degree of a particular computer depends upon its
design. Errors can occur in a computer but these are mainly due to human rather than
technological weakness.

3. Storage Capacity:
Computers can store data and instruction with a lot of volume and very high efficiency.

1. Diligence:
Unlike human being a computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration etc. and can work
for hours together without creating any error.
1. Versatility:
Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about the computer. One moment it can do any
one operation and next moment if can perform any other operation.

Limitations:

1. It has no any intelligence quality or thinking power. It has no brain for thinking as man can does.
2. Because computer is only a machine, it has no feeling like human being.
3. It required power to operate.
4. Problem may occur due to system breakdown.

Importance Limitations

The speed of computer is measured in Milliseconds,

It has no any intelligence quality or thinking
Nanoseconds and even Picoseconds and
power
The accuracy of computer is very high

Computers can store data and instruction with a lot of Because computer is only a machine, it has
volume and very high efficiency no feeling like human being

A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration

It required power to operate
etc. and can work for hours

It can do any one operation and next moment if can Problem may occur due to system
perform any other operation breakdown
 Explain different types computer based on size
Answer:
The computer is classify into four parts based on size and capability. The classification of computer
according to size and capability of computer is given below:
1. Micro Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Main frame computer
4. Super Computer

Microcomputer

A microcomputer, often simply referred to as a "micro," is a small-sized and relatively low-cost

computer designed for personal or small-scale use. It typically consists of a (CPU), memory, storage,
input/output devices, and is commonly used for tasks like word processing, web browsing, and running
various software applications. Microcomputers are the most common type of computer used by
individuals and in small office/home office (SOHO) settings.
There are different types of Microcomputer:
I. Desktop Computer
A computer that fits on a desk is called a desktop computer.

II. Laptop
A laptop is a portable computer. Portable means that can carry and use the laptop computer very
easily anywhere.

III. Smartphone
The smartphone is also a type of microcomputer, using which you can do everything that you can
do with a laptop computer. Smartphones are also known as feature phones because the hardware
and connectivity capabilities of those mobiles are many times more than that of normal mobile
phones.

IV. Notebook
Notebook computers are smaller in size as compared to laptop computers. Notebook computers are
similar to laptop computers in appearance.

V. Tablet
A tablet computer is a wireless computer. The tablet computer screen is touch that can run the
tablet computer only by touching it.
 These all are examples of microcomputers. The common Characteristics of Micro Computers are:-
1. Cheap and easy to use.
2. Have a limit input and output device.
3. Have a low storage capacity.
4. Limited range of software can be use.

Mini Computer

A minicomputer is a medium-sized computer that used to be popular in the past. It was in between big
mainframe computers and small personal computers. Minicomputers were used for tasks like math,
business work, and controlling machines. They were smaller and cheaper than mainframes but more
powerful than personal computers. Nowadays, microcomputers and servers have taken their place, but
minicomputers were important in the history of computers.
There are different types of Mini Computers:

1. Mainframe-Compatible Minicomputer:
These minicomputers were designed to be compatible with mainframes, allowing them to run
similar software and perform tasks such as data processing and scientific calculations.

2. Workstation Minicomputer:
Workstation minicomputers were designed for technical and scientific applications, including
computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and scientific research.

3. Industrial Control Minicomputer:

Minicomputers were often used in industrial settings to control manufacturing processes,
monitor sensors and devices, and automate various tasks.

4. Educational Minicomputer:
Minicomputers were used in educational institutions to introduce students to computing and
programming. They played a significant role in early computer education.
These all are examples of minicomputers. The Main Characteristic of Mini Computers are:-
1. Moderate Computing Power
2. Mid-Range Size
3. Cost-Effective
4. Versatility
5. Reliability
6. Multi-User and Multi-Tasking
7. Expandability
 Mainframe Computer

A mainframe computer is a powerful, big-scale machine built for complex tasks. It's super reliable and
secure, can handle many users and tasks at once, and is commonly used by big organizations,
government agencies, and banks.
Mainframe computers come in various types, each designed for specific purposes. Here are some
common types of mainframe computers:

1. General-Purpose Mainframe are versatile mainframes used for a wide range of computing tasks
2. Transaction Processing Mainframes specialize in handling high-speed transaction processing
tasks
3. Scientific and Engineering Mainframes are designed for scientific and engineering applications,
including simulations, research, and complex calculations
4. Cloud providers have offered mainframe services in a virtualized and scalable form. Users can
access cloud-based mainframes.

