Science

Chapter 1
(the scientific Endeavour ) -

1. 2- Nature of Scientific knowledge

•
Science is Evidence - Based .

↳ In science evidence
supporting theories and hypothesis
in #
, plays an important role

↳ We and taste to make observations

use our senses -

sight hearing , touch smell

, ,
- .

↳ These observations that *

data
describes objects or
phenomena are called qualitive -

↳ Measurements are numerical quantities of an object or phenomenon called quantitive data .

Qualitive Data Quantatire Data

involves senses AND measurements
involves senses taken using instruments

usually descriptive numerical

1. 3- How Do we Practise Science?

Designing Scientific Investigations Hypothesis and Variables

•
-

↳
A scientific question is usually accompanied by a
hypothesis . The purpose of proposing
a hypothesis is to explain a phenomenon or
propose solutions to a problem .

↳ To test a
hypothesis ,
observations should be made from repeated experiments .

↳ There are three types of variables in an experiment Independent Dependent ,

and constant -

Independent variable is the change of variable in experiment

-

a an .

Dependent variable is the variable that is measured after having an

independent variable .

Constant variables are the variables that stayed the same throughout the experiment ,

to ensure that the experiment is fair .

Conducting Experiments and Testing solutions -

Accuracy ,
Precision and Errors
↳ When close to the true value of the
making measurements , a reading should be as quantity as

possible .

↳ If the
reading is very close to or the same as the true value the measurement,
is said to

be accurate .

↳
Accuracy is affected by errors in measurements .

↳ Zero of in which instrument

error is a
type error an
gives a non -
zero
reading when

the measured quantity should be zero .

-
↳ When instruments are used incorrectly the measurements
,
made can be less accurate / less
*
hypothesis -
a proposed explanation for an observation
*
phenomena -

a fact / situation that is observed to exist or happen

 precise .

↳ Parallax introduced into measurement when the

error is a
marking
instrument viewed from the wrong angle measuring cylinder Ruler

it
an is
.

on :

' '

ex
i
↳ If multiple readings taken to
are
very close one
" ✓
another or the same ,
the measurements are said to be : *" ' " " " "
"
"
"
" ""

÷ r
✗

precise .

↳ the closer the to the

readings are one another the more
, precise readings .

↳ The closer the

readings are to the true value ,
the more accurate the readings -

. .

"

'

÷i••
֥
'
••
-
••
.
. .

"

high precision high precision low precision low precision

now accuracy high accuracy low accuracy high accuracy

1. 4- Safety practices in Science

•
Hazard symbols
↳ Corrosives
May damages contact with body parts
-

cause severe on .

↳ Harmful / Irritant Can lead to irritation inflammation of the skin eyes,

allergic reactions nose
-

, or ,

or respiratory system .

May cause drowsiness and dizziness .

Has harmful health effects .

↳ Environmental effects
Toxicity Has potential to cause harmful the environment
-

on

↳
Oxidising substance Releases
oxygen easily which fire and /or explosions
-

can cause -

↳ Gases under Pressure -

May explode when heated .

May cause
oxygen deficiency if gas is leaked in an enclosed space .

↳ Acute Toxity -
Can cause toxic or harmful effects to body when breathed in swallowed or on contact w/ skin .

May be fatal .

↳ Explosives -

May cause fire explosions ,

.

↳ Flammable -

Highly flammable may cause fire / produce poisonous gas

,
when reacted with air water
,
or chemicals .

↳ difficulties
carcinogenicity / Aspiration Hazard -
Can cause breathing .

Can infertility birth defects damage to

-

cause , , organs or cancer .

of Hazard
↳
Images symbols in Textbook 1A , pg 29 pls
,
memorise .
 Chapter 2
( Physical Properties ) _

2. 2 -

Physical Properties of Materials 5 senses

The physical properties of material
qualities that be observed and measured without
•

a are can

changing its composition .

Electrical conductivity
↳ Some materials such as metals are electrical conductors , they have high electrical conductivity -

↳ Other materials rubber and electrical insulators have low electrical

plastic are , they conductivity .

↳ The electrical conductivity of a material is the measure of how easily an electric current flows through it .

•
Thermal conductivity
↳ Materials such as
plastic are poor conductors of heat , they have low thermal conductivity .

↳ Materials such as metal are good conductors of heat , they have high thermal conductivity .

↳ The thermal conductivity of a material is the measure of how easily heat flows through it .

Melting Point and Boiling Point

•

↳
Temperature affects the state of a material .

↳ The
melting point of a material is the temperature at which it changes from the solid state to the liquid state .

↳ The
boiling point of a material is the temperature at which it changes from the liquid state to the
gaseous state
.

Strength
↳ the
strength of a material is its ability to
support a
heavy load without changing its shape permanently .

•
Hardness
↳ A hard material can scratch another material that is softer than itself .

↳ The hardness of a material is its resistance to wear and tear , and scratches .

Flexibility
↳ The
flexibility of a material is its ability to bend without breaking ,
and return to its initial

shape and size after bending .

Density
•

↳
Density refers to the amount of matter an object has in proportion to its volume .

