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Speaker

A speaker is an electroacoustic transducer that transforms an electrical audio signal into sound. There are different types of speakers classified by their arrangement (bookshelf, tower, ceiling-mounted), technology (electrodynamic, planar magnetic, electrostatic), and purpose (tweeters for high frequencies, woofers for low frequencies, subwoofers for very low frequencies). Key specifications for speakers include sensitivity, impedance, frequency response, and power handling capacity. Proper speaker layout and sound reinforcement techniques are important for quality indoor and outdoor sound systems.

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Arijit Mitra
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42 views20 pages

Speaker

A speaker is an electroacoustic transducer that transforms an electrical audio signal into sound. There are different types of speakers classified by their arrangement (bookshelf, tower, ceiling-mounted), technology (electrodynamic, planar magnetic, electrostatic), and purpose (tweeters for high frequencies, woofers for low frequencies, subwoofers for very low frequencies). Key specifications for speakers include sensitivity, impedance, frequency response, and power handling capacity. Proper speaker layout and sound reinforcement techniques are important for quality indoor and outdoor sound systems.

Uploaded by

Arijit Mitra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KOLKATA

7/7/2022

SOUND TECHNOLOGY – SPEAKERS

 What is a Speaker?

 An electroacoustic transducer or a speaker is a system that


transforms an electrical audio signal into sound.

Before the signal is transmitted to the speaker, the sound must


be enhanced with an amplifier.

The modern dynamic loudspeaker, which uses a magnetic field


to drive a coil or magnet attached to a diaphragm, was first
developed in the 1920s.
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TYPES OF SPEAKERS - ARRANGEMENT

Bookshelf

Tower

Ceiling / Overhead

Soffit-mounted

Soundbar
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TYPES OF SPEAKERS - TECHNOLOGY

Electrodynamic

Planar Magnetic / Ribbon

Plasma-Arc

Piezoelectric

Electrostatic
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TYPES OF SPEAKERS

Tweeters: it reproduces high frequencies above 2 to 5 kHz


Midrange – squawker: frequencies between 200 Hz and 5
kHz approx
Woofers: can reproduce low and medium frequencies
approx 80-1000 Hz
Subwoofers: low-frequency speaker of approximately 80 Hz

Bass reflex port: enables the sound from the rear side of
the diaphragm to increase the efficiency of the system at
low frequencies
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MECHANISM OF A CONE LOUDSPEAKER


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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE CROSSOVER (LCR)


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HIGH PASS FILTER


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LOW PASS FILTER


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SPEAKER SPECS

SENSITIVITY: The sound pressure level produced by a loudspeaker in a non-


reverberant environment, specified in dB and measured at 1 meter with an input
of 1 watt (2.83 rms volts into 8 Ω), typically at one or more specified frequencies.
An average speaker comes with a sensitivity of around 87 dB to 88 dB. A speaker
with a sensitivity rating over 90 dB is considered excellent.

IMPEDANCE: If a speaker has low resistance (impedance), more current (flowing


from the amplifier) will pass through the speaker and vice-versa. A speaker
should neither have high impedance nor low. If it has low impedance, it will put
load on the amplifier by asking it to push more current - which the amplifier may
not be capable of. In its unnecessary attempts to drive more current, the
amplifier may overheat and shut down or get damaged. If impedance is high,
then the speaker might not get the necessary amount of current to play loudly.
And high impedance = low flow of power = low volume.
7/7/2022

SPEAKER SPECS

FREQUENCY RESPONSE: A clear method of specifying frequency response involves


giving a tolerance, the range within which the speaker produces all of the
frequencies within its frequency response range. For example, a frequency
response of 20 Hz to 20 kHz +/- 3 dB indicates the speaker maintains its level
all the way into its lowest frequency with 3 dB tolerance. The lowest bass
frequency is at most only half of what a typical mid range frequency is.
7/7/2022

SPEAKER SPECS

The POWER HANDLING CAPACITY (Peak, RMS, Continuous) of a speaker is the


maximum electric power it is capable of handling from an amplifier before it
begins to get damaged. A speaker with low power handling can be connected to
an amplifier with a higher output so long as the amp isn't turned up too loud.
Similarly, a speaker with high power handling can be connected to an amplifier
with a lower output so long as the speaker isn't trying to draw too much power
from the amp (this is generally only an issue with low-impedance speakers). The
more power sent to the speaker, the more heat is dissipated. However, there is a
threshold at which the speaker will no longer be capable of dissipating enough
heat to keep the voice coil safe and hence get damaged.

For the 84 dB SPL @ 1W/1m speaker to produce the same SPL at a given distance
as the 90 dB SPL @ 1W/1m speaker, it would require 6 dB of extra gain. This 6 dB
gain increase is a 4x increase in amplifier power.
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SOUND REINFORCEMENT

A Loudspeaker is omnidirectional only up to the frequency at which the cone


diameter is equal to the wavelength of sound. For example, a 300mm speaker is
omnidirectional up to about 1100 Hz; beyond that, it’s directional.
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SOUND REINFORCEMENT - OUTDOOR


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SOUND REINFORCEMENT

Feedback Regulation Criteria


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SOUND REINFORCEMENT - OUTDOOR

Applying Limiting Condition:

Potential Acoustic Gain (PAG):


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SOUND REINFORCEMENT - INDOOR


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SOUND REINFORCEMENT - INDOOR


7/7/2022

7.1.4 SPEAKER LAYOUT FOR HOME ENTERTAINMENT


7/7/2022

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