We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42
aoe a
of AI had cycles of success and failures but kept on introducing new creative
and systematically refining the best ones. There was no relation between human intel-
ine till early 1950 even though philosophers in 400 B.C. had conceived the ideas
knowledge encoded in some internal language in the same ways as a
“Machine does. Psychologists further strengthened the idea that humans and other living creatures
p considered to be information processing machines. Mathematicians provided tools to
. ae iin. certain or uncertain logical statements of certainty as well as probabilistic statements,
John McCarthy organized a conference on machine intelligence in 1956 and since then the field
as Artificial Intelligence. In 1957, the first version of a new program named as Gen
b iver (GPS) was developed and tested, This program was also developed by Newell
imon. The GPS was capable of solving to some extent the problems requiring common
fe. Since then, many programs were developed, and McCarthy announced his new develop-
led LISt Processing language (LISP) in 1958. LISP was adopted as the language of choice
st Al developers. Marvin Minsky of MIT demonstrated that computer programs could solve
and logic problems when confined to a specific domain. Another program, named STU-
as developed during late 1960 which could solve algebra story problems. Fuzzy set and
2 was developed by L. Zadeh in 1960 that had the unique ability to make decisions under
conditions. Also neural networks were considered as possible ways of achieving Artifi-
agence. During the same time, the system named SHRDLU was developed by Terry
ad at the MIT, Al Laboratory, as a part of the micro worlds project, which consisted of
Programming in small worlds. SHRDLU was a program that carried out a si
le (via teletype) with a user in English, about a small world of objects (the BLOCK world)
and this program was written in MACLISP. Frame theory was one of the new methods developed.
_ by Minsky during 1970 in the development of AI for storing structured knowledge to be used by
_ Al programs. Another development during the same time was the PROLOG language that was.
1 osed by R Kowalski of Imperial College, London.
/stem appeared in 1970, when Expert systems were designed an
-4 solution under set conditions, An expert system is a
ed from the knowledge of experts to answer t
of knowledge. Since then, various e
aiding doctors with the
‘Scanned with CamSeanner‘Scanned with CamSeanner‘Scanned with CamSeannerured and abnormal people used to understand what parts of
acs sensors to ‘ta brain activity to human ee
s, monkeys can now control a computer mouse using thought alo
will have as many gates as humans have neurons in th
s are working to know as to how to have a mechanical brain. Such systems
n, remapping, and interconnections to a large extent. a
Machines can modify their behaviour in response to the environm
. In 1950, control theory could only describe linear systems. Al largely t
is sh ming. This theory of stable feedback systems i 2
M initial state to goal state with minimum energy.
demonstrates so much of human intelligence. Analysis of hum
place in ways not understood in other settings. Children
heard before. Languages and thoughts are believed
‘Scanned with CamSeannerpasensceesese
tand the concept of intelligence and develop intelligent
the goals of Al is to underst
omputer program that exhibits intelligent behaviour is
Lworld problems which require s
meant to solve real
diagnoses, and recommendations. A
One
ter programs. An example of a ¢
system (ES). Expert systems are
‘human expertise and provide expert quality advice,
es to perform tasks similar to human
‘basically a software program or system that tri
specific domain of the problem. It incorporates the concepts and meth«
‘reasoning, and the use of knowledge for making these inferences. Expert systems may
-based expert systems. Expert systems represent their kno
these rules and data can be
‘referred to as knowledge
‘as data and rules within the computer system; 7
the term expert systemsis
Gee to solve problems. It should be noted that
‘served for programs whose knowledge base contains the knowledge provided by humane
s. The earliest examples
contrast to knowledge gathered from textbooks or non-experts
(ods of symbol
‘Scanned with CamSeannera ee
f them to pursue more 0
\ rly determined) reasoning being p
4 by applying specific knowledge rather
Br be blet bas emanate