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Module 7

Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to transfer fluids from low to high levels. They work by using centrifugal force to increase the pressure of a fluid. Key components include an impeller and casing. Fluid enters the rapidly rotating impeller and is cast out through centrifugal force. There are different types of casings and methods for priming pumps. Turbines convert the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical rotation to drive generators. Common turbines include Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan, which are suited to different water head levels. Turbines are governed to control power output.

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32 views63 pages

Module 7

Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to transfer fluids from low to high levels. They work by using centrifugal force to increase the pressure of a fluid. Key components include an impeller and casing. Fluid enters the rapidly rotating impeller and is cast out through centrifugal force. There are different types of casings and methods for priming pumps. Turbines convert the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical rotation to drive generators. Common turbines include Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan, which are suited to different water head levels. Turbines are governed to control power output.

Uploaded by

Agilan Chellaram
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid Mechanics and Machines: BMEE204L

Introduction
Centrifugal Pumps
• Centrifugal pump is a hydraulic machine which converts
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by the use of
centrifugal force acting on the fluid.
• The CP works on the principle of the forced vortex flow which
means that when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an
external torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating fluid
takes place.
• Fluid enters the rapidly rotating impeller along its axis and is
cast out by centrifugal force along its circumference through
the impeller's vane tips
Centrifugal Pumps
• These are the most popular and commonly used type of pumps
for the transfer of fluids from low level to high level.

• It is used in places like agriculture, municipal (water and


wastewater plants), industrial, power generation plants,
petroleum, mining, chemical, pharmaceutical and many others.
Classification of Pumps
Construction and working of centrifugal Pump

• Components:
1. Impeller: A wheel with series of backward curved vanes.
2. Casing: Air tight chamber surrounding the impeller.
3. Suction Pipe: One end is connected in eye and other is dipped in a liquid.
4. Delivery pipe: One end is connected to eye, other to overhead tank.
5. Foot valve: Allow water only in upward direction.
6. Strainer: Prevent the entry of foreign particle/material to the pump
Construction and working of centrifugal Pump
Construction and working of centrifugal Pump

(a)Volute Casing
(b)Vortex Casing
(c)Casing with guide blades
Construction and working of centrifugal Pump

• Volute Casing: Area of flow gradually increases from the eye


of impeller to the delivery pipe. Same as shown in fig of
components. Formation of eddies.
Construction and working of centrifugal Pump

• Vortex casing: Circular chamber provided between the


impeller and volute chamber. Loss of energy due to formation
of eddies is reduced.
Construction and working of centrifugal Pump

• Casing with guide blades: Casing impeller is surrounded by a series of


guide vanes mounted on a ring which is known as diffuser. Water enters
the impeller without shock.
Various head of centrifugal Pump
• The heads of a centrifugal pump are as follows:
(1)Suction head (2) delivery head
(3)Static head (4) Monometric head
Various head of centrifugal Pump
Various head of centrifugal Pump
Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump
Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump
Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump
Minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump
Specific Speed of a Pump
Specific Speed of a Pump
Priming of centrifugal Pumps

• The priming of centrifugal pump is the process of filling


the suction pipe, casing of the pump and portion of the
delivery pipe from outside source of the fluid to be
raised.
• This removes the air, gas or vapour from these parts.
• Priming is done before the starting the pump.
• It is necessary to avoid discontinuity of flow or dry
running of pump.
Priming of centrifugal Pumps
• The dry running of pump may result in rubbing and seizing of the
wearing rings and cause severe damage.

• Also when the pump is running with air instead of water, the head
generated is in terms of meters of air. But as the density of air very low,
the generated head of air in terms of equivalent meter of water head is
negligible and hence water may not be sucked from the pump.

• For all above reason priming is necessary.


