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STAT 5 Data

The document discusses key concepts related to data, including the definitions of data, primary and secondary sources of data, and methods of collecting and presenting data. Specifically, it defines data as factual information used for analysis, and distinguishes between primary data collected directly from original sources through methods like interviews or observations, and secondary data previously collected by other parties. It also outlines common ways of presenting data through textual, tabular, and graphical formats like histograms, line charts, pie charts, and scatter plots.

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U-bert Mercado
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70 views40 pages

STAT 5 Data

The document discusses key concepts related to data, including the definitions of data, primary and secondary sources of data, and methods of collecting and presenting data. Specifically, it defines data as factual information used for analysis, and distinguishes between primary data collected directly from original sources through methods like interviews or observations, and secondary data previously collected by other parties. It also outlines common ways of presenting data through textual, tabular, and graphical formats like histograms, line charts, pie charts, and scatter plots.

Uploaded by

U-bert Mercado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA

According to Lau et al. (2009), data are individual pieces


of factual information recorded and used for the purpose
of analysis. It is the raw information from which statistics
are created. Data is a measure on variables of interest
obtained from a sample.
DATA
In order to ensure the accuracy of data, one must know
the right sources of data and methods of collecting them.
Data can be obtained from primary as well as
secondary sources. Many researchers obtain their data
from secondary sources because these data provide the
information needed, are easy to collect and time-saving.
SOURCES OF DATA

PRIMARY SOURCE SECONDARY SOURCE


OF DATA OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
These refer to data observed or collected from
firsthand experience which is gathered directly
from an original source.
PRIMARY DATA
Researchers collect primary data from primary sources
or from samples.
For example, a researcher interviews the respondents
and records their responses. A researcher may go to
the supermarket and observe the buying habits of the
public during festive seasons.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages of primary source of data: Normally, primary data is
more accurate and consistent with the objectives of the
research. The researcher will be able to explain how the data
are collected and the limitations of their use.

Disadvantages of primary source of data: it requires more time,


manpower and a higher cost to collect. Most researchers
have limited budget and time to complete the project.
SECONDARY DATA
These refer to information collected in the past or other
parties which are previously gathered by other
individuals or agencies.
SECONDARY DATA
Government agencies such as the Central Bank, the
Department of Statistics, the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry and other agencies publish their data
regularly and provide secondary sources of data to
many researchers.
ADVANTAGES
Advantages of secondary source of data:
(1) it can usually be obtained more quickly;
(2) it can be less expensive as much as it is easily
accessible from the internet, journals, annual reports
and newspaper. It is relatively inexpensive because
there is no fieldwork required.
(3) it also requires less time to collect.
DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages of primary source of data:
(1) The secondary data may lack accuracy because the
measurement procedure and the method of data collection are
not explained by the previous researchers.
(2) The data may be biased because the original purpose of
data collection is not known.
(3) Finally, the data may not meet the specific needs and the
objectives of the current research, or there may be too many
constraints involved.
Data can be divided into
numerical and categorical
data.
DATA

NUMERICAL CATEGORICAL
DATA DATA
NUMERICAL DATA
Numerical data contains numbers that we can
manipulate using ordinary arithmetical operations.
For example, if we count the number of cars that pass
through a toll-booth for three consecutive days, then the
data is numerical.
CATEGORICAL DATA
Categorical data can be sorted into categories.
For example, data on the marital status of respondents
can be classified into single, married, widow or widower,
or divorced. When data can be divided into different
categories, then the data is categorical.
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA
1)Direct Method or Interview
2)Indirect Method or Questionnaire
3)Registration Method
4)Observation Method
5)Experimentation Method
(1) DIRECT METHOD OR INTERVIEW
The researcher gets the needed
data/information directly from the respondent.
The information is collected by direct personal
interview.
(2) INDIRECT METHOD OR QUESTIONNAIRE
This is a very commonly used method of
collecting primary data. The information is
collected through a set of questionnaires. A
questionnaire is a document prepared by the
researcher containing a set of questions given
out to acquire the needed data/information.
(3) REGISTRATION METHOD
It refers to continuous, permanent, compulsory
recording of the occurrence of vital events together
with certain identifying or descriptive characteristics
concerning them, as provided through the civil code,
laws or regulations.
(3) REGISTRATION METHOD
Examples of registration method are the records of
births, marriages, and death at the national statistics
office. Another example is the registration record of all
filipinos of voting age at the COMELEC.
(4) OBSERVATION METHOD
It involves human or mechanical observation of what
people actually do or what events take place. The
information is collected by observing process at work.
(5) EXPERIMENTATION METHOD
An experiment is a study of cause and effect. It differs
from non-experimental methods in that it involves the
deliberate manipulation of one variable, while trying to
keep all other variables constant.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
✓ Textual
✓Tabular
✓Graphical
TEXTUAL
This mode of
presentation is
explained or
discussed in text or
in paragraph form.
TABULAR
The data are
systematically presented
through tables consisting
of vertical columns and
horizontal rows with
headings describing
these rows and columns.
GRAPHICAL
It is the most effective means of presenting
statistical data, because a graph may make things
clear.
GRAPHICAL
GRAPHICAL
TYPES OF COMMON GRAPHS
Histograms
Frequency Polygon and Ogive
Line Chart
Pie Chart
Scatter Plot
HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a graphical representation of a
frequency distribution.
It is a bar chart whose y-axis shows the number of data
values within each class of a frequency distribution and
whose x-axis shows the class boundary of each class.
There should be no gaps between bars.
HISTOGRAM
FREQUENCY POLYGON AND OGIVE
A frequency polygon is a line graph that connects
the midpoints of the histogram intervals, plus
extra intervals at the beginning and end so that
the line will touch the x-axis.
An ogive is a line graph of the cumulative
frequencies.
LINE CHART
A line chart is used to display time series, to
spot trends, or to compare periods.
Line charts can be used to display several
variables at once.
PIE CHART
A pie chart is a circular graph that shows the relative
contribution that different categories contribute to an
overall total. A wedge of the circle represents each
category’s contribution, such that the graph resembles a
pie that has been cut into different sized slices.
SCATTER PLOT
A scatter plot shows n pairs of observations as dots on
an X-Y graph. We create scatter plots to investigate the
relationship the relationship between two variables.
Typically, we would like to know if there is an association
between two variables and what kind of association
exists.

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