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Os 4

The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. It defines a process as a program that is currently executing. Process management involves tasks like creation, scheduling, and termination of processes. The operating system helps manage running processes and performs tasks like resource allocation and process scheduling. A process is represented by a process control block (PCB) that stores process information like ID, state, and resources. Processes can be in various states like new, ready, running, waiting, blocked, suspended, and terminated.

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27 views5 pages

Os 4

The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. It defines a process as a program that is currently executing. Process management involves tasks like creation, scheduling, and termination of processes. The operating system helps manage running processes and performs tasks like resource allocation and process scheduling. A process is represented by a process control block (PCB) that stores process information like ID, state, and resources. Processes can be in various states like new, ready, running, waiting, blocked, suspended, and terminated.

Uploaded by

moondipti39
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is a Process?

Process is the execution of a program that performs the actions


specified in that program. It can be defined as an execution unit where a
program runs. The OS helps you to create, schedule, and terminates the
processes which is used by CPU. A process created by the main
process is called a child process.

Process operations can be easily controlled with the help of


PCB(Process Control Block). You can consider it as the brain of the
process, which contains all the crucial information related to processing
like process id, priority, state, CPU registers, etc.

What is Process Management?


Process management involves various tasks like creation, scheduling,
termination of processes, and a dead lock. Process is a program that is
under execution, which is an important part of modern-day operating
systems. The OS must allocate resources that enable processes to
share and exchange information. It also protects the resources of each
process from other methods and allows synchronization among
processes.

It is the job of OS to manage all the running processes of the system. It


handles operations by performing tasks like process scheduling and
such as resource allocation.

Process Architecture
• Stack: The Stack stores temporary data like function parameters,
returns addresses, and local variables.
• Heap Allocates memory, which may be processed during its run
time.
• Data: It contains the variable.
• Text:
Text Section includes the current activity,

Process Control Blocks


PCB stands for Process Control Block. It is a data structure that is
maintained by the Operating System for every process. The PCB should
be identified by an integer Process ID (PID). It helps you to store all the
information required to keep track of all the running processes.

It is also accountable for storing the contents of processor registers.


These are saved when the process moves from the running state and
then returns back to it. The information is quickly updated in the PCB by
the OS as soon as the process makes the state transition.

Process States
Process States
Diagram
A process state is a condition of the process at a specific instant of time.
It also defines the current position of the process.

There are mainly seven stages of a process which are:

• New: The new process is created when a specific program calls


from secondary memory/ hard disk to primary memory/ RAM a
• Ready: In a ready state, the process should be loaded into the
primary memory, which is ready for execution.
• Waiting: The process is waiting for the allocation of CPU time and
other resources for execution.
• Executing: The process is an execution state.
• Blocked: It is a time interval when a process is waiting for an event
like I/O operations to complete.
• Suspended: Suspended state defines the time when a process is
ready for execution but has not been placed in the ready queue by
OS.
• Terminated: Terminated state specifies the time when a process is
terminated

After completing every step, all the resources are used by a process,
and memory becomes free.
Process Control Block (PCB)
Every process is represented in the operating system by a process
control block, which is also called a task control block.

Here, are important components of PCB

• Process state: A process can be new, ready, running, waiting,


etc.
• Program counter: The program counter lets you know the
address of the next instruction, which should be executed for that
process.
• CPU registers: This component includes accumulators, index and
general-purpose registers, and information of condition code.
• CPU scheduling information: This component includes a
process priority, pointers for scheduling queues, and various other
scheduling parameters.
• Accounting and business information: It includes the amount of
CPU and time utilities like real time used, job or process numbers,
etc.
• Memory-management information: This information includes the
value of the base and limit registers, the page, or segment tables.
This depends on the memory system, which is used by the
operating system.
• I/O status information: This block includes a list of open files, the
list of I/O devices that are allocated to the process, etc.
Threads in Operating System (OS)

A thread is a single sequential flow of execution of tasks of a process so


it is also known as thread of execution or thread of control. There is a way
of thread execution inside the process of any operating system. Apart from
this, there can be more than one thread inside a process. Each thread of
the same process makes use of a separate program counter and a stack
of activation records and control blocks. Thread is often referred to as a
lightweight process.

The process can be split down into so many threads. For example, in a browser, many tabs
can be viewed as threads. MS Word uses many threads - formatting text from one thread,
processing input from another thread, etc.

Need of Thread:
o It takes far less time to create a new thread in an existing process than to create
a new process.
o Threads can share the common data, they do not need to use Inter- Process
communication.
o It takes less time to terminate a thread than a process.
o Enhanced throughput of the system: When the process is split into many
threads, and each thread is treated as a job, the number of jobs done in the unit
time increases. That is why the throughput of the system also increases.
o Responsiveness: When the process is split into several threads, and when a
thread completes its execution, that process can be responded to as soon as
possible.
o Resource sharing: Resources can be shared between all threads within a
process, such as code, data, and files. Note: The stack and register cannot be
shared between threads. There is a stack and register for each thread.
o

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