Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Batangas State University

The National Engineering University
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design
Alangilan, Batangas City

Subject: ARCH 539 – Geographic Information System (GIS)

Name of Student: Encarnacion, Ian E.
SR Code: 19-05784
Section: ARC-4201
INSIGHT
Module No. 1
History of GIS, GIS Capabilities and Application of GIS

INTRODUCTION

A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework that analyzes and

presents spatially referenced data related to a specific location. It leverages data to
identify suitable areas for future development in proximity to the analyzed location. The
practice of mapping and geography dates back to around 2,300 BC, when the
Babylonian culture created the first maps on clay tablets. Over time, maps and
geography have evolved and served various purposes. The technological development
of GIS began in the 1960s, coinciding with the conceptualization of geography as a field
of study. The Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) was founded in 1969
and introduced Arch Info, their first commercial GIS application, in 1982. ESRI aims to
assist land-use planners and resource managers in their work through computer
mapping and spatial analysis. Technology continues to advance in all directions,
improving people's daily lives. The advent of user-friendly tools and technology enables
individuals to create their own digital layers, maps, and applications, making GIS a
widely adopted language.
GIS enables efficient and secure data collection, storage, and sharing. It
facilitates mapping, allowing users to identify geographical patterns through the
gathered information. Furthermore, GIS supports location evaluation, providing users
with a better understanding of geographic data. It enhances data visualization, making it
easier for users to interpret and analyze information. Moreover, it enables collaboration
between office and field staff by allowing them to work with the same data. GIS is
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

compatible with various hardware platforms, including desktop and laptop computers,
mobile devices, and robust computer systems. It can store, process, and present
geographic data, benefiting administrators, analysts, cartographers, fieldworkers, land-
use planners, and land managers. By leveraging GIS, users gain insights into patterns,
relationships, and spatial context, enhancing communication within their respective
domains.
The use of geographic methods allows for a deeper exploration of specific
locations, further enhancing the capabilities of GIS. This approach involves a research-
based process that involves gathering, obtaining, analyzing, crafting a message, and
creating visual representations to communicate information effectively. The
incorporation of coordinate systems, map projections, distortion management, and
geographic analysis in contemporary GIS practices has significantly benefited society,
planners, scholars, and other stakeholders alike.

IMPACTS

• Positive Impacts

The implementation of geographic information systems (GIS) has brought about

numerous positive impacts across various sectors, industries, and our daily lives. One
notable benefit is its ability to facilitate decision-making processes by enabling individuals
to analyze, interpret, and visualize spatial data more easily. This enhanced accessibility
to information allows for more efficient and effective resource utilization, reducing time
and energy waste.
Another positive impact of GIS is its role in simplifying planning processes. By
providing precise maps, identifying spatial relationships, and creating models for different
scenarios, GIS aids in structural planning, urban development, resource management,
disaster planning, and environmental preservation. These capabilities streamline
planning activities and contribute to more informed decision-making in these areas. GIS
also enhances data collection and provision in real-time, reducing the need for manual
processes and improving workflow efficiency. This results in improved productivity, cost
reduction, and decreased errors. Additionally, GIS serves as a common platform and
language for collaboration, fostering effective communication across the globe. This
global integration supports efficient data sharing, facilitates partnerships, and enables
effective communication among stakeholders.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Furthermore, GIS contributes significantly to environmental preservation efforts. It

enables the observation and management of natural resources, facilitates the detection
of environmental changes, identifies vulnerable habitats or ecosystems, and aids in the
development of plans for future conservation movements. This helps in safeguarding the
environment and promoting sustainable practices.
In summary, geographic information systems have a wide range of positive
impacts across businesses and sectors. They enhance decision-making processes,
simplify planning activities, improve efficiency and communication, ensure public safety,
and contribute to environmental protection.

Negative Impacts

Despite the numerous positive impacts of Geographic Information Systems (GIS),

there are also several drawbacks and negative impacts that should be acknowledged.
One significant drawback is the cost associated with implementing GIS. The expenses
involved can be prohibitively high, particularly for start-up businesses or small
organizations, making it challenging for them to adopt and utilize this technology
effectively.
Another negative impact is the complexity of GIS. Its execution requires
specialized knowledge and training to ensure efficient and effective usage, which can limit
its accessibility to certain users. The complexity of GIS software and processes may pose
a barrier for individuals or organizations lacking the necessary expertise. Privacy
concerns arise due to the sensitive information required for GIS operations. Personal or
confidential data may be necessary for proper and accurate functioning, which raises
privacy issues if not handled and managed appropriately.
Security risks are also a concern in GIS, particularly in the digital age where data
is susceptible to hacking, cyberattacks, and other forms of security breaches. The
vulnerability of sensitive personal or important information poses a threat to the safety
and integrity of individuals and organizations utilizing GIS. Ethical concerns can arise
when using GIS, as the technology may be employed in ways that result in discriminatory
targeting or manipulation of information. Care must be taken to ensure that GIS is used
responsibly and ethically to avoid any negative consequences.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Lastly, over-reliance on GIS can lead to the neglect of field observations and
human input. Depending solely on GIS outputs may result in an incomplete understanding
of a situation, as the technology may not capture all relevant aspects. Furthermore, an
excessive reliance on GIS can potentially lead to job loss if human involvement and
expertise are undervalued.

FINDINGS

After examining the geographic information data, several noteworthy findings have
emerged. The history of geographic information systems (GIS) dates back to ancient
times, with the Babylonians being among the first to utilize maps carved onto stone
tablets. Over the years, GIS has transformed into a digital application that collects,
analyzes, maps, visualizes, and securely stores and shares data. It plays a crucial role in
identifying spatial patterns and relationships in data.
Geographic information data encompasses various types, each serving a specific
purpose or representation. For example, vector and raster geospatial data are compiled
in a geodatabase, which acts as a repository for diverse geographic datasets stored in a
common file system folder. Metadata, on the other hand, describes other data and
provides essential information about geographic data. It aids in effective data organization
and facilitates the use of data for specific projects. Another crucial component of GIS is
coordinate systems, which ensure accurate portrayal of the area of interest in map
products. They play a pivotal role in mapping and visualization processes, enabling
precise spatial representation.
To sum up, the exploration of geographic information has revealed its rich history,
evolution into a digital application, diverse data types, the significance of metadata, and
the importance of coordinate systems in accurate mapping and visualization.