↳ In the shown when both blocks

example ,
wooden block
were placed in water , the wooden block with
a lower density than the water floats , while

the iron block with a higher density than iron block

water sinks .
•

Determining Mass
↳ Mass is the amount or quantity of matter in an object ,
all matter has mass .

↳ Common units of mass are kilogram1kg) grandg) milligram 1mg)

, , ,
and tonne (t ) .

' '
↳ We can use an electronic balance
,
a common scientific tool ,
to measure the mass of a substance .

Determining Volume
↳ Volume is the amount of object occupies commonly used
space an .

↳ we different apparatus to of beakers ,

can use measure the volume a
liquid such as
measuring cylinders ,
and more

%¥%É
'

3
II = 1000cm
↳ Common units of volume are em
3
m3 , mi , e. ooo am
}
,

Determining length
•

↳ Vernier instrument used to

caliper is the most common measure length .

↳ Vernier
caliper has a precision of up to 0 -1cm
.

Determining Density
•

↳
Density can be expressed in grams per cubic centimetre (gkm3) or kilogram per cubic metre ( kg / m3 ) .

↳ Mathematically , mass
mass

Density
Or
=
Volume density volume

•
Effects of Different Densities
↳ The density of an object affects its ability to float on or sink in water .

↳ A
heavy object does not always sink , while light object does not always float .

↳ we need to consider both the determine whether it floats / sinks

mass and volume of the object before we can .
 Chapter 3
( chemical composition ) -

3. 2- Basic Building Blocks of Matter

•
Elements
↳ Elements the basic blocks of
are building living and non -

hiring matter .

↳
They cannot be broken down into simpler substances .

↳ Elements table called the Periodic Table

are represented by chemical symbols and grouped in a .

É >

Compounds
↳
compounds consist of two / more elements that are
chemically combined -

↳
one common compound is water (1-120) ,
it is formed when the elements hydrogen and

oxygen are chemically combined .

↳ A compound cannot be separated into its constituent elements easily .

•
Mixtures
↳ A mixture is made
up of two / more elements and /or compounds that are not chemically combined .

↳ Air is a mixture ,
it contains various substance such as
nitrogen (element] , oxygen ( element ) , carbon
dioxide (compound ) and water vapour ( compound ) .

↳ The constituents of mixtures can be separated from the mixtures easily ,

unlike compounds .

•
Solutions
↳ A solution mixture in which dissolves another substance
is a one substance completely in .

↳ The substance that dissolves is called a solute while the substance in which the solute dissolves
,

is called the solvent .

•
Rate of Dissolving
↳ When solute dissolves solvent , we say that
a
completely in a it is soluble .

↳ Substances that do not dissolve solvent considered insoluble

in a
given are -

↳ The rate of dissolving refers to how quickly a solute dissolves in a solvents .

↳ Some factors affecting the rate of dissolving are :

size of solute particles

-

temperature of solvent
-
rate of stirring
 •

Solubility
↳ The
solubility of a solute is different from its rate of dissolving .

↳
Solubility refers to how well a solute dissolves in a fixed volume of a
particular solvent -

↳ Some factors that affect solubility are :

type of solvent
-

type of solute

Suspensions
•

↳ A mixture that contains insoluble substances in solvent

suspension is a a .

↳ For
example , dirty water is a
suspension as it contains substances that are insoluble in water (dirt ) .

3. 4- Distinguishing between Elements , Compounds and mixtures

"" " " "" " "" " " "

4ᵗʰ /
" " " "" " "" "

proportion of constituents
"°
Yes
An element

by mass ? is only made

up of one
Does it have the same
type of
no Yes
properties as its substance .

constituents ?

Can its constituents be

-edeasi
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
 Chapter 4
( Sepe ration Techniques ) _

4. 2- Different Types of separation Techniques

•

Magnetic Attraction
↳ substances from
Magnetic attraction is used to separate magnetic non -

magnetic substances .

•
Filtration
↳ substances with different be / filter paper
particle sizes can separated using a sieve .

↳ Filtration is the
process of substances of different particle sieve / filter
separating sizes
using a
paper .

↳ Process of filtration :
of
mixture filter paper
sand
and
sand (residue
)
water

water (filtrate)

Evaporation
•

↳ A solute (solid) and a solvent ( liquid ) can be separated using evaporation .

↳ The solvent to be
changes from a liquid to a
gas much faster than the solute This allows the solvent
.

removed from the the solute , leaving behind the solute as residue .

↳
Evaporation is a
process used to obtain a dissolved substance (solute ) from a
liquid ( solvent ) .

water vapour
/
Process of
I /
↳
Evaporation : _
i. salt Cresidue
%
.

bunsen burner

•
Distillation *

↳ Substances that boil at different

temperatures can be separated using distillation .

↳ Distillation is a process that separates substances with different boiling points through boiling and condensation -

Process of distillation :
thermometer
↳ n
n

☐
water out
=
distillation
flask
] -

er

sa"
↳""

%mmmm
solution
Chips

I /

water in

1 -
'
/I/ droplets of pure water

÷ pure water (distillate )

Chromatography
•

↳ Different mixture dissolve to different extents

substances in a in a solvent .

↳
Chromatography is used to separate small amounts of substances (such as ink) that dissolve to different

extents in a
particular solvent .
?⃝