Mainframe computers are known for several key characteristics that distinguish them from other types
of computing systems. These characteristics include:

1. High Performance and Reliability

2. Multi-Processing and Multi-User Support
3. Virtualization and Centralized Management
4. Legacy System Support and Security
5. Cost-Effective and High Availability
6. Long Lifecycle and Specialized Software
7. Large Memory Capacity and High Input/output
 Supercomputer

A supercomputer is an extremely powerful and fast computer designed for tackling complex and
computationally intensive tasks, like scientific simulations and large-scale data analysis. It excels in
processing speed and is primarily used in research, government, and industries requiring immense
computing power to solve intricate problems and make scientific advancements.
Supercomputers come in various types and configurations to address specific computational needs and
applications. Here are some common types of supercomputers:
1. Vector Supercomputers:
These supercomputers are designed for tasks that involve mathematical calculations and
simulations. They excel at handling large datasets and performing complex mathematical
operations.

2. Scalar Supercomputers:
Scalar supercomputers are optimized for tasks that involve sequential processing. They are used
in applications where a high clock speed is more critical than vector processing capabilities.

3. Distributed Memory Supercomputers:

Distributed memory supercomputers are composed of multiple interconnected nodes or clusters,
each with its own memory and processing capabilities. They are highly scalable and suitable for
applications requiring large-scale parallel processing.

4. GPU-Accelerated Supercomputers:
These supercomputers utilize Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) in addition to traditional CPUs
to accelerate specific calculations, particularly in fields like artificial intelligence (AI), deep
learning, and molecular modeling.

5. Quantum Supercomputers:
Quantum supercomputers are an emerging type of supercomputer that use quantum bits or qubits
to perform calculations. They have the potential to revolutionize computing by solving problems
that are currently intractable for classical supercomputers.
Supercomputers are characterized by several key features that set them apart from other computing
systems. These characteristics include:
1. Exceptional Processing Power and Parallel Processing
2. Large Memory and High-Speed Interconnects
3. Specialized Hardware and Custom Software and Energy
Efficiency
4. Reliability, Redundancy, Security Measures High Network
Bandwidth
Supercomputing technology continues to evolve, pushing the boundaries of computational capabilities
 Explain different types computer based on generation
Answer:

Computers can also be categorized based on the generation of technology they use. These generations
are typically characterized by significant advancements in hardware and architecture. Here are some of
the key computer generations:
First Generation (1940s-1956)
Key characteristics of first-generation computers
1. Vacuum tube technology for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory
2. Large, expensive, and unreliable.
3. Examples include the ENIAC and UNIVAC (first commercial computer)
Second Generation (1956-1963)
Key characteristics of first-generation computers
1. Transistor technology.
2. Smaller, more reliable, and faster than first-generation computers and less heat generation
3. Wider commercial use
4. High level programming language like FORTRAN or COBOL was developed in this generation
5. Computational time was microseconds
6. Examples include IBM 1401 and IBM 7090.

Third Generation (1964-1971)

Key characteristics of first-generation computers
1. Integrated circuits (ICs) and early microprocessors.
2. Smaller in size compared to the previous generation
3. Faster, and more energy-efficient, lower heat generation and less power required
4. Computational time was reduced from microseconds to nanoseconds
5. Maintenance cost was low because of hardware failure was rare
6. Better portability and Used for commercial applications
7. Examples include DEC PDP-11 and IBM System/360.

Disadvantages:
1. Air conditioning is generally required for large systems
2. Highly sophisticated technologies are required for manufacturing of IC Chips

Fourth Generation (1971-Present)

Key characteristics of first-generation computers
1. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology.
2. Smaller in size because of high density components in a small chip and Microprocessors
3. Computational time was reduced from nanoseconds to picoseconds
4. Minimum maintenance is required and Improved portability
5. Very low heat generation and Increased affordability and accessibility.
6. Examples include Apple II, IBM PC, and Commodore 64.
Disadvantages:
1. Highly sophisticated technologies are required for manufacturing of LSI of VLSI
 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
Key characteristics of first-generation computers
1. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), Quantum computing, and biotechnology.
2. Focus on improving human-computer interaction and machine learning.
3. Examples include advanced AI systems like AlphaGo and quantum computers from companies
like IBM and Google, supercomputers like Cray-2 and modern PCs.
The idea of computer generations is not as strict today because technology advances more
continuously. Also, advancements have led to overlap in features across generations. Nonetheless,
these categories help give a broad historical view of computer technology progress