CONCLUSIONS
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have revolutionized the analysis and
modeling of geographical data, leading to significant impacts across various sectors such
as industry, government, and infrastructure development. The use of GIS enables more
efficient and accurate resource management, planning, and organization, contributing to
the creation of sustainable communities. However, it is important to acknowledge that the
widespread adoption of GIS may be hindered by factors such as cost and the requirement
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

of specialized knowledge for implementation. Additionally, concerns regarding privacy

arise due to the potential misuse of personal data for tracking and surveillance purposes.
Moreover, there is a possibility that governments may exploit GIS for their own agendas.
Despite these potential challenges, the advantages of GIS should not be overlooked, but
rather, it is crucial to carefully consider and address any associated drawbacks to ensure
responsible and beneficial use of the technology.

RECOMMENDATION

Through the integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology into

various aspects of data organization, display, and analysis, students are provided with
valuable opportunities to explore real spatial data in their studies. This integration
enhances student engagement and encourages critical thinking regarding spatial
connections and research topics within their learning environment. The use of GIS
creates a dynamic and adaptable learning space that is responsive to student inquiries.
To effectively utilize GIS for projects, students should familiarize themselves with
its concepts and functionalities. GIS training programs can provide specialized skills and
enhance proficiency in working with the technology. In the field of architecture, GIS is
crucial for urban planners who shape cities by analyzing spatial data, anticipating
population changes, and making informed decisions. GIS enables visualization,
modeling, and scenario assessment, empowering planners to create sustainable
communities.
The value of GIS in urban planning cannot be overstated. It is a versatile tool that
aids professionals in shaping cities and towns, considering infrastructure, land use, and
population dynamics. As urban environments evolve, integrating GIS becomes essential
for achieving sustainable and resilient development. GIS equips planners with the tools
to make informed choices and create livable communities.

Ian E. Encarnacion
_______________________________________
(Name of Student with signature above the name)

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Batangas State University

The National Engineering University
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design
Alangilan, Batangas City

Subject: ARCH 539 – Geographic Information System (GIS)

Name of Student: Encarnacion, Ian E.
SR Code: 19-05784
Section: ARC-4201

INSIGHT
Module No. 2
GIS and Mapping

INTRODUCTION

The Geographic Information System (GIS)is a type of computer software that has
been specifically developed to work with geographical data. It is designed to collect,
store, and display information that is related to specific locations on the Earth's surface.
By using GIS, users can merge different types of data into one map, which can then be
viewed and analyzed in new ways. The software uses information layers to represent
different types of data, such as roads, buildings, and vegetation. Each layer contains
specific information that relates to a particular aspect of the location being mapped. By
combining these layers into one map, users can create a rich and comprehensive view
of the location in question.

GIS includes different software types such as geobrowser, web-based, and

desktop software that offer various benefits and drawbacks. Different mapping methods,
such as vector and raster mapping, are used for specific purposes. Users can construct
maps using GIS software to represent specific data. Maps are important for various
professions and GIS software allows individuals to create a variety of maps for different
purposes. GIS maps are also easily accessible on websites for convenient use.

One of the key benefits of using GIS is that it gives users a high level of control
over the data that they are working with. This allows them to customize their maps to fit
the specific needs of their project. For example, they can choose which layers to include
or exclude, adjust the size and shape of particular features, or change the color scheme
to highlight certain patterns or trends.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

IMPACTS

• Positive Impacts

GIS technology has revolutionized several industries by providing decision-makers

with a comprehensive visualization of geographic data. By rendering complex data
through maps, graphs and tables, GIS facilitates improved understanding of patterns and
relationships across time and space. This understanding has led to enhanced decision-
making in fields such as natural resource management and urban planning.

In terms of resource management, GIS tools enable the allocation of resources such
as transportation, water and energy, based on geographic data. This results in improved
resource utilization, as well as reduced wastage. Moreover, GIS can identify hazards such
as flood-prone areas and earthquake zones, allowing authorities to take preventive
measures against disasters and minimize their impact during emergencies.

Continuing the environmental conservation aspect, GIS technology can also measure
the environmental impact of human activities. This promotes more sustainable
management of natural resources, leading to better conservation of fragile ecosystems,
as well as reduced pollution.

Lastly, GIS facilitates collaboration among geographically dispersed teams, enabling

them to work together on projects and share real-time data. This enhances
communication and collaboration across teams and departments, ultimately improving
the quality of work and reducing time and effort.

Positive Impacts of the Types of GIS and Mapping Software

(Geobrowser, Web-based, and Desktop)
Geobrowser technology has made significant strides in recent years that have
made it more accessible to the general public. Compared to other types of GIS and
mapping software, Geobrowser is much cheaper and easier to run, making it an attractive
option for many people. One of the most significant advantages of Geobrowser
technology is that it is web-based, allowing people to upload data and customize their
display. This capability is not available in older, traditional geobrowser software that is
only able to display data. Additionally, web-based Geobrowser technology enables users
to perform basic analysis on their maps. However, for more advanced analysis, desktop
software is still the most powerful option. Desktop software provides users with full control
over map creation and the ability to run more advanced analysis. Despite this advantage,

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

desktop software is often much more expensive than web-based Geobrowser technology,
making it less accessible to the general public.

Positive Impacts of Data Types

(Vector Data and Raster Data)

Vector data and raster data are two primary forms of representing geographic
information. Vector data consists of points, polygons, or lines used to symbolize different
aspects of the geographic data. It represents features such as roads, rivers, and
boundaries as discrete entities with specific attributes. On the other hand, raster data
represents geographic information as a grid of cells, with each cell containing a value
representing a particular attribute. This grid-like structure is useful for capturing
continuous data, such as elevation or temperature, as it divides the area into a matrix of
cells, allowing for detailed analysis and visualization.

• Negative Impacts

The ease of use for Geographic Information System (GIS) software can vary
depending on its level of complexity. Advanced GIS software typically requires
specialized skills for effective utilization. Furthermore, as the complexity of data or
analysis increases, so do the hardware requirements for running the software. This
means that more advanced analyses necessitate superior hardware capabilities.
Moreover, certain GIS software, such as ARCGIS PRO, can be costly. Additionally,
mastering GIS software often involves a substantial learning curve, demanding time and
dedication. Integrating GIS with traditional maps can also present difficulties. Lastly,
desktop-based GIS software often requires ample storage capacity and processing power
to efficiently handle data.

Negative Impacts of the Types of GIS and Mapping Software

(Geobrowser, Web-based, and Desktop)
Geobrowser software serves as a display platform for geographic data but lacks
the capability to upload additional data. On the other hand, web-based GIS software
allows for basic analysis but demands more processing power and hardware resources
compared to geobrowser options. Desktop-based GIS software, while offering advanced
functionalities, requires specific skills to effectively utilize and relies on robust hardware
for optimal performance. Additionally, desktop GIS software tends to be more expensive
than other options.
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Negative Impacts of Data Types

(Vector Data and Raster Data)

Representing continuous data in vector format can be challenging, requiring

extensive manual editing and posing difficulties in uncertainty modeling. Modifying
specific polygons within vector data can also be complex. On the other hand, raster data
struggles to accurately depict objects smaller than the cell size and generates large
amounts of data at finer resolutions, which can be demanding to store and process.
Raster data provides a generalized representation of discrete features and offers limited
interactivity and basic analysis algorithms.

FINDINGS

The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is essential for producing

customized and comprehensible maps. GIS software alternatives come with a variety of
benefits and downsides. While some are user-friendly and only need basic hardware,
others demand more capable hardware. GIS software with complex capabilities is
typically more expensive, whereas simpler solutions may have a larger user base but
may not have all of the advanced features. Because it offers a variety of map data
options, GIS is useful in many different fields and study areas. Additionally, a variety of
websites offer access to GIS and other maps, making it simple for people who require it.

CONCLUSION

Geographic information systems (GIS) have become an indispensable aspect of

modern society due to their ability to enable users to generate, personalize, and evaluate
data in the context of maps. GIS provides a wide range of software options catering to
diverse needs and user preferences, each offering specific alternatives based on
individual goals and requirements. In essence, GIS plays a significant role in enhancing
our understanding of the world by facilitating the effective representation of data on maps
and enabling comprehensive analysis of various factors and trends. Consequently, it
contributes to expanding our knowledge and comprehension of the surrounding
environment.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

RECOMMENDATION

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology offers students the opportunity

to engage with real spatial data, enabling them to participate in data organization,
presentation, and analysis. This integration enhances student engagement, fosters
critical thinking about spatial relationships, and encourages exploration of research
topics. Prior to utilizing GIS for their projects, students should develop a solid
understanding of its fundamental concepts and processes to optimize its benefits.
Additionally, GIS-focused training programs can provide students with specialized
knowledge and skills. GIS plays a crucial role in urban planning and architecture,
allowing urban planners to design and shape cities, anticipate population changes, and
effectively respond to evolving urban challenges. Its value as a powerful tool in these
fields cannot be overstated, contributing to the creation of sustainable and efficient
urban environments.
Also, I recommended looking into ways to streamline the use of higher-end GIS
software like ARCGIS PRO in order to improve the user experience and accessibility.
This can entail taking steps to make the software's usage simpler in order to alleviate its
steep learning curve. Additionally, lowering the system requirements would increase the
software's attractiveness and make its features accessible to a wider user base. These
actions will improve the software's usability and ability to serve a wider range of users.

IAN E. ENCARNACION
_______________________________________
(Name of Student with signature above the name)

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design
Alangilan, Batangas City

Subject: ARCH 539 – Geographic Information System (GIS)

Name of Student: Veloria, Regie O.
SR Code: 19-05649
Section: ARC - 4201

INSIGHT
Module No. 1
History of GIS, GIS Capabilities, and Application of GIS

Introduction

Around 2,300 BC, the Babylonian culture created the first maps by carving them
into clay tablets. Maps and geography were utilized for a variety of purposes and
continued to change over time. GIS began to develop technologically in the 1960s, and
conceptions of geography also began to take shape at the same time. A framework known
as a geographic information system analyzes and presents spatially referenced data
about a particular location. It makes use of data to identify areas nearby that are suitable
for future development.

The Environmental Systems Research Institute was established in 1969, and in

1982, Arch Info, their first commercial GIS application, was made available. Using
computer mapping and spatial analysis, Environmental Systems Research Institute
hopes to assist land-use planners and resource managers in their job. Technology is
currently progressing in all directions. People's daily life is made easier by it. Since users
may now make their own digital layers, maps, and apps thanks to technology, GIS has
become a widely used language.

The system enables the efficient and safe gathering, storage, and sharing of data.
It is also capable of mapping, which makes it possible for users to identify geographical
patterns using the information gathered. GIS can be used to evaluate locations as well.
The characteristics of the software also aid users in their understanding of geographic
data. Users can visualize data more easily thanks to GIS. Additionally, it makes it possible
for office and field staff to collaborate on the same data. GIS can run on a variety of
hardware platforms, including but not restricted to desktop and laptop computers, mobile
devices, and heavy-duty computer systems. It can store, process, and present
geographic data. Administrators, analysts, cartographers, fieldworkers, land-use
planners, and land managers use the information acquired. Users can better comprehend
patterns, relationships, and spatial context because of this. Additionally, because it
benefits their line of work, this enhances communication among users.
 It is possible to learn more about a certain location by using a geographic method.
This might improve GIS's capabilities. Since this strategy is founded on research, it goes
through a process of asking for, obtaining, analyzing, crafting the message, and
producing visuals for the information to be communicated. The use of coordinate systems,
map projections and distortion, and geographic analysis in the present has benefited
society, planners, scholars, and others in a similar way.

Impacts

Positive Impacts

Due to its ability to analyze and model spatial data, GIS technology is useful in
urban planning. This research can help with several important urban planning goals,
including choosing a location, determining the suitability of the property, simulating land
use and transportation, identifying regions that need planning, and assessing
implications. Using GIS allows for the creation of city plans and designs that combine
transportation infrastructure, zoning laws, and land use patterns. Communities that are
more sustainable and comfortable to live in can be established thanks to these factors.
With its features and capabilities, the Geographic Information System has benefited the
entire world, including its managers, analysts, cartographers, fieldworkers, and land-use
planners. GIS could securely and effectively gather, store, analyze, map, and display
geographic information. This aids users in decision-making across a variety of industries,
including business, government, infrastructure, and economic growth. Scientific research,
resource management, and development planning can all be done using GIS technology.
GIS is used by businesses in the retail sector to evaluate potential store locations, and
marketing firms rely on it to pinpoint target demographics and the best spots for promoting
shops and restaurants.

Utility firms also make use of GIS. They can build databases that enable them to
effectively manage grids, track pipelines, find cable and wireless networks, and gather
information for building planning. As improved planning, organization, and resource
management are made possible using GIS, efficiency is another benefit. By automating
processes and streamlining workflows, it can increase productivity while decreasing
expenses.

Negative Impacts

Even though GIS has many advantages for society, there are some drawbacks to
using this program. Because a GIS system involves a sophisticated and interconnected
set of components, its deployment can be costly. The cost of hiring and training
professional individuals is in addition to the costs of the technology and software. When
working with inconsistent, erroneous, or out-of-date data, GIS programs can run into
problems. This is explained by the fact that spatial databases, like all datasets, are subject
to a variety of problems. These discrepancies may be caused by differences in how
concepts and categories are defined and used, as well as by technical issues like file
management or data cleansing.

Governments can manipulate the public's perspective by using GIS, which

includes the production of false maps. GIS can also be used to support the political goals
of government officials or to discriminate against specific groups during planning.

Lack of user privacy security is another problem with GIS use, as people's personal
information and geographic locations could be used for tracking and spying. The
complexity of the situation can be increased by regional variations in privacy rules,
notwithstanding the possibility that adding privacy controls in the GIS sector will limit these
effects. Having access to GIS technology hardware, including desktop computers,
laptops, and mobile devices, as well as software and specialist knowledge. For some
people and communities that are less privileged than others, this restricts accessibility.

Findings

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are valuable in many different fields,

including business, government, infrastructure development, and urban planning.
Decision-making processes are facilitated by GIS technology, which enables the
gathering, storage, analysis, display, mapping, and safe sharing of geographic
information. It is a flexible piece of technology that may be used for a variety of tasks,
including planning future development and resource management. Utility firms and retail
businesses both utilize GIS to streamline operations and cut costs.

The need for specialist technology, software, and staff, as well as the application
of GIS, might, however, be costly. Dealing with inconsistent, erroneous, or out-of-date
data might provide difficulties for GIS tools. Furthermore, there are worries about the
security and privacy of personal data, and governments may use GIS for manipulative
objectives. Finally, certain people and groups are unable to utilize GIS due to a lack of
hardware accessibility and specialized knowledge. Even though GIS has several
advantages, it is important to think about and deal with any potential drawbacks.

Conclusions

The efficient and accurate analysis and modeling of geographical data made
possible by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has had a significant impact on a
variety of sectors, including industry, government, and infrastructure development. Better
resource management, planning, and organization are all possible with the use of GIS,
which ultimately helps build sustainable communities. Nevertheless, certain people and
communities may not be able to use GIS due to the cost and specific knowledge needed
for implementation. Concerns concerning privacy are also raised by the possible use of
people's data for tracking and spying, and there is a chance that governments will use
GIS to further their own objectives. Though GIS provides several advantages overall, it's
crucial to consider and deal with any potential drawbacks.
Recommendation

By integrating them in various steps of data organization, display, and analysis,

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology gives students the chance to study real
spatial data. Students are more engaged and equipped to think critically about spatial
linkages and research subjects by utilizing GIS in their learning environment. The GIS-
created learning environment is dynamic, adaptable, and receptive to student questions.

Students must become familiar with the fundamental ideas and features of GIS
before using the program for their projects to better grasp its potential applications and
constraints. Students who want to acquire specific information and abilities can also think
about GIS training programs. Several architecture students want to become urban
planners. GIS is a tool used by urban planners to plan and sculpt the towns and cities
where we live as well as to foresee and respond to changes in the local population. One
cannot stress the significance of GIS as a useful and efficient tool for urban planning.

_____________REGIE O. VELORIA____________
(Name of Student with a signature above the name)
Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design
Alangilan, Batangas City

Subject: ARCH 539 – Geographic Information System (GIS)

Name of Student: Veloria, Regie O.
SR Code: 19-05649
Section: ARC - 4201

INSIGHT
Module No. 2
GIS and Mapping

Introduction

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to analyze and present geographic

information about a particular area. It makes use of data to identify regions inside them
that are appropriate for future growth. GIS can store, analyze, and display geographic
data on a variety of hardware platforms, including desktop computers, laptops, and mobile
devices. This information helps users in each field better understand patterns,
relationships, and spatial context through the usage of administrators, analysts,
cartographers, field workers, land-use planners, and land managers. GIS makes it
possible to gather, store, and share data securely and effectively. Additionally, it can study
places, map data, and spot spatial trends. Geographic data is easier to grasp because of
GIS software features, which also simplify user visualization. GIS also makes ensuring
that office and field staff use the same data, which promotes harmony.

A geographic approach can improve GIS capabilities by facilitating a deeper

comprehension of a specific location. Based on research, this strategy asks for
information, gathers it, examines it, develops a message, and then uses visuals to convey
it. GIS is a tool that can be used for data visualization in a spatial setting, problem-solving,
and decision-making.

Geospatial data can be analyzed to find out where features are and how they relate
to other features, where there are the most and/or least of a particular feature, how dense
a space is with features, what is going on inside an area of interest (AOI), what is going
on around a particular feature or phenomenon, and how a particular area has changed
over time. By utilizing coordinate systems, map projections, and geographical analysis,
GIS has helped society, planners, researchers, and others in the present.
Impacts

Positive Impacts

The sustainable management of natural resources like forests, streams, and

wildlife habitats is made possible using GIS and mapping tools. This strategy helps to
ensure that these resources are used sustainably and responsibly. The effective
identification and evaluation of natural hazards, as well as the identification of geographic
areas vulnerable to environmental hazards and disasters, are all accomplished using GIS.
GIS is used to conduct risk assessments following natural disasters to pinpoint areas that
are prone to extreme weather and climate change.

Urban planning benefits from the use of GIS technology because it makes it easier
to examine and simulate spatial data. This helps to achieve important urban planning
objectives like site selection, land suitability assessment, land use, and transportation
modeling, identification of areas requiring planning, and impact assessment. Urban
planners can utilize GIS to create city plans and designs that combine zoning laws, transit
networks, and land use patterns, resulting in the development of sustainable and livable
communities.

Recognizing areas with prospective economic prospects, such as places for new
businesses or tourist destinations, can be aided using GIS and mapping technologies.
Stakeholders can assess a property using this software, investigate its possible
applications in the future, and develop a strategy for repair. GIS can incorporate a variety
of data sources, including historical, social, economic, and environmental data, and it can
give information on a project's whole lifecycle. This may aid in the growth of the economy
and the creation of job opportunities.

Police departments around the world employ geospatial technologies, such as GIS
and mapping, to pinpoint crime hotspots, profile offenders, and deploy policemen. These
technologies offer functions that improve the effectiveness and efficiency of law
enforcement, such as hot spot development, navigation, and mobile location
identification. GIS produces interactive maps that aid officials in gaining valuable insights
by combining raw data with context, timing, and geographical information. GIS has
enormous potential for use in emergency response, workforce management, prison and
parole administration, and criminal analysis.

Negative Impacts

When working with spatial data that is inconsistent, erroneous, or out-of-date, the
usage of GIS tools may present difficulties. This is because spatial databases, like any
other dataset, can be susceptible to several problems. These inconsistencies may be
caused by discrepancies in the definitions and uses of concepts and categories as well
as technical issues with file management or data cleansing.
 Users' possible lack of privacy and security when using GIS is a worry because
their location and personal information could be utilized for tracking and spying. Although
establishing privacy measures in the GIS sector may help allay these worries, the issue
could become more complicated due to various privacy laws in various jurisdictions.

Additionally, to utilize GIS technology, you need specific expertise, software, and
gear like computers and mobile phones. This implies that some people and groups may
only have limited access to GIS technology if they lack the necessary resources or
knowledge.

Findings

Urban planning, resource management, law enforcement, and economic growth

can all benefit from GIS technology. It gives urban planners the ability to analyze and
simulate spatial data to accomplish important planning objectives and build sustainable
communities. GIS also helps in managing the emergency response, identifying areas
vulnerable to environmental dangers, and managing the sustainable management of
natural resources. To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their job, law
enforcement agencies can also use the software to locate crime hotspots, profile
offenders, and allocate officers. By assessing a site, investigating potential future uses,
and developing a repair plan, GIS technology can also help in identifying prospective
economic prospects. The usage of GIS technology is not without difficulties, though.
Technical difficulties, old data, and inconsistent spatial data can all cause complications
for the software. Additionally, user data privacy and security concerns could be used for
tracking and spying activities. GIS technology is only available to those with the required
resources and training. To ensure the proper use of GIS technology and all its
advantages, these issues should be addressed.

Conclusions

In conclusion, GIS is an effective tool for decision-making that uses geographic

data to pinpoint potential development locations. It benefits several industries, including
urban planning, resource management, law enforcement, and economic growth.
However, it also has drawbacks, such as unreliable spatial data, potential privacy and
security concerns, and restricted access owing to required technology and software. In
general, GIS has developed into a vital tool in many industries and continues to have a
significant impact on society.

Recommendation

Students can examine actual spatial data using Geographic Information System
(GIS) technology, which enables them to take part in various data organization,
presentation, and analysis procedures. The use of GIS in the classroom can improve
student engagement and equip them with the skills necessary to analyze spatial
relationships and research subjects. It has been demonstrated that this method of
instruction is dynamic, flexible, and sensitive to student questions.
 Before using the program for their projects, students need to develop a
fundamental understanding of the ideas and operations of GIS to maximize its
advantages and minimize its drawbacks. To acquire specific knowledge and abilities,
students may also think about enrolling in training courses with a GIS component.

Students studying architecture and aspiring urban planners alike stand to gain a
lot from using GIS. GIS is commonly used by urban planners to plan and reshape cities
and towns as well as to foresee and respond to changes in the local population. It is
impossible to exaggerate the value of GIS as a useful and efficient tool for urban planning.

_________REGIE O. VELORIA________________
(Name of Student with a signature above the name)
Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design
Alangilan, Batangas City

Subject: ARCH 539 – Geographic Information System (GIS)

Name of Student: Bayugo, Ovid Shiaster M.
SR Code: 19-05806
Section: ARC-4201

INSIGHT
Module No. 1
History of GIS, GIS Capabilities and Application of GIS

Introduction

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be traced back to the early 1960s
when computer graphics technology began to emerge. Today, GIS is used in a wide
range of applications, including urban planning, natural resource management,
emergency management, transportation planning, and many others. A GIS integrates
spatial and attribute information, storing information about where something is with
information about what something is. This integrated data is called geographic
information. The systems of a GSIS includes hardware, software, data, people, and
workflows which is involved in managing and processing geographic information. The
technology has continued to evolve, and advances in cloud computing, mobile devices,
and big data analytics are opening up new possibilities for GIS. Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) are powerful tools that allow users to collect, store, manipulate, analyze,
and visualize geospatial data. Some of the main capabilities of GIS include: data
collection, mapping, spatial analytics and data science, real-time visualization, 3D
visualization and imagery and remote sensing as well as the field of operations. Vector
data represents geographic features as points, lines, and polygons. These features can
be used to create maps, analyze spatial relationships, and perform geospatial analysis.
Raster data represents geographic features as a grid of cells, each with a unique value.
Raster data is commonly used for remote sensing, land cover analysis, and digital
elevation modeling. GIS software can read commonly used tabular formats in order to
transform them into spatial data. Metadata is data that describes other data. In a GIS,
good metadata is vital because it provides important information about geographic data.
A geographic coordinate system (GCS) uses a three- dimensional spherical model
using angular measures of latitude and longitude. In a GCS, measurements are
expressed in decimal degrees. There are four spatial properties subject to distortion in a
projected coordinate system which are shape, area, distance and direction. A map
projection is a method for converting the earth's three-dimensional surface to a map's
two- dimensional surface. When you create a 2D map of the world, you cannot make
the world flat without changing some of its proportions. There are several design
considerations for creating an effective map or layout designed for map printing to help
communicate the best message which covers the symbols, scale, text, features,
legends, map surrounds. Spatial analysis is the process of examining locations,
attributes, and relationships of features in spatial data through analytical technique to
address a question or gain useful knowledge. To simplify, spatial analysis is how you
understand your world.

Impacts

Positive

GIS has had a significant positive impact on society by improving

decision-making, increasing efficiency, and enabling better resource management,
public safety, urban planning, and environmental management. It enables better
decision-making by providing access to accurate and up-to-date spatial information.
This information can be used to analyze patterns, identify trends, and make more
informed decisions. GIS automates many tasks that were previously done manually,
which can save time and increase efficiency. This includes tasks such as data
collection, mapping, and analysis. It can also be used to plan and design cities more
effectively. It can help to identify areas for development, manage land use, and plan
transportation infrastructure.

Negative

GIS can be used to collect and analyze data about individuals, which raises
privacy concerns. If this data is not handled properly, it could be misused or abused.
The accuracy of GIS data is dependent on the quality of the data sources used. If the
data sources are inaccurate or out of date, the GIS analysis will also be inaccurate.
Over-reliance on GIS technology can lead to a lack of critical thinking and
problem-solving skills. This can result in decisions being made solely based on the
output of the GIS analysis, without considering other important factors. GIS can be used
to manipulate data and create misleading visualizations. This can lead to false
conclusions being drawn from the data and misinformed decision-making.

Findings

GIS technology has become increasingly widespread and accessible in recent

years, with many organizations and individuals adopting it for a wide range of
applications. It has a wide range of applications in various fields, including natural
resources management, urban planning, transportation, public health, emergency
management, and many others. The accuracy and reliability of GIS data are crucial for
effective GIS analysis. The quality of data sources and the appropriate use of data
analysis techniques are important factors to consider. Overall, GIS technology is a
powerful tool for analyzing and managing spatial data, and its applications and benefits
are expected to continue to grow in the coming years.
Conclusions

Therefore, we conclude that geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology

has revolutionized the way we collect, store, analyze and manage spatial data. GIS has
a wide range of applications across multiple fields, including natural resources
management, urban planning, transportation, public health, emergency management,
and many others. By enabling better decision-making, increasing efficiency, and
improving resource management, public safety, urban planning, and environmental
management, GIS has had a significant positive impact on society. However, potential
negative impacts such as privacy concerns, data accuracy issues, over-reliance on
technology, cost, digital divide, and data manipulation must also be considered and
addressed. To ensure responsible and ethical use of GIS technology, proper data
governance and ethical considerations should be taken into account. The
advancements in GIS technology, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and
machine learning, open up new possibilities for GIS applications and analysis, and GIS
technology is expected to continue to evolve and provide innovative solutions to spatial
data challenges in the future.

Recommendation

GIS is a powerful information and visualization tool that allows people to create,
visualize and represent data in maps and even obtain spatial data and analyze said
data, but a common problem for GIS is that it has a steep learning curve, meaning that
it will take a lot of time and practice for people to be able to utilize the software, the
difficulty with GIS is that users focus on data, in order to properly utilize the softwares
that GIS have, users must understand the data they obtain, this makes learning GIS a
hard endeavor and makes the practice intimidating to learn, in conclusion, GIS should
try and create a software that is a simpler and approachable for beginners, this allows
people to utilize GIS technology even with the bare minimum knowledge and skills,
essentially expanding the number of users for the practice.

Ovid Shiaster M. Bayugo

_______________________________________
(Name of Student with signature above the name)
Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design
Alangilan, Batangas City

Subject: ARCH 539 – Geographic Information System (GIS)

Name of Student: Bayugo, Ovid Shiaster M.
SR Code: 19-05806
Section: ARC-4201

INSIGHT
Module No. 2
GIS and Mapping

Introduction
GIS or Geographic Information System is a computer system made to capture,
check, store and display data that is related to the positions on the Earth’s surface. This
computer system can display or represent many different kinds and types of data on
one map utilizing many different layers such as streets, buildings and vegetation, the
data and the control people can have with the maps created by GIS softwares allows
people to easily see, interpret, analyze and understand patterns, relationships and data.

GIS has different types of mapping softwares which are divided into three types,
which are the geobrowser, web-based, and desktop softwares and each type has its
own advantages and disadvantages over the other and each type is applicable for
different uses which is entirely dependent on the goals or purposes that users may
have. GIS softwares allows people to create maps for many different purposes, and
also allows people to specifically create maps that display a certain data that they want
to convey. GIS also has data types which are divided into two, mainly vector mapping
and raster mapping and like the types of GIS softwares, these data types also have
certain advantages and disadvantages over the other and it is also entirely dependent
on the purposes and goals of the user to determine which data type is better suited for
their task.

Maps are an important part of many different careers or professions since maps
display valuable information about certain sites, or aids in the representation of data and
GIS or Geographic Information System softwares and apps allows people in many
different walks of life to create their own maps for many different purposes by utilizing
different types of apps, data types and more. GIS maps are also available in different
websites, allowing people to access specific maps that can aid in their studies or work.
Impacts

Positive
The positive impacts of GIS or Geographic Information System are as follows:
- Allows people to better understand, analyze and visualize data.
- Aids in the creation of new data.
- Aids in numerous professions due to the capability to create maps that display
specific data or the ability to customize maps to better suit the needs of a certain
task.
- Data and other maps can be accessible through other different websites, making
data and information regarding GIS or Geographic Information Systems readily
accessible to those who need it.

Positive impacts of the Types of GIS and Mapping Software

- Geobrowser - more accessible to the general public, cheaper and easier to run.
- Web-based - allows people to upload data compared to geobrowser software
that is only able to display data, allows people to customize display and perform
basic analysis.
- Desktop - the most powerful software type for GIS and mapping, allows user full
control on map creation along with the capability to run more advanced analysis.

Positive impacts of Data types:

- Vector Data - represents geographic data symbolized as points, polygons or lines
- Raster Data - represents geographic data as a matrix of cells that each contain
an attribute value.
Negative
The negative impacts of GIS or Geographic Information System are as follows:
- GIS or Geographic Information System softwares are not easy to use depending
on the complexity of the software, more advanced softwares require specialized
skills to utilize and the more complex the data or analysis, the hardware needed
to run the software also increases, meaning that more advanced analysis
requires better hardware to be able to perform the task.
- Certain GIS softwares is expensive such as ARCGIS PRO.
- Learning curve for GIS softwares can be long.
- Integration with traditional maps can be difficult.
- Desktop type softwares for GIS requires high storage capacity and processing
power.

Negative impacts of the Types of GIS and Mapping Software

- Geobrowser - only displays data and cannot upload additional data.
- Web-based - can only perform basic analysis, requires more processing power or
hardware compared to geobrowser softwares.
- Desktop - requires specific skills to learn to utilize effectively and requires
advanced hardware to run and is also expensive.

Negative impacts of Data types:

- Vector Data - continuous data is hard to represent, requires lots of manual

editing, uncertainty modeling is difficult and changes inside a single polygon is
not possible.
- Raster Data - hard to represent objects less than cell size, finer resolution
generates huge data, highly generalized representation of discrete features and
limited interactivity and primitive analysis algorithm.

Findings
- GIS or geographic information systems are important in the generation of
different kinds of maps along with the ability to customize data and analyze
certain data.
- GIS have different types of softwares, each software has its own advantages and
disadvantages, some are easy to run while others require better hardware and
better softwares are expensive while simpler softwares are more accessible to
people but excludes more advanced features that more expensive softwares
provides.
- GIS is important for many different kinds of work and studies for it provides map
data with different choices for information.
- GIS and other maps can be accessible in a number of websites, making it
accessible for people who need it.
Conclusions

In conclusion, GIS or geographic information systems is an important part of

today's society for it allows people to create, customize and analyze data in regards to
maps. GIS also has different softwares for different uses or people, different softwares
has different uses, and each presents varying options for various purposes that all
depend on the users goals and needs. In summary, GIS greatly aids society in better
representing data in regards to maps and other related areas, it allows people to better
analyze data, patterns and many more therefore further improving our knowledge and
understanding of our environment.

Recommendation

It can be recommended that the more expensive softwares for GIS should think
of ways to better simplify its usage, since softwares such as ARCGIS PRO require quite
a steep learning curve, along with this, the software should lower its hardware
requirements in order to better serve a larger range of users therefore making it more
accessible.

Ovid Shiaster M. Bayugo

_______________________________________
(Name of Student with signature above the name)
Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design
Alangilan, Batangas City

Subject: ARCH 539 – Geographic Information System (GIS)

Name of Student: Sulit Jeduard Allen C.
SR Code: 19-02108
Section: ARC-4201

INSIGHT
Module No.1
History of GIS, GIS Capabilities and Application of GIS

Introduction
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been around for a long time, dating
back to the Babylonians who created maps on clay tablets over 2000 years ago. In the
1850s, a British Doctor named John Snow used GIS to find the cause of a cholera
outbreak by mapping the location of cases. In the 1960s, people started developing
computer programs for GIS, and by 1982, the first commercial GIS product was released
by a company called Esri. Nowadays, GIS is more accessible, allowing users to create
digital maps and apps. It includes tools for collecting and managing data, mapping,
analyzing spatial patterns, and 3D visualization. GIS is used in many fields, including
urban planning, public health, and environmental science. It helps people make decisions
and solve problems by examining spatial relationships and patterns. Additionally, GIS can
be used to model and simulate real-world scenarios, which can aid in planning and
strategizing. With its many applications and capabilities, GIS is an essential tool in many
industries today.

Impacts
-Positive
Geographic information systems (GIS) have many positive impacts on different
industries and the environment. First, GIS helps decision-making by making it easier to
analyze and visualize spatial data, making resource use more efficient and reducing
waste of time and energy. Second, GIS helps in planning by creating accurate maps,
identifying relationships in spaces, and creating models for different scenarios needed for
urban development, resource management, disaster planning, and environmental
preservation. GIS also helps in collecting and providing real-time data more efficiently,
reducing the need for manual processes and improving productivity while reducing costs
and errors. Additionally, GIS helps in communication and collaborations worldwide by
providing a common language and platform for effective communication. In emergency
response and public safety, GIS plays a vital role in identifying exposed areas and
detecting hazardous elements, enabling prompt response. Finally, GIS helps in
environmental preservation by observing and managing natural resources, detecting
changes in the environment, identifying exposed habitats or ecosystems, and developing
plans for future conservation efforts. Overall, GIS has several positive effects on different
sectors, improving decision-making, planning, efficiency, communication, safety, and
environmental protection.

-Negative
Geographic Information System (GIS) is also a tool that has some downsides.
Firstly, it can be expensive, which makes it difficult for small businesses or organizations
to use. Next, it can be hard to use and requires special training. Then, if the data collected
is inaccurate, it can affect the quality of the output. Also, GIS may require personal or
confidential information, which can be a privacy concern if not handled properly. There is
also a risk of security breaches, which can compromise sensitive information.
Additionally, using GIS in an unethical way can lead to discriminatory targeting or
manipulation of information. Lastly, relying too much on GIS can lead to neglecting the
need for field observations or human input, which can result in incomplete understanding
of a situation and job loss. Although GIS has many benefits, it is important to be aware of
these potential negative impacts and address them appropriately.

Findings
After studying geographic information, we discovered some interesting facts.
Geographic Information System (GIS) has a long history and has been used to collect
and analyze data since ancient times, like when the Babylonians made their first map on
a stone tablet. Nowadays, GIS has become a digital tool that helps us gather, analyze,
and visualize data, store it securely, and find special patterns and relationships in the
data. There are different types of data in GIS that serve specific purposes. For example,
we have vector and raster geospatial data, which are stored in a special database called
a geodatabase. This database holds various types of geographic datasets in a common
folder. We also have something called metadata, which is like information about other
information. It is crucial because it helps us understand important details about
geographic data. Metadata also helps us organize the data effectively and share it with
others who need it for their projects. Lastly, there are coordinate systems, which are
important for making accurate maps. They ensure that the maps show the correct area
of interest and are essential for mapping and visualization. So, in summary, GIS has a
fascinating history and is now a digital tool that helps us collect and analyze data. It uses
different types of data stored in a geodatabase, relies on metadata for organization, and
uses coordinate systems to create accurate maps.
Conclusions
In conclusion, Geographic Information System (GIS) has a fascinating history,
starting with ancient maps carved in stone and evolving into a digital application used for
collecting, analyzing, mapping, and visualizing data. It helps us make decisions, plan
more effectively, provide accurate real-time data, improve communication, respond to
emergencies, and conserve the environment. However, GIS also has some drawbacks.
It can be expensive to implement, complex to use without proper training, reliant on the
quality of data collected, and pose privacy and security risks. Despite its limitations, GIS
has become an essential tool in many industries and organizations, thanks to its diverse
applications and evolving capabilities.

Recommendation
After gathering information, Geographic Information System (GIS) is a valuable
tool with both advantages and disadvantages. It plays a crucial role, so it is important to
address its issues properly to make the most of GIS and use it responsibly. In general,
GIS is an important tool that can bring many benefits to various fields and have a positive
impact on our lives. However, we should also be aware of its limitations and possible
negative effects to ensure responsible usage.

JEDUARD ALLEN C. SULIT

(Name of student with signature above the name)
Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design
Alangilan, Batangas City

Subject: ARCH 539 – Geographic Information System (GIS)

Name of Student: Sulit Jeduard Allen C.
SR Code: 19-02108
Section: ARC-4201

INSIGHT
Module No.2
GIS and Mapping

Introduction
GIS, which stands for Geographic Information System, is a computer system
designed to capture, verify, store, and present data related to locations on the Earth's
surface. With GIS, various types of data can be combined and displayed on a single map
using different layers, such as streets, buildings, and vegetation. This powerful software
enables users to easily observe, interpret, analyze, and comprehend data.
There are three main types of GIS mapping software. There are geo browsers,
web-based applications, and desktop software. Each type has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and their suitability depends on the specific goals and purposes of the
users. GIS software allows people to create maps for a wide range of applications and
enables them to highlight specific data they wish to convey. GIS also involves different
data types: vector mapping and raster mapping. Like GIS software types, these data
types have their own strengths and weaknesses. The choice between vector and raster
mapping depends on the objectives and requirements of the user's task.
Maps play a crucial role in various careers and professions as they provide
valuable information about specific locations and assist in data representation. GIS
software and apps enable individuals from different backgrounds to create maps tailored
to their specific needs, utilizing different applications and data types. Additionally, GIS
maps are available on various websites, providing access to specific maps that can aid
in studies or work. GIS or Geographic Information System is a type of computer system
that helps capture, store, and display data that is related to the positions on Earth's
surface. This system allows people to display different types of data on one map, such as
streets, buildings, and vegetation, which makes it easier to understand patterns and
relationships. There are three types of mapping software for GIS: Geo browser, web-
based, and desktop, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. GIS also has two
data types: vector mapping and raster mapping, which are used for different purposes
depending on the user's goals. GIS software is used in many different careers and
professions because maps can provide valuable information about specific locations or
help represent data. These maps can be accessed through different websites, which can
aid in studies or work.

Impacts
- Positive
GIS and mapping tools are used to manage natural resources like forests, streams,
and wildlife habitats in a sustainable and responsible way. By identifying and evaluating
natural hazards and vulnerable areas, GIS helps to conduct risk assessments following
natural disasters, which can identify areas prone to extreme weather and climate change.
Urban planners also use GIS technology to simulate spatial data, which helps to
achieve important urban planning objectives like site selection, land suitability
assessment, land use, and transportation modeling. GIS can also help to create
sustainable and livable communities by combining zoning laws, transit networks, and land
use patterns.
GIS and mapping technologies can help stakeholders identify areas with potential
economic prospects, such as places for new businesses or tourist destinations. This
software can incorporate a variety of data sources, including historical, social, economic,
and environmental data, which can aid in the growth of the economy and the creation of
job opportunities.
Police departments use geospatial technologies like GIS and mapping to pinpoint
crime hotspots, profile offenders, and deploy policemen. These technologies improve the
effectiveness and efficiency of law enforcement, such as hot spot development,
navigation, and mobile location identification. GIS produces interactive maps that aid
officials in gaining valuable insights by combining raw data with context, timing, and
geographical information. GIS has enormous potential for use in emergency response,
workforce management, etc.
- Negative
One negative impacts of GIS are when working with inconsistent, incorrect, or
outdated spatial data because it can lead to challenges when using GIS tools. Spatial
databases like any other datasets can have problems such as inconsistencies in concepts
and categories or technical issues with file management and data cleaning.
Another concern is the potential lack of privacy and security when using because
personal information and location data can be used for tracking and surveillance. While
implementing privacy measures in the GIS sector can help address these concerns, it
becomes more complex due to varying privacy laws in different authorities.
 Moreover, using GIS technology requires specific expertise, software, and
equipment such as computers and mobile phones. This means that some individuals and
groups may have limited access to GIS technology if they lack the necessary resources
or knowledge.

Findings
GIS technology offers numerous benefits across various fields such as urban
planning, resource management, law enforcement, and economic growth. For urban
planners, it provides a valuable tool to examine and simulate spatial data, enabling them
to achieve important planning objectives and construct sustainable communities.
Emergency response management can be enhanced through GIS by identifying areas at
risk from environmental hazards and facilitating the sustainable management of natural
resources.
Law enforcement agencies can also leverage GIS software to enhance their
effectiveness and efficiency. They can utilize it to identify crime hotspots, create offender
profiles, and allocate officers strategically. Moreover, GIS technology can aid in
evaluating potential economic opportunities by assessing sites, exploring future usage
possibilities, and devising effective repair plans.
However, the utilization of GIS technology is not without challenges. Technical
issues, outdated data, and inconsistent spatial information can complicate its
functionality. Additionally, concerns regarding user data privacy and security may arise,
as the technology could be exploited for tracking and surveillance purposes. Furthermore,
access to GIS technology is limited to those who possess the necessary resources and
training.
To ensure the appropriate and advantageous utilization of GIS technology, it is
crucial to address these issues. Efforts should be made to tackle technical difficulties,
update data regularly, and ensure consistency in spatial information. Moreover,
safeguarding user data privacy and security should be a priority to prevent any misuse.
Furthermore, measures should be taken to increase accessibility to GIS technology,
providing necessary resources and training opportunities to a broader range of users.
Conclusions
To sum it up, GIS is a really useful tool for making decisions by using geographic
data to find the best places for development. It helps out lots of different industries like
city planning, managing resources, keeping law and order, and boosting the economy.
But it's not all perfect, because sometimes the data it uses might not be reliable, there
could be privacy and security issues to worry about, and not everyone can access it easily
because of the technology and software needed. Overall, GIS has become a really
important tool in many

Recommendation
Students can use GIS technology to explore real spatial data and learn about
different ways to organize, present, and analyze it. Using GIS in the classroom can help
students stay interested and gain valuable skills for researching and analyzing subjects
related to space and geography. Studies have shown that this approach to teaching is
interactive, flexible, and responsive to student questions.
Before starting projects with GIS, students should first understand the basic
concepts and operations of the technology to get the most out of it and avoid any potential
drawbacks. If they want to gain more specialized knowledge and skills, they can also
consider taking GIS training courses.
Both architecture and urban planning students can benefit from using GIS. Urban
planners rely heavily on GIS to plan and redesign cities and towns and to predict and
respond to changes in the local population. GIS is an extremely valuable and efficient tool
for urban planning, and its importance cannot be overstated.

JEDUARD ALLEN C. SULIT

(Name of student with signature above the name)