Priming of centrifugal Pumps
The following are the some of the methods for priming the centrifugal pump.
• Priming of small pumps: It is done by pouring the fluid into the
funnel provided for priming. During this the air vent valve is
kept open and priming is continued till all the air is removed.
• Priming of large Pumps: It is done by removing the air from
casing and suction pipe with the help of vacuum pump or by an
ejector. This helps in drawing the liquid from sump and fill the
pump with liquid.
• There are some pumps having internal constructions for supply
of liquid in suction pipe known as self-priming pumps
Multistage Centrifugal Pump
• A multistage centrifugal pump consist of two or more
identical impellers mounted on the same shaft or on
different shafts.
• To produce the heads higher than that of using single
impeller keeping the discharge constant. This is achieved
by Series arrangement of pumps.
• To discharge the large quantity of fluid keeping the head
constant. This is achieved by parallel arrangement of
pumps.
Series Arrangement of Pumps
Series Arrangement of Pumps

• The discharge from first impeller having high pressure is


fed to second impeller through guided passage.
• The pressure at the outlet of second impeller will be
more than the pressure at the outlet of first impeller.
• If the more number of impellers are mounted on the
same shaft in series arrangement then the pressure will
be increases further.
Parallel Arrangement of Pumps
Parallel Arrangement of Pumps
• To obtain a high discharge at relatively small head
number of impellers are mounted in parallel arrangement.
• The pumps are arranged such that each of these pump is
working separately to lift the liquid from common sump
and deliver it to the common delivery pipe
• In this arrangement the head remains constant and the
discharge of each pump gets added to give large quantity
of liquid at the outlet.
Cavitation in Pump
Effects of Cavitation
Performance characteristics of Centrifugal Pump

• The following are the important characteristics


curves of centrifugal pump.
i. Main characteristics curves
ii. Operating characteristics curves
iii. Constant efficiency curves or Muschel curves
iv. Constant head and constant discharge curves.
Performance characteristics of Centrifugal Pump
Performance characteristics of Centrifugal Pump
Performance characteristics of Centrifugal Pump
Performance characteristics of Centrifugal Pump
Introduction (Hydroelectric plants )
❑ Hydroelectric plants utilize the energy of water falling through a head that may vary from a
few meters to ~1500 or even 2000 m. To manage this wide range of heads, many kind of
turbines are employed, which differ in their working components.

The main components of a hydroelectric system

❖ The hydraulic system components that include the turbine, the associated conduits-like
penstocks, tunnel and surge tank-and its control system.

❖ The electric system components formed by the synchronous generator and its control
system.

❑ Hydraulic turbines is defined as prime movers that transform the kinetic energy of the
falling water into mechanical energy of rotation and whose primary function is to drive an
electric generator.
General layout of Hydro power plant
Turbines
Classifications of Turbine
Based on operational principle

• Impulse turbine: Complete conversion of pressure energy into kinetic energy takes place inside
penstock and pressure is constant throughout near runner. i.e. power generation is due to impulse effect.

• Reaction turbine: Part conversion of pressure energy into kinetic energy takes place in the penstock
and rest energy conversion takes place inside different blades. i.e. power generation is due to reaction
effect.
Classifications of Turbine
Based on flow pattern

• Tangential flow turbine: Flow along tangential direction.

• Radial flow turbine: Flow along radial direction, may be inward or outward.

• Axial flow turbine: Flow along axis of turbine.

• Mixed flow turbine: First along radial then axial or Intake of fluid takes place at certain angle.

Tangential flow Radial flow Axial flow Mixed flow


Classifications of Turbine
Based on available head

• High head: H > 250 ; Pelton turbine.

• Medium head: 60 < H < 250; Francis turbine .

• Low head: H < 60; Kaplan turbine; Propeller turbine.

Based on Specific speed

• Low specific speed: 10 < Ns < 35 ; Pelton turbine.

• Medium specific speed: 60 < Ns < 300; Francis turbine.

• High specific speed : 300 < Ns < 1000; Kaplan turbine.


Pelton Turbine

Splitter

Cup shaped blade


Pelton Turbine
Pelton Turbine
Pelton Turbine
Pelton Turbine
Francis Turbine
Francis Turbine
Francis Turbine
Draft Tube
Kaplan Turbine (Propeller turbine-vanes are fixed)
Kaplan Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Governing of Turbines
Governing of Turbines
Specific speed of Turbine
Specific speed of Turbine
Specific speed of Turbine
Specific speed of Turbine
Thank You

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