Name Size Purpose of Using

Very large and can fill entire Designed for performing complex
Supercomputers
rooms or data centers calculations and simulations
Large and require dedicated Used for managing and processing
Mainframe Computers space, typically found in data vast amounts of data, such as banking
centers. transactions
Historically used for scientific and
Smaller than mainframes but still engineering applications, but modern
Minicomputers
substantial in size. minicomputers are often used as
servers in businesses
Desktop PCs are larger and sit Used for general computing tasks,
Personal Computers (PCs)
on a desk, while laptops are including office work, web browsing,
portable gaming, and entertainment
Often used as media centers or in
Mini PCs Extremely small and compact.
scenarios where space is limited
Very small, often single-board Commonly used in embedded
Microcomputers
computers systems and as educational tools.
Handheld devices with varying Primarily used for mobile computing,
Smartphones and Tablets
screen sizes communication
 Distinguish different types computer based on size
Answer:
Computers can be categorized into different types based on their size and form factors. Here are some
common categories of computers based on size:

These are some of the primary categories of computers based on size and form factor. Each type is
designed to meet specific computing needs and is chosen based on factors like processing power,
portability, and the intended application.
 Introduction to ICT
Lesson – 1.2 (Page 20)
Analytical Questions

 Explain a practical example of an ICT system in details

Answer:
Not all systems need to produce an output every time. A monitoring system may not produce an
output at all if there is no need to inform a human. However, if there is a need, the output could
be in the form of an alarm. All information systems produce output.

The image shows an input-process-output (IPO) system that uses in-account transactions in a
bank.

Here the input captures the PIN number of a customer, the processor identifies the PIN code and
matches it to the customer account, and finally, customer details and available balance are
presented on the screen. Feedback might then be used to affect another input into the same or a
different system.

 Explain different components of an ICT system

Answer:
An ICT system is made up of a number of components, these are people, data, hardware,
software, procedure, information, etc.

1. People
People are the user of an ICT system. In addition to the people, an ICT system is dependent
on system analysts and ICT support staff.

a) System analysts study the tasks that the system is required to undertake. They design
the system and oversee the development of software by computer programmers.
b) The ICT support staff is responsible for training ICT users and resolving any
problems that they experience when using the ICT system.
2. Data
Data is input into an ICT system. Data can be:

a) Entered manually using the keyboard,

b) Transferred electronically to the ICT system over a network or Internet,
c) Read from a smart card,
d) Scanned from a bar code,
e) Scanned from a machine-readable from etc.

3. Hardware
Hardware includes the physical devices that are needed by an ICT system to enter data for
processing and to display information in the most appropriate format. Hardware includes a
keyboard or scanning device for entering data, a microprocessor for calculating and
processing the data into information, and a printer to print.

4. Software
The software includes programs that store data such as names and addresses, rates and
charges, and instruct the processor to produce the results of the calculations.

5. Procedure
Procedures are the ways in which tasks should be done as required by the system of an
organization. This includes how data have to be used and how systems are developed to suit
the requirements.

6. Information
An ICT system processes data to produce useful information which can be: viewed on
screen, printout or transferred to another ICT system over a network or the internet
 Write some ICT services in details which we use in our daily life
ICT
Uses
services

E-commerce It allows customers to purchase online. (Www.amazon.com)

It allows users to have control over their account by viewing balances and
E-banking
making transactions

It provides better public access to government information

E-government
(www.most.gov.bd)

It is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless

M-commerce
handheld devices.

It consists of all forms of learning and/or knowledge transfer without

E-Learning
direct teacher-student contact via ICT

It is the cost-effective and secure use of ICT in support of health and

E-Health
health-related fields.

E-mail It is the transmission of text messages via the Internet.

IM (Instant Messaging) service is used for instant message exchange and

IM real-time communication. Mostly used IM services are Windows Live
Messenger, Skype, and Hangout.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) protocol enables audio/video

VoIP
communication between users.

Really Simple Syndication (RSS) enables end-users who are monitoring their
RSS RSS feeds to read new titles and access news summaries using appropriate
software.

The blog allows legitimate users to re-post or write their opinion on any topic
BLOG
using the Internet.

A podcast (POD: Personal On Demand and broadCAST) is digital audio or

POSTCAST
video content. It is distributed over the Internet using RSS technology.

Answer:
Commonly used ICT services are given below: