Noida Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Greater Noida

Subject: Mathematics-III
Subject Code: AAS0301A

Unit: III

Partial differential equations Mr. Raman Chauhan

& its applications
Department of
B Tech 3rd Sem Mathematics

Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 1

11/23/2022
 Sequence of contents
1 Name of Subject with code, Course and Subject Teacher
2 Brief Introduction of Faculty member with Photograph
3 Evaluation Scheme
4 Subject Syllabus
5 Branch wise Applications
6 Course Objective (Point wise)
7 Course Outcomes (COs)
8 Program Outcomes only heading (POs)
9 COs and POs Mapping

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 Sequence of contents
10 Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
11 COs and PSOs Mapping
12 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
13 Result Analysis (Department Result, Subject Result and
Individual Faculty Result)
14 End Semester Question Paper Templates (Offline
Pattern/Online Pattern)
15 Prequisite/ Recap
16 Brief Introduction about the Subject with videos
17 Unit Content
18 Unit Objective
19 Topic Objective/Topic Outcome
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 3
 Sequence of contents
20 Lecture related to topic
21 Daily Quiz
22 Weekly Assignment
23 Topic Links
24 MCQ (End of Unit)
25 Glossary Questions
26 Old Question Papers (Sessional + University)
27 Expected Questions
28 Recap of Unit

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 Evaluation Scheme

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 Syllabus
Unit-1 (Complex Variable: Differentiation)
Limit, Continuity and differentiability, Functions of complex
variable, Analytic functions, Cauchy- Riemann equations (Cartesian
and Polar form), Harmonic function, Method to find Analytic
functions, Conformal mapping, Mobius transformation and their
properties.
Unit-2 (Complex Variable: Integration)
Complex integrals, Contour integrals, Cauchy- Goursat theorem,
Cauchy integral formula, Taylor’s Series, Laurent series,
Liouville’s Theorem, Singularities, zero of analytic function,
Residues, Method of finding residues, Cauchy Residue’s theorem,
2𝜋
Evaluation of real integral of the type ‫׬‬0 𝑓(sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 and
∞
‫׬‬−∞ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 6
 Syllabus
Unit-3 (Partial Differential Equation and its Applications)
Introduction of partial differential equations, Second order linear
partial differential equations with constant coefficients.
Classification of second order partial differential equations, Method
of separation of variables for solving partial differential equations,
Solution of one and two dimensional wave and heat conduction
equations.

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 Syllabus
Unit-4 (Numerical Techniques)
Error analysis, Zeroes of transcendental and polynomial equations
using Bisection method, Regula-falsi method and Newton-Raphson
method, Interpolation: Finite differences, Newton’s forward and
backward interpolation, Lagrange’s and Newton’s divided
difference formula for unequal intervals. Solution of system of
linear equations, Crout’s method, Gauss- Seidel method. Numerical
integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s one third and three-eight
rules, Solution of 1st order ordinary differential equations by fourth-
order Runge- Kutta methods.
Unit-5 (Aptitude-III)
Time & Work, Pipe & Cistern, Time, Speed & Distance, Boat &
Stream, Sitting Arrangement, Clock & Calendar.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 8

 Branch Wise Applications

• Partial differential equations are used all of the time in

scientific fields and engineering. They describe the dynamics
of systems of more than one variable.
• Many modern techniques in image processing and computer
vision make use of methods based on partial differential
equations (PDEs) and variational calculus.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 9

 Course Objective
The objective of this course is to familiarize the engineers with
concept of function of complex variables, complex variables& their
applications, Integral Transforms for various mathematical tasks and
numerical aptitude. It aims to show case the students with standard
concepts and tools from B. Tech to deal with advanced level of
mathematics and applications that would be essential for their
disciplines. The students will learn:
• The idea of function of complex variables and analytic functions.
• The idea of concepts of complex functions for evaluation of
definite integrals
• The concepts of concept of partial differential equation to solve
partial differential and its applications.

Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III

11/23/2022 10
 Course Objective
• The concept of finding roots by numerical method, interpolation
and numerical methods for system of linear equations, definite
integral and 1st order ordinary differential equations.
• The concept of problems based on Time & Work, Pipe & Cistern,
Time, Speed & Distance, Boat & Stream, Sitting Arrangement,
Clock & Calendar.

Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III

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 Course Outcome

• CO1: Apply the working methods of complex functions for

finding analytic functions.
• CO2: Apply the concepts of complex functions for finding
Taylor’s series, Laurent’s series and evaluation of definite
integrals.
• CO3: Apply the concept of partial differential equation to
solve complex variables and problems concerned with
partial differential equations

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 12

 Course Outcome

• CO4: Apply the concept of numerical techniques to evaluate

the zeroes of the Equation, concept of interpolation and
numerical methods for various mathematical operations and
tasks, such as integration, the solution of linear system of
equations and the solution of differential equation.
• CO5: Solve the problems of Time & Work, Pipe & Cistern,
Time, Speed & Distance, Boat & Stream, Sitting Arrangement
, Clock & Calendar.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 13

 Program Outcomes

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 CO-PO Mapping(CO3)

Sr. Course PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
No Outcome

1 CO1 H H H H L L L L L L L M

2 CO2 H H H H L L L L L L M M

3 CO3 H H H H L L L L L L M M

4 CO4 H H H H L L L L L L L M

5 CO5 H H H H L L L L L L M M

*L= Low *M= Medium *H= High

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 PSOs
PSO Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
PSO 1 The ability to identify, analyze real world problems
and design their ethical solutions using artificial
intelligence, robotics, virtual/augmented reality,
data analytics, block chain technology, and cloud
computing.
PSO 2 The ability to design and develop the hardware
sensor devices and related interfacing software
systems for solving complex engineering problems.
PSO 3 :The ability to understand inter disciplinary
computing techniques and to apply them in the
design of advanced computing.

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 CO-PSO Mapping(CO3)

CO PSO 1 PSO 2 PSO 3

CO1 H L M

CO2 L M L

CO3 M M M

CO4 H M M

CO5 H M M

*L= Low *M= Medium *H= High

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 17

 Program Educational Objectives(PEOs)
PEO-1: To have an excellent scientific and engineering breadth
so as to comprehend, analyze, design and provide sustainable
solutions for real-life problems using state-of-the-art
technologies.
PEO-2: To have a successful career in industries, to pursue
higher studies or to support entrepreneurial endeavors and to face
the global challenges.
PEO-3: To have an effective communication skills, professional
attitude, ethical values and a desire to learn specific knowledge in
emerging trends, technologies for research, innovation and
product development and contribution to society.
PEO-4: To have life-long learning for up-skilling and re-skilling
for successful professional career as engineer, scientist,
entrepreneur and bureaucrat for betterment of society.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 18

 End Semester Question Paper Template

▪ 100 Marks Question Paper Template.docx

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 19

 Prerequisite and Recap(CO3)

▪ Knowledge of differentiation
▪ Knowledge of Integration
▪ Knowledge of Fourier Series

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 20

 Brief Introduction about the subject with
videos
• We will discuss properties of complex function ( limits,
continuity, differentiability, Analyticity and integration)
• In 3rd module we will discuss application of partial differential
equations
• In 4th module we will discuss numerical methods for solving
algebraic equations, system of linear equations, definite integral
and 1st order ordinary differential equation.
• In 5th module we will discuss aptitude part.
• https://youtu.be/iUhwCfz18os
• https://youtu.be/ly4S0oi3Yz8
• https://youtu.be/f8XzF9_2ijs

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 21

 Unit Content(CO3)

• Introduction to Partial Differential Equations

• Solution of Second Order Linear Partial Differential Equation
with constant coefficients
• Classification of second order partial differential equations
• Method of separation of variables for solving partial differential
equations
• Solution of one and two dimensional wave and heat conduction
equations.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 22

 Unit Objective(CO3)
• The objective of this module is to find the roots by numerical
method, interpolation and numerical methods for system of linear
equations, definite integral and 1st order ordinary differential
equations.

Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III

11/23/2022 23
 Topic Objective (CO3)

Partial Differential Equations

• Complex problems by applying the knowledge acquired to
areas that are different to the original ones.
• Solving real problems by identifying them appropriately from
the perspective of partial derivative equations.
• Use appropriate methods to study phenomena modeled
with partial derivative equations.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 24

 Partial differential equations (CO3)

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 25

 Partial differential equations (CO3)

• A differential equation containing dependent variables and

independent variables and partial derivatives of dependent
variable with respect to two or more independent variables is
called a partial differential equation.
For example-
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
1. 𝑦 +𝑥 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2. + =1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 26

 Partial differential equations (CO3)

• Partial derivatives denoted by some alphabets or notation

which is denoted as follows:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑝 or 𝑧𝑥 = q or 𝑧𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
= 𝑟 or 𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡 or 𝑧𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2 𝑧
= 𝑠 or 𝑧𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 27

 Partial differential equations (CO3)

Some important partial differential equations are as follows:

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
+ 2 + 2 =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
This equation is known as Laplace equation.
𝜕2 𝑢 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
=𝑐 + +
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
This equation is known as wave equation.
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
=𝑐 + 2+ 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
This equation is known as heat conducting equation.
Above equations are generally occurs in the problems of physics
and engineering.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 28

 Partial differential equations (CO3)

❖Order of partial differential equations:

The order of the highest ordered derivative present in the
equation is called the order of partial differential equation.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Example:𝑦 + 𝑥 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
In this equation highest order of derivative is 1.
❖ Degree of partial differential equation:
Degree of partial differential equation is the power of the highest
ordered derivative should be free from fraction powers and
radical sign.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Example: + = 0 degree is 1 and order is also 1.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 29

 Daily Quiz(CO3)

Discuss the order & degree of the following equations

𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Q1. =𝑐 + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Q2. =𝑐 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

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 Recap(CO3)

✓ PDE
✓ Order and degree of partial differential equation

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 31

 Topic objective (CO3)

Linear Partial Differential Equation

• This topic present’s the main results in the context of partial
differential equations that allow learning about these models
and to study numerical methods for the approximation of their
solution. Analyze, synthesize, organize and plan projects in the
field of study.

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 Linear Partial differential equation(CO3)

• Linear Homogeneous Partial Differential Equation:

A partial differential equation, is said to be linear if it is of the first
degree in the dependent variable and its partial derivatives and also
they are not multiplied together.
if , in addition, every term of the equation contains the dependent
variable or its derivative, it is called a homogeneous equation.
Example: 𝑝 + 3𝑞 = 5𝑧 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 − 3𝑥 is a linear PDE of 1st order.
• Quasi linear partial differential equations:
A partial differential equation is said to be quasi linear if degree of
highest ordered derivative is one or no products of the partial
derivatives of the highest order are present.

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 Linear Partial differential equation(CO3)

𝑦2𝑧
Example 1: 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧𝑞 = 𝑦 2 is quasi linear p.d.e of 1st order.
𝑥
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
Example 2: z + = 0 is quasi linear p.d.e of 2nd order.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 + 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑅 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
This is known as general form of quasi linear p.d.e. of 1st order .

• Non linear partial differential equations:

A PDE which is neither linear nor quasi- linear is called non-
linear PDE.
Example: 𝑝2 𝑥 + 𝑞 2 𝑦 = 𝑧 2

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 PDE of higher order(CO3)
Definitions:
• Complete solution: The solution 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0 of a first
ordered partial differential equation, which contains two
arbitrary constants is called complete solution or complete
integral.
• Particular solution: A solution obtained from the complete
integral by giving particular values to the arbitrary constant is
called particular solution or particular integral.
• Boundary conditions: The unique solution of a partial
differential equation corresponding to the physical problem
must satisfy certain other conditions at the boundary of the
region R. these are known as boundary condition.
• Initial condition: If these conditions are given to the time 𝑡 =
0, they are known as initial conditions.
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 35
 Linear Partial differential equation(CO3)

Discuss the Type of Following Partial Differential equation:

Q1. 𝑥 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 𝑝 + 𝑦 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑞 = 𝑧 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
Q2. 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 3𝑧
Q3. 3 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑝 + 𝑥 2𝑧 − 1 𝑞 = 2𝑥 𝑦 − 3
Q4.𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
Q5. 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑝 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑞 = 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑧
Q6. 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 1
Q7. 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
where 𝑝 = and 𝑞 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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 Recap(CO3)

✓ Order and degree of partial differential equation

✓ Types of partial differential equation.

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 Topic objectives (CO3)

Homogeneous Partial differential equation

• Learn to solve systems of homogenous linear equations and
application problems

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 PDE of higher order(CO3)
❖ Linear partial differential equation with constant
coefficients of higher order:
A PDE in which the dependent variable and its derivatives
appear only in the 1st degree and are not multiplied together is
called Linear partial differential equation with constant
coefficients.

General form:
𝜕𝑛𝑢 𝜕𝑛𝑢 𝜕𝑛𝑢 𝜕 𝑛−1 𝑢
𝐴0 𝑛 + 𝐴1 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑛 + 𝐵0 𝑛−1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑛𝑢 𝜕 𝑛−1 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ 𝐵1 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝐵𝑛 𝑛−1 + 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝑃0 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)

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 PDE of higher order(CO3)

❖Partial differential equation of 2nd order:

A PDE of the second order which include at least one of the
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
partial derivatives r = ,s = , t= but none of the
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
higher order is said to be Partial differential equation of 2nd order.
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Example: + 2 + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

❖Homogenous Linear Partial Differential Equation

With Constant Coefficients :
A equation of the of the form
𝜕𝑛 𝑢 𝜕𝑛 𝑢 𝜕𝑛 𝑢
𝑎0 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑛 = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 ……(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

Where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 …𝑎𝑛 are constants, is called homogeneous

partial differential of nth order with constant coefficients.
𝜕 𝜕
Taking = 𝐷, = 𝐷′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Equation (1) can be written as ∅ 𝐷, 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 …..(2)
Complete solution of equation (2) is
𝑧 = Complementary Function +Particular Integral= C. F. +P. I.
i. Complementary Function (C.F.): which is the complete
solution of the equation ∅ 𝐷, 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
ii. Particular integral (P.I.): which is particular solution (free
from arbitrary constants) of ∅ 𝐷, 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦

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 Homogeneous linear PDE of (CO3)

▪ RULES FOR FINDING C.F.:

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
let us consider +𝑎1 + 𝑎2 2 =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕
1. Taking = 𝐷, = 𝐷′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
So we get equation in this form
2
(𝐷2 +𝑎1 DD′ + 𝑎2 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 0
2. Taking D = 𝑚, & 𝐷′ = 1, we get
𝑚2 +𝑎1 m + 𝑎2 = 0 is called auxiliary equation.
3. We get roots 𝑚1 , 𝑚2
Case 1. If the roots of A.E. are 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 (distinct roots),then
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑥

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

General form :If the roots of A.E. are 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3……… (all distinct
roots),then C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝑓3 (𝑦 +
𝑚3 𝑥 ) + ⋯
Case 2: If the roots of A.E. are 𝑚1 , 𝑚1 (two equal roots) then
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑥
Note:
• If the roots of A.E. are 𝑚1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 then
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑓3 𝑦 + 𝑚3 𝑥
• If the roots of A.E. are 𝑚1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑚1 (three equal roots),then
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑓3 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑥

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 43

 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

Example 1. Solve 𝑫 + 𝟐𝑫′ 𝑫 − 𝟑𝑫′ 𝟐 = 𝟎

Solution. Auxiliary Equation is (Taking 𝐷 = 𝑚, 𝐷′ = 1 )
𝑚+2 𝑚−3 2 =0
⇒ 𝑚 = −2,3,3
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓3 𝑦 + 3𝑥
P. I. = 0
Hence the solution is
𝑧 = C. F. +P. I. = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓3 𝑦 + 3𝑥
Where 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 are arbitrary functions.

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)
𝝏𝟑 𝒛 𝝏𝟑 𝒛 𝝏𝟑 𝒛
Example 2 Solve −𝟑 + 𝟐 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟑 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚𝟐
Solution: The given equation is
2
(𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 D′ + 2D𝐷′ )𝑧 = 0
The auxiliary equation is(Taking 𝐷 = 𝑚, 𝐷′ = 1 )
𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 + 2𝑚 = 0
⇒𝑚 𝑚−1 𝑚−2 =0
⇒ 𝑚 = 0,1,2
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑓3 𝑦 + 2𝑥
P. I. = 0
Hence the solution is
𝑧 = C. F. +P. I. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑓3 𝑦 + 2𝑥
Where 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 are arbitrary functions.
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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

Example 3. Solve 𝐫 = 𝒂𝟐 𝐭
2 2 ′ 2
Solution: The Given equation is (𝐷 −𝑎 𝐷 )𝑧 =0
The auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 𝑎2 = 0
𝑚 = ±𝑎
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥
P. I. = 0
Hence the solution is
𝑧 = C. F. +P. I. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥
Where 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , are arbitrary functions

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

Example 4. Solve 𝟒𝒓 − 𝟏𝟐𝒔 + 𝟗𝒕 = 𝟎

Solution. The given equation 4𝐷2 − 12𝐷𝐷′ + 9𝐷′2 𝑧 = 0
3 3
The auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 12m + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = , .
2 2
3 3
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥
2 2
P. I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is
3 3
𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥 Where 𝑓1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2 are arbitrary
2 2
functions.

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)
𝝏𝟒 𝒛 𝝏𝟒 𝒛
Example 5. Solve + 𝝏𝒚𝟒 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟒

Solution: The Given equation is (𝐷4 +𝐷′4 )𝑧 = 0

Auxiliary Equation is 𝑚4 + 1 = 0
𝑚4 + 1 + 2𝑚2 = 2𝑚2
2
⇒ (𝑚2
+1 − 𝑚 2 =0 )2
⇒ (𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 1 )(𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1)=0
⇒ 𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 1=0 or 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
−1±𝑖 1±𝑖 −1±𝑖 1±𝑖
𝑚= , , 𝑧1 = and 𝑧2 = ,𝑚 = 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ,𝑧ഥ1 , 𝑧ഥ2
2 2 2 2
Here 𝑧ഥ1 and 𝑧ഥ2 are denote complex conjugate of 𝑧1 and 𝑧2
respectively.
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑧1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 𝑧ഥ1 𝑥)+𝑓3 (𝑦 + 𝑧2 𝑥) + 𝑓4 (𝑦 + 𝑧ഥ2 𝑥)
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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

P. I. = 0
Hence the complete solution is
𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑧1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑧ഥ1 𝑥 + 𝑓3 (𝑦 + 𝑧2 𝑥) + 𝑓4 (𝑦 + 𝑧ഥ2 𝑥)
Where 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3, and 𝑓4 are arbitrary functions.

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 Daily Quiz(CO3)

Q1. Solve (𝐷3 −2𝐷2 𝐷′)𝑧 = 0

Ans:𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥)
Q2. Solve (𝐷2 −𝐷𝐷′)𝑧 = 0
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 𝑥)
𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕3 𝑧
Q3. Solve − 2 + 3 =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓3 (𝑦 + 𝑥)
Q4. Solve 𝑟 + 𝑠 − 2𝑡 = 0
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥)

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

▪ Method’s for finding P.I.

1
P.I of the equation 𝐹 𝐷, 𝐷′ = 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦 is given by 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦
𝐹 𝐷,𝐷 ′
Short methods:
When 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦 is a function of type 𝜙(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
To find out P.I of the equation
1. 𝐹 𝐷, 𝐷′ = 𝜙 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 ; 𝐹 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0 Where 𝐹 𝐷, 𝐷′ is a
homogeneous function of 𝐷 and 𝐷′ of degree 𝑛.
2. Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎 ,𝐷′ by 𝑏 in 𝐹 𝐷, 𝐷′ to get 𝐹 𝑎, 𝑏
3. Put 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑢 and integrate 𝜙(𝑢),𝑛 times w.r.t. 𝑢.
1
4. Then, P. I. = ‫ )𝑢(𝜙 ׬…… ׬ ׬ ׬‬d𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢…. 𝑑𝑢 (𝑛 times).
𝐹 𝑎,𝑏

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5. Replace 𝑢 by 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 at last under the condition 𝐹 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0.

If 𝐹 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0 then the test fails.
Where 𝐹 𝐷, 𝐷′ is a homogeneous function of 𝐷 and 𝐷′ of degree 𝑛.
then we apply following steps to get P. I.
Steps 1.Differenciate 𝐹 𝐷, 𝐷′ partially w.r.t 𝐷 and simultaneously
multiply the expression by 𝑥.
1 𝑥
P. I. = 𝑥 𝜕 𝜙(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) = 𝜙(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
(𝐹 𝐷,𝐷 ′ ) 𝐹 ′ (𝐷,𝐷 ′ )
𝜕𝐷

Steps 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 𝑎, 𝐷′ = 𝑏 & 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 Then

𝑥
P. I. = ′ ‫)𝑢(𝜙 ׬…… ׬ ׬ ׬‬ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢…. 𝑑𝑢 (𝑛 − 1 times).
𝐹 (𝑎,𝑏)
′
under the condition that 𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

Step 3. This method fails if 𝐹 ′ (𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0.Then we need to follow

the same process again.
Since 𝐹′ 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0 where 𝐹′ 𝐷, 𝐷′ is a homogenous functions of
𝐷 and 𝐷′ of degree 𝑛 − 1.
then we apply following steps to get P. I.
Step 4. Repeat the procedure as again differentiate 𝐹′ 𝐷, 𝐷′
partially w.r.t 𝐷 and simultaneously multiply the expression by 𝑥.
1 𝑥 2
P. I. = 𝑥 2 . 𝜙(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) = ′′ 𝜙(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
𝜕 ′
𝐹 (𝐷, 𝐷 )
{F′(D,D’)}
𝜕𝐷

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

Step 5. 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 𝑎, 𝐷′ = 𝑏 & 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦

𝑥2
Then P. I. = ‫)𝑢(𝜙 ׬…… ׬ ׬ ׬‬ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢…. 𝑑𝑢 (𝑛 − 2
𝐹 ′′ (𝑎,𝑏)
times)
under the condition that 𝐹′′ 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0.
Step 3. This method also fails if 𝐹′′ 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0. Then we need to
follow the same process again.

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

Example 1.Solve the linear partial differential equation.

𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕3 𝑧
−3 + 4 3 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 .
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Solution: The given equation is
𝜕 𝜕
(𝐷3 −3𝐷2 D′ + 4𝐷′3 )𝑧=𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 where D = and D′ =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Auxiliary equation is
𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 + 4 = 0
⇒ 𝑚2 𝑚 + 1 − 4𝑚 𝑚 + 1 + 4 𝑚 + 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑚−2 2 m+1 =0
⇒ 𝑚 = 2,2, −1
two roots are equal and one is different so C. F.

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C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓3 𝑦 + 2𝑥 ……….(1)
1 𝑥+2𝑦
P. I. = 𝑒
𝐷3 −3𝐷2 𝐷′ +4𝐷′3
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 1, 𝐷′ = 2 & 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦.
1 1 𝑢
= ‫=𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑒 ׬ ׬ ׬‬ 𝑒
13 −3(1)2 .2+4(2)3 27
Since 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
1 𝑥+2𝑦
= 𝑒 ……………………………………………(2)
27
Hence the complete solution is (equation 1 & 2)
1 𝑥+2𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓3 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒
27
Where 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 and 𝑓3 are arbitrary functions.

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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Example 2: −2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Solution: The given equation is
(𝐷2 − 2DD′)𝑧 = sin 𝑥 cos 2𝑦
Auxiliary equation is
𝑚2 − 2m = 0
𝑚 = 0,2 roots are different
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 ………….(1)
1
P. I. = 2 ′
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦
𝐷 − 2𝐷𝐷
1
= 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 2𝑦 )
2(𝐷 −2𝐷𝐷 ′ )

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1 1 1
= [ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 2𝑦)]
2 𝐷 −2𝐷𝐷 ′ 𝐷 −2𝐷𝐷′
1
= (𝑃1 +𝑃2 )
2
1
𝑃1 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝐷 −2𝐷𝐷′
1
= 2 ‫𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑛𝑖𝑆 ׬ ׬‬ where 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
1 −2(1)(2)
1 1
=− − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝑦)……..(2)
3 3
1
𝑃2 = 2 ′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝐷 − 2𝐷𝐷
1
= ‫׬‬ ‫ 𝑣𝑑𝑣𝑑 𝑣 𝑛𝑖𝑆 ׬‬where 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦
12 −2(1)(−2)

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1 1
= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 2𝑦)………….(3)
5 5
From (2 & 3),
1 1
𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 2𝑦)……….(4)
6 10
Hence the complete solution is by equation (1 & 4)
1 1
𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 2𝑦)
6 10
where 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are arbitrary functions.
Example 3: Solve 𝑟 + 2𝑠 + 𝑡 = 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)
Solution: The given equation is
(𝐷2 + 2DD′ + 𝐷′2 )𝑧 = 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)
Auxiliary equation is
𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
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 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)
𝑚 = −1, −1
Roots are equal so C.F.
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑥 ……..(1)
1 1
𝑃. 𝐼. = ′ 2
2 𝑦−𝑥 + ′ 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
𝐷+𝐷 (𝐷 + 𝐷 )
1
𝑃1 = 2(𝑦 − 𝑥) because test fails 𝐹 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0
𝐷+𝐷 ′ 2
1
= 2𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑥)
2 𝐷+𝐷 ′
1
=𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑥) again test fails 𝐹′ 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0
𝐷+𝐷 ′
= 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑥) ……….(2)
1
𝑃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑦) because test fails 𝐹 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0.
(𝐷+𝐷′ )2

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1
=𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦) again test fails 𝐹′ 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0
2 𝐷+𝐷 ′
1
𝑥 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦)………..(3)
2
By equation (2) & (3)
𝑥2
𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑥2 𝑦−𝑥 + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)…………(4)
2
By equation (1) & (4)
𝑥 2
𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)
2
where 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are arbitrary functions.

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 Daily Quiz(CO3)

2
Q1. (𝐷2 + 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ )𝑧=𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦

2 3 1Τ
Q2. (𝐷3 − 4𝐷2 𝐷′ + 5𝐷𝐷′ − 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑦+2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 2

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▪ When 𝜙(𝒙, 𝒚) is of the form 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 or A rational integral

algebraic function of 𝒙 & 𝒚.
P. I. of the equation 𝐹 𝐷, 𝐷′ = 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) is given by
1 1
P. I. = 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦
F(D,D’) 1+W (D,D’)
= 1 + 𝑊(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) −1 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦
Then expand 1 + 𝑊(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) −1 as a series and find the P. I.

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2
Example 1. Solve (𝐷2 − 6𝐷𝐷′ + 9𝐷′ )𝑧 = 12𝑥 2 + 36𝑥𝑦
Solution: Auxiliary equation is
𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 = 0
𝑚 = 3,3 roots are equal ,so
C. F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 ………(1)
1
P.I.= 12𝑥 2 + 36𝑥𝑦
(𝐷2−6𝐷𝐷′+9𝐷′2)
1 1
= (12𝑥 2 ) + (36𝑥𝑦)
(𝐷2
− 6𝐷𝐷′ + 9𝐷′ 2 ) (𝐷2 − 6𝐷𝐷′ + 9𝐷′ 2 )
= 𝑃1 + 𝑃2

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1
𝑃1 = 12𝑥 2
(𝐷2 − 6𝐷𝐷′ + 9𝐷′ 2 )
1 2
= 12𝑥
(𝐷 − 3𝐷′)2
1 2
= 2 12𝑥
𝐷′
𝐷2 1 − 3
𝐷
−2
1 𝐷′
= 2 1−3 12𝑥 2
𝐷 𝐷
Neglecting higher power terms
1 𝐷′
= 2 (1 + 6 ) 12𝑥 2
𝐷 𝐷
1 𝐷′
= 2 12𝑥 + 6 12𝑥 2
2
𝐷 𝐷
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 65
 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)
1
= 2 (12𝑥 2 + 0)
𝐷
integrating two times w.r.t. 𝑥
12 4
= 𝑥
12
= 𝑥4
1
𝑃2 = 2 2 36𝑥𝑦
(𝐷 − 6𝐷𝐷′ + 9𝐷 ) ′
1
= (36𝑥𝑦)
(𝐷 − 3𝐷′) 2
1
= 2 36𝑥𝑦
2 𝐷′
𝐷 1−3
𝐷

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 66

 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

−2
1 𝐷′
= 2 1−3 36𝑥𝑦
𝐷 𝐷
Neglecting higher power terms
1 𝐷′
= 2 1+6 36𝑥𝑦
𝐷 𝐷
1 𝐷′
= 2 (36𝑥𝑦 + 6 36𝑥𝑦)
𝐷 𝐷
1 1
= 2 (36𝑥𝑦 + 6 36𝑥)
𝐷 𝐷
1 36 𝑥 2
= 2 (36𝑥𝑦 + 6 × )
𝐷 2
1 1 2
= 36 (𝑦 2 𝑥 + 3 2 𝑥 )
𝐷 𝐷
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 67
 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

integrating w.r.t. x
𝑥3 𝑥4
= 36 𝑦 + 3
6 12
= (6𝑥 3 𝑦 + 9𝑥 4 )
P.I.= 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
= 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 𝑦 + 9𝑥 4
= 6𝑥 3 𝑦 + 10𝑥 4 ……..(2)
By equation (1 & 2) General solution is
𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 3 𝑦 + 10𝑥 4

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 68

 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Example2: Solve +3 + 2 2 = 12𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Solution:(𝐷2 + 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷 )𝑧 = 12𝑥𝑦 ′2

Auxiliary equation is
𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
𝑚 = −1, −2 roots are different , so
C.F. = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 ………(1)
1
P.I.= (12𝑥𝑦)
( 2
𝐷 2 +3𝐷𝐷′+2𝐷′ )
1
= (12𝑥𝑦)
𝐷′ 𝐷′2
𝐷2 1+3 +2 2
𝐷 𝐷

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 69

 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)
−1
1 𝐷′ 𝐷′2
= 2 1+3 +2 2 12𝑥𝑦
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
Neglecting higher power terms
1 𝐷′ 𝐷′2
= 2 1 − 3 − 2 2 12𝑥𝑦
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
1 1
= 2 (12𝑥𝑦 − 3 12𝑥 − 2 × 0)
𝐷 𝐷
1 𝑥2
= 2 (12𝑥𝑦 − 3 × 12 )
𝐷 2
1 1 2
= (12𝑦 2 𝑥 − 3 × 6 2 𝑥 )
𝐷 𝐷
𝑥3 𝑥4
= 12𝑦 − 3 × 6
6 12
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 70
 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

3
= 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑥 4 …………………………..(2)
2
By equation(1 & 2)
3 4 3
𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥
2
▪ General method of finding P.I. :
1
𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦 = ‫𝑥 𝜙 ׬‬, 𝑐 − 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥, here 𝑦 ⟶ 𝑐 − 𝑚𝑥
𝐷−𝑚𝐷′
Q.1 Solve the linear partial differential equation
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
+ −6 2 = 𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 71

 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

2
Solution: (𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑦 cos 𝑥
Auxiliary equation is
𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0
𝑚 = 2, −3 roots are different , so
𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 ………(1)
1
𝑃. 𝐼. = 2 2 𝑦 cos 𝑥
(𝐷 + 𝐷𝐷 − 6𝐷 )
′ ′
1
= 𝑦 cos 𝑥
(𝐷 − 2𝐷′)(𝐷 + 3𝐷′)
1
= 𝑐 + 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ⟶ 𝑐 + 3𝑥
(𝐷−2𝐷′) ‫׬‬

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 72

 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

1
= න 𝑐 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝐷 − 2𝐷′)
1
= [𝑐 sin 𝑥 + 3{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬1. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥}]
(𝐷−2𝐷′)
1
= [(𝑐 + 3𝑥) sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥]
(𝐷 − 2𝐷′)
1
= [𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥] where 𝑐 ⟶ 𝑦 − 3𝑥
(𝐷−2𝐷′)
= ‫ 𝑏 ׬‬− 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 +3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ⟶ 𝑏 − 2𝑥

= −𝑏 cos 𝑥 − 2{𝑥(− cos 𝑥 − (−2) න − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } +3 sin 𝑥

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 73

 Homogeneous linear PDE (CO3)

= −𝑏 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥

= − 𝑏 − 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
= −𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 where 𝑦 ⟶ 𝑏 − 2𝑥
Hence the general solution is
𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
Where 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are arbitrary functions.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 74

 Daily Quiz(CO3)

2
Q1. (𝐷2 +(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝐷𝐷′ + 𝑎𝑏𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦
1 3 (𝑎+𝑏)𝑥 4
Ans: 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 −
6 24
2
Q2. (𝐷2 −𝐷𝐷′ − 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = (𝑦 − 1)𝑒 𝑥
Ans: 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
2
Q3. (𝐷2 +2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 2 cos 𝑦 − 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 75

 Recap(CO3)

✓ Order and degree of partial differential equation.

✓ Homogenous Partial Differential equation
✓ C.F. for Homogenous Partial Differential equation.
✓ P.I. for Homogenous Partial Differential equation.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 76

 Topic objective (CO3)

Non homogenous linear partial differential equation

• It can lead to a shock wave solution and it bring
our study of partial differential equations with some real time
problems.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 77

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

❖Non homogenous linear PDE with constant

coefficients:
In the equation 𝜙 𝐷, 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 ⋯ ⋯ 1
If the polynomial 𝜙 𝐷, 𝐷′ is not homogenous then it is called non-
homogenous linear PDE.
For e.g-
(i) 𝐷 − 𝐷′2 𝑧 = 0
(ii) 𝐷2 − 𝐷′ 2 + 𝐷 + 3𝐷′ − 2 𝑧 = 0
Solution of 1 is given by 𝑧 = C.F. + P.I.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 78

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
▪ Method of Finding C.F.-
Case-1: If we resolve 𝜙 𝐷, 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0 into linear factor of the
form 𝐷 − 𝑚𝐷′ − 𝑎 = 0 then C.F. is given by-
C.F.= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑚𝑥)
Note :
1. if 𝜙 𝐷, 𝐷′ = 𝐷 − 𝑚𝐷′ − 𝑎 2
Then
C.F.= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 𝑚𝑥)
2. if 𝜙 𝐷, 𝐷′ = 𝐷 − 𝑚𝐷′ − 𝑎 3
Then
C.F.= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓3 (𝑦 +
𝑚𝑥)
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 79
 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

Case-2: If we cannot resolve 𝜙 𝐷, 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0 into linear factor.

′ 2
Let 𝐷 − 𝐷 𝑧 = 0⋯⋯ 1
Let the solution of 1 is
𝑧 = 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
Then 𝐷𝑧 = 𝐴ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
2
𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑘 2 𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
Then 𝐴ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 − 𝐴𝑘 2 𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝐴 ℎ − 𝑘 2 𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 = 0
⇒ ℎ − 𝑘 2 = 0⇒ ℎ = 𝑘 2
𝑘 2 𝑥+𝑘𝑦
So general solution is given by- 𝑧 = σ 𝐴𝑒
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 80
 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

Example-1 Solve: 𝐷 + 4𝐷′ + 5 2 𝑧 = 0

Solution: Here given PDE is non homogenous
So C.F.= 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 − 4𝑥
P.I.= 0
𝑧 = C.F. + P.I.
⇒𝑧 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 − 4𝑥
Example-2 Solve: 𝑟 − 𝑡 + 𝑝 − 𝑞 = 0
𝜕2 𝑧
Solution: ∵ 𝑟 = = 𝐷2 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑧
𝑡= = 𝐷′2 𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 81

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

𝜕𝑧
𝑝= = 𝐷𝑧
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
𝑞= = 𝐷′ 𝑧
𝜕𝑦
Put these values we get
2
𝐷2 − 𝐷′ + 𝐷 − 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 + 𝐷′ 𝐷 − 𝐷′ + 𝐷 − 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 − 𝐷′ 𝐷 + 𝐷′ + 1 𝑧 = 0
C.F.= 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑥
P.I.= 0
𝑧 = C.F. + P.I.
⇒𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑥
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 82
 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

Example-3 Solve: 𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷 − 2𝐷′ − 3 𝑧 = 0

Solution: Given equation is non homogenous
Here 𝐷𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦
𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑓2 𝑥
𝐷 − 2𝐷′ − 3 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑓3 𝑦 + 2𝑥
C.F.= 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑓2 𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑓3 𝑦 + 2𝑥
P.I.= 0
𝑧 = C.F. + P.I.
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑓2 𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑓3 𝑦 + 2𝑥
2
Example-4 Solve: 𝐷2 − 𝐷′ + 𝐷 + 3𝐷′ − 2 𝑧 = 0
Solution: After factor

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 83

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 1 𝐷 − 𝐷′ + 2 𝑧 = 0
C.F.= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥
P.I.= 0
𝑧 = C.F. + P.I.
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥
⇒𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥
2
Example-5 Solve: 𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′ − 2𝐷′ + 2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
Solution: Given PDE is non homogenous
To find C.F.
2
𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′ − 2𝐷′ + 2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 + 𝐷′ 𝐷 − 2𝐷′ + 2 𝑧 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 84

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

C.F.= 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥
P.I. = 0
𝑧 = C.F. + P.I.
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 0
⇒𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥
Example-6 Solve: 𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ + 4 𝑧 = 0
Solution: Here linear factor is not possible
𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ + 4 𝑧 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ 1
Let the solution of 1 is
𝑧 = 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 85

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
Then 𝐷𝑧 = 𝐴ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
𝐷2 𝑧 = 𝐴ℎ2 𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
𝐷𝐷′𝑧 = 𝐴ℎ𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
Put these values in 1
⇒𝐴ℎ2 𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 − 3𝐴ℎ𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 + 𝐴𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 + 4𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 = 0
⇒𝐴ℎ2 𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 − 3𝐴ℎ𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 + 𝐴𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 + 4𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 = 0
⇒ ℎ2 − 3ℎ𝑘 + 𝑘 + 4 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 = 0
⇒ ℎ2 − 3ℎ𝑘 + 𝑘 + 4 = 0 ∵ 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 ≠ 0
So general solution is given by
⇒𝑧 = σ 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 where ℎ2 − 3ℎ𝑘 + 𝑘 + 4 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 86

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
• Method of finding P.I.-
let 𝜙 𝐷, 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 ⋯ ⋯ 1
1
Then P.I. = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
𝜙 𝐷,𝐷′
Case-1: When 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦
1
Then P.I. = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 where 𝜙 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0.
𝜙 𝑎,𝑏
Case-2: When 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) or cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
1
Then P.I. = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
𝜙 −𝑎2 ,−𝑎𝑏,−𝑏2
where 𝜙 −𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏 2 ≠ 0.
i.e. put 𝐷2 = −𝑎2 , 𝐷𝐷′ = −𝑎𝑏, 𝐷′2 = −𝑏 2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 87

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

Case-3: When 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛
1
Then P.I. = 𝑥𝑚𝑦𝑛
𝜙 𝐷,𝐷′
⇒ P.I. = 1 + 𝑊 𝐷, 𝐷′ −1 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛
Case-4:When 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 . 𝑉 where 𝑉 is any function of
𝑥, 𝑦.
1
Then P.I. = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 . 𝑉
𝜙 𝐷,𝐷 ′
1
⇒ P.I. = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑉
𝜙 𝐷+𝑎,𝐷 ′ +𝑏

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 88

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

2
Example-7 Solve: 𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ − 𝐷 + 2𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦
Solution: Given PDE is non homogenous
To find C.F.
2
𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ − 𝐷 + 2𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 − 2𝐷′ 2 − 𝐷 − 2𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 − 2𝐷′ 𝐷 − 2𝐷′ − 1 𝑧 = 0
C.F.= 𝑓1 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥
1 3𝑥+4𝑦
P.I. = 2 𝑒
𝐷 2 −4𝐷𝐷 ′ +4𝐷′ −𝐷+2𝐷 ′
′
Here put 𝐷 = 3 & 𝐷 = 4, 𝜙 3,4 = 30 ≠ 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 89

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
1 3𝑥+4𝑦
P.I. = 𝑒
32 −4.3.4+4.4 2 −3+2.4
1 3𝑥+4𝑦
P.I. = 𝑒
30
𝑧 = C.F. + P.I.
1 3𝑥+4𝑦
⇒𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒
30
2
Example-8 Solve: 𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′ − 2𝐷′ + 2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ 𝑧 =
sin 2𝑥 + 𝑦
Sol: Given PDE is non homogenous
To find C.F.
2
𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′ − 2𝐷′ + 2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 + 𝐷′ 𝐷 − 2𝐷′ + 2 𝑧 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 90

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
C.F.= 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥
1
P.I. = 2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷 2 −𝐷𝐷 ′ −2𝐷′ +2𝐷+2𝐷 ′
2 2
Here put 𝐷 = −2 = −4
𝐷′2 = −12 = −1
𝐷𝐷′ = −2.1 = −2
1
P.I.= sin 2𝑥 + 𝑦
−4 +2−2×−1+2𝐷+2𝐷 ′
1
= sin 2𝑥 + 𝑦
2(𝐷+𝐷 ′ )
1
= sin 2𝑥 + 𝑦
2(𝐷+𝐷′ )
𝐷−𝐷 ′
= sin 2𝑥 + 𝑦
2 𝐷+𝐷 ′ 𝐷−𝐷 ′

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 91

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

𝐷−𝐷 ′
= 2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑦
2 𝐷2 −𝐷 ′

𝐷−𝐷 ′
= sin 2𝑥 + 𝑦
2 −4+1
2 cos 2𝑥+𝑦 −cos 2𝑥+𝑦
=
−6
1
= − cos 2𝑥 + 𝑦
6
𝑧 = C.F. + P.I.
1
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 + 𝑦
6

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 92

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

2
Example-9 Solve: 𝐷 − 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 3𝑦
Solution: Given PDE is non homogenous to find C.F.
2
Put 𝐷 − 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ 1
Here factor is not possible
Let the solution of 1 is
𝑧 = 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
Then 𝐷𝑧 = 𝐴ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
2
𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑘 2 𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦
Then 𝐴ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 − 𝐴𝑘 2 𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 93

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

⇒ 𝐴 ℎ − 𝑘 2 𝑒 ℎ𝑥+𝑘𝑦 = 0
⇒ ℎ − 𝑘 2 = 0⇒ ℎ = 𝑘 2
2 𝑥+𝑘𝑦
So C.F. is given by- C. F. = σ 𝐴𝑒 𝑘
1
P.I. = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 3𝑦
𝐷−𝐷′

Put 𝐷′2 = −(−3)2 = −9

1 𝐷−9
P.I. = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − 3𝑦
𝐷+9 𝐷2 −81
Put 𝐷2 = − 1 2 = −1
−sin 𝑥−3𝑦 −9cos 𝑥−3𝑦
=
−1−81
sin 𝑥−3𝑦 +9cos 𝑥−3𝑦
P.I.=
82

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 94

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

𝑧 = C.F. + P.I.
2 𝑥+𝑘𝑦 1
⇒𝑧 = σ 𝐴𝑒 𝑘 + sin 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9cos 𝑥 − 3𝑦
82
2
Example-10 Solve: 𝐷2 − 𝐷′ − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
Solution: Given PDE is non homogenous, to find C.F. put
2
𝐷2 − 𝐷′ − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 + 𝐷′ 𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 3 𝐷 − 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 − 𝐷′ 𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 3 𝑧 = 0
C.F.= 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑥
1
P.I. = 2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
𝐷 2 −𝐷′ −3𝐷+3𝐷 ′

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 95

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
1 1
P.I. = 2 𝑥𝑦 + 2 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
𝐷 2 −𝐷′ −3𝐷+3𝐷 ′ 𝐷2 −𝐷 ′ −3𝐷+3𝐷 ′

= 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
1
∵ 𝑃1 = 2 𝑥𝑦
𝐷2 −𝐷 ′ −3𝐷+3𝐷 ′
1
⇒ 𝑃1 = 𝑥𝑦
𝐷−𝐷 ′ 𝐷+𝐷 ′ −3
1
= 𝐷′ 𝐷+𝐷′
𝑥𝑦
𝐷 1− 𝐷 ×(−3) 1− 3

−1 −1
1 𝐷′ 𝐷+𝐷 ′
= 1− 1− 𝑥𝑦
−3𝐷 𝐷 3
∵ 1−𝑥 −1 =1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ ⋯

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 96

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
2 2
1 𝐷′ 𝐷′ 𝐷+𝐷′ 𝐷+𝐷 ′
= − 1+ + +⋯ 1+ + + ⋯ 𝑥𝑦
3𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 3 3

1 𝐷+𝐷′ 2𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷′ 𝐷′
= − 1 + + + + 𝑥𝑦
3𝐷 3 9 𝐷 3
1 𝑦 𝑥 2 1 𝑥
=− 𝑥𝑦 + + + + 𝑥 +
3𝐷 3 3 9 𝐷 3
1 𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥2 𝑥
= − 𝑥𝑦 + + + + +
3𝐷 3 3 9 2 3

1 𝑥2𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥2 2𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥2
= − + + + + +
3 2 3 6 9 6 6

1 𝑥2𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥2 2𝑥 𝑥3
𝑃1 = − + + + +
3 3 3 3 9 6

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 97

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

1
∵ 𝑃2 = ′2
𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦
𝐷2 −𝐷 −3𝐷+3𝐷′

Here put 𝐷 = 2 & 𝐷′ = 1, 𝜙 2,1 = 0

𝑥
⇒ 𝑃2 = 𝜕 2 −𝐷 ′ 2 −3𝐷+3𝐷 ′ )
𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦
𝜕𝐷
(𝐷
𝑥
⇒ 𝑃2 = 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦
2𝐷−3
Here put 𝐷 = 2 & 𝐷′ = 1, 𝜙 2,1 = 1 ≠ 0
𝑥
⇒ 𝑃2 = 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦
2×2−3
⇒ 𝑃2 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦 .

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 98

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

⇒ 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 .
1 𝑥2𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥2 2𝑥 𝑥3
⇒ 𝑃. 𝐼. = − + + + + + 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦 .
3 3 3 3 9 6
So general solution is given by
𝑧
1 𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥 3
= 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑥 − + + + +
3 3 3 3 9 6
+ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦
Example-11 Solve: 𝑠 + 𝑝 − 𝑞 = 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
Solution: Given PDE is non homogenous.
𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 1 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦
𝐷 − 1 𝐷′ + 1 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦
for find C.F.
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 99
 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
𝐷 − 1 𝐷′ + 1 𝑧 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝐷 − 0𝐷′ − 1 𝐷′ − 0𝐷 + 1 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 0𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑓2 (𝑥 + 0𝑦)
⇒ 𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑓2 (𝑥)
Now,
1
𝑃. 𝐼. = ′
𝑥𝑦
𝐷−1 𝐷 +1
𝑃. 𝐼. = − 1 − 𝐷 −1 1 + 𝐷′ −1 𝑥𝑦
⇒ 𝑃. 𝐼. = − (1 + 𝐷 + 𝐷2 + ⋯ )(1 − 𝐷′ + ⋯ ) 𝑥𝑦 .
⇒ 𝑃. 𝐼. = − 1 + 𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 𝐷𝐷′ 𝑥𝑦 .
⇒ 𝑃. 𝐼. = − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1
Hence the complete solution is
𝑧 = C.F. + P.I
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑓2 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1 .
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 100
 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)

Example-12 Solve: 𝐷 − 3𝐷′ − 2 3 𝑧 = 6𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦

Solution: Given PDE is non homogenous, to find C.F. put
𝐷 − 3𝐷′ − 2 3 𝑧 = 0
C.F.= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓3 𝑦 + 3𝑥
1
P.I. = 6𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷 ′ −2 3
Replace 𝐷 → 𝐷 + 2, 𝐷′ → 𝐷′ + 0, We get
1
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷+2−3(𝐷′ +0)−2 3
1
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷 ′ 3
1 1
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷 ′ 2 𝐷−3𝐷 ′

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 101

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
1
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 ‫ ׬‬sin 3𝑥 + 𝑐 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∵𝑦 → 𝑐 − 3𝑥
𝐷−3𝐷 ′ 2

2𝑥
1
= 6𝑒 න sin 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 − 3𝐷′ 2

1
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑐
𝐷 − 3𝐷′ 2
1
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ∵ 𝑐 → 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷′ 2
1 1
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷 ′ 𝐷−3𝐷 ′
1
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 ‫𝑥 ׬‬sin 3𝑥 + 𝑐 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑦 → 𝑐 − 3𝑥
𝐷−3𝐷 ′

2𝑥 1 𝑥2
= 6𝑒 × sin 𝑐
𝐷−3𝐷 ′ 2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 102

 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
1 𝑥2
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 × sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ∵ 𝑐 → 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷 ′ 2
1
= 3𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 2 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷′
1
= 3𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 2 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷 ′
2𝑥 2
= 3𝑒 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬sin 3𝑥 + 𝑐 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑦 → 𝑐 − 3𝑥
= 3𝑒 2𝑥 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 sin 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 𝑥3
= 3𝑒 sin 𝑐
3
2𝑥 3
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ∵ 𝑐 → 3𝑥 + 𝑦
General solution is given by-
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓3 𝑦 + 3𝑥
+ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 3 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑦
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 103
 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
Example-13 Solve: 𝐷 − 3𝐷′ − 2 2 𝑧 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 tan 𝑦 + 3𝑥
Solution: Given PDE is non homogenous, to find C.F. put
𝐷 − 3𝐷′ − 2 2 𝑧 = 0
C.F.= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 3𝑥
1
P.I. = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷 ′ −2 2
Replace 𝐷 → 𝐷 + 2, 𝐷′ → 𝐷′ + 0, We get
1
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑦 .
𝐷+2−3(𝐷′ +0)−2 2
1
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑦 .
𝐷−3𝐷 ′ 2

2𝑥 1 1
P.I. = 2𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑦
(𝐷−3𝐷′ ) (𝐷−3𝐷′ )
1
P.I. = 2𝑒 2𝑥 ‫𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬‬ 3𝑥 + 𝑐 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∵𝑦 → 𝑐 − 3𝑥
(𝐷−3𝐷′ )
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 104
 Non homogenous linear PDE(CO3)
1
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 ‫𝑥𝑑𝑐 𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬‬.
(𝐷−3𝐷′ )
1
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐.
(𝐷−3𝐷′ )
2𝑥 1
= 2𝑒 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛(3𝑥 + 𝑦). ∵ 𝑐 → 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐷−3𝐷 ′
P.I. = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑐 − 3𝑥
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 ∵𝑦 → 𝑐 − 3𝑥
P.I. = 2𝑒 2𝑥 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑐 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑥 ׬‬
2
2𝑥 𝑥
= 2𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐. ∵ 𝑐 → 3𝑥 + 𝑦
2
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥
+𝑦 .
General solution is given by-
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑦 .

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 105

 Daily Quiz(CO3)

Q1 Solve: 𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′ − 2𝐷′2 + 2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ 𝑍 = 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦 +

sin(2𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑥𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 106

 Weekly Assignment(CO3)

2
Q1 Solve (2𝐷2 − 5𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = 0
𝑥
Ans: ∅1 𝑦 − + ∅2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥)
2
2
Q2. Solve (𝐷2 + 3 𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ ) 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑥 1
Ans:- ∅1 𝑦 − + ∅2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥)+ (𝑥 + 𝑦)3
2 36
Q3. Solve 𝐷𝑥 − 𝐷𝑦 − 1 𝐷𝑥 − 𝐷𝑦 − 2 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑥 2𝑥 1 2𝑥−𝑦 𝑥 3
Ans:- 𝑒 ∅1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 ∅2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 + +
2 2 4

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 107

 Recap(CO3)

✓ Order and degree of partial differential equation.

✓ Homogenous Partial Differential equation
✓ C.F. for Homogenous Partial Differential equation.
✓ P.I. for Homogenous Partial Differential equation.
✓ Non-Homogenous Partial Differential equation
✓ C.F. for Non-Homogenous Partial Differential equation.
✓ P.I. for Non-Homogenous Partial Differential equation.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 108

 Topic objective (CO3)

Classification of linear PDE

• To equip linear Partial Differential with different methods.
• Classify the fundamental principals of partial differential
equations(PDEs).
• To learn mathematical formulations of phenomena in physics
and engineering as well as biological processes among many
other scenarios.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 109

 Classification of linear PDE(CO3)
Classification of linear partial differential equation of second
order.
❖ When the differential equation of the 2nd order in two
independent variables x and y
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝐴 2+𝐵 + 𝐶 2 + 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢, , = 0 … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Where A,B, C are constants or continuous function of x and y
possessing continuous partial derivatives and A is positive.
From equation (1)
i. Elliptic if 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0
ii. Hyperbolic if 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0
iii. Parabolic if 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 110

 Classification of linear PDE(CO3)

Examples:
Q 1. Classify the following PDE’s:
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
i. 𝜕𝑥 2
+
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡
+
𝜕𝑡 2
Sol: 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = 1
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 1 2 − 4 1 1 = −3 < 0
So given operator is Elliptic.
ii. 𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 𝑧𝑡𝑡
Sol: 𝑧𝑥𝑥 − 𝑧𝑡𝑡 = 0
𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = −1

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 111

 Classification of linear PDE(CO3)

𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 2 − 4 1 −1 = 4 > 0
So given operator is hyperbolic.
iii. 𝑧𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑡𝑡 = 0
Sol: 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = 1
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 2 − 4 1 1 = −4 < 0
So given operator is Elliptic.
iv. 𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 𝑧𝑦
Sol: 𝑧𝑥𝑥 − 𝑧𝑦 = 0
𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = 0
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 2 − 4 1 0 = 0
So given operator is parabolic.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 112

 Classification of linear PDE(CO3)
Q2. Classify the equation:
𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
1 − 𝑥2 2
− 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 − 𝑦 2
2
− 2𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Sol: A = 1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝐵 = −2𝑥𝑦, 𝐶 = 1 − 𝑦 2
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = −2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4 1 − 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑦 2
= 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= 4 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 1
If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 > 1then operator is hyperbolic.
If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 1then operator is elliptic.
If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 then operator is parabolic.
Q3. Show that the equation 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑦 = 0 is elliptic for
𝑥 > 0 and hyperbolic for 𝑥 < 0.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 113

 Classification of linear PDE(CO3)
Sol: A = 1, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = 𝑥
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 2 − 4 1 𝑥 = −4x
If 𝑥 < 0 then operator is hyperbolic.
If 𝑥 > 0 then operator is elliptic.
Q4. show that the equation 𝑧𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑧𝑥𝑦 + 1 − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 0 is
elliptic for values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the region 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 1, parabolic
on the boundary and hyperbolic outside this region.
Sol: A = 1, 𝐵 = 2𝑥, 𝐶 = 1 − 𝑦 2
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 2𝑥 2 − 4 1 1 − 𝑦 2 = 4 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1
If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 > 1then operator is hyperbolic outside this region.
If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 1then operator is elliptic.
If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 then operator is parabolic on the boundary.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 114

 Daily Quiz(CO3)

Q1. Classify the following operator

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
t 2 + 3 +𝑥 2 + 17
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
Q2. Classify the equation: 𝑦2𝑟 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑠 + 𝑥2𝑡 = 𝑝 + 𝑞
𝑧 𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 115

 Recap (CO3)

✓ Classification of PDE

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 116

 Topic objective (CO3)

Method of separation of variables

• Familiarized techniques to solve partial differential equations
and is based on the assumption that the solution of the
equation is separable.
• The final solution can be represented as a product of several
functions.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 117

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

Method of separation of variables:

This method we separate the variables by assumes the solution of
the partial differential equation to be the product of two functions
which involves only one of the variable.
Q1. Solve by the method of separation of variables.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Sol: Given equation is = ……(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
In this equation u dependent on x and y so the give equation has
the solution like
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)……(2)

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 118

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

𝜕𝑢
Now by equation (2) = 𝑌𝑋′
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑋𝑌′
𝜕𝑦
Putting these values equation (1) we get
𝑌𝑋′ = 𝑋𝑌 ′
𝑋′ 𝑌′
= = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
𝑋 𝑌
Taking first and last part
𝑋′
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 119

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

𝑑𝑋
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑋
⟹ = 𝑘𝑑𝑥
𝑋
Now integrating
⟹ log 𝑋 = 𝑘𝑥 + log 𝑐1
⟹ log 𝑋 − log 𝑐1 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑋
⟹ log = 𝑘𝑥
𝑐1
𝑋
⟹ = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑐1
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 ……(3)

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 120

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

Now Taking second and last part

𝑌′
=𝑘
𝑌
𝑑𝑌
⟹ =𝑘
𝑌𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑌
⟹ = 𝑘𝑑y
𝑌
Now integrating
⟹ log 𝑌 = 𝑘𝑦 + log 𝑐2
⟹ log 𝑌 − log 𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑦
𝑦
⟹ log = 𝑘𝑦
𝑐2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 121

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)
𝑌
⟹ = 𝑒 𝑘𝑦
𝑐2
⟹ 𝑌 = 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑘𝑦 ……(4)
Now by equation (3) and (4) in equation (2)
𝑢 = 𝑋𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑘𝑥+𝑘𝑦
Hence it is the solution of equation (1).
Q2. Solve by the method of separation of variables.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Sol: Given equation is 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0……(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 122

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

In this equation 𝑢 dependent on 𝑥 and 𝑦 so the give equation has

the solution like
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)……(2)
𝜕𝑢
Now by equation (2) = 𝑌𝑋′
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑋𝑌′
𝜕𝑦
Putting these values equation (1) we get
𝑥𝑌𝑋 ′ + 𝑦𝑋𝑌 ′ = 0
𝑥𝑋′ −𝑦𝑌′
= = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
𝑋 𝑌

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 123

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

Taking first and last part

𝑥𝑋′
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋
𝑥𝑑𝑋
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑥
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋 𝑥
Now integrating
⟹ log 𝑋 = 𝑘 log 𝑥 + log 𝑐1
⟹ log 𝑋 − log 𝑐1 = 𝑘 log 𝑥
𝑋
⟹ log = 𝑘 log 𝑥
𝑐1

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 124

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

𝑋
⟹ = 𝑥𝑘
𝑐1
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑘 ……(3)
Now Taking second and last part
−𝑦𝑌′
=𝑘
𝑌
−𝑦𝑑𝑌
⟹ =𝑘
𝑌𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑌 𝑑𝑦
⟹ = −𝑘
𝑌 𝑦
Now integrating

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 125

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

⟹ log 𝑌 = −𝑘 log 𝑦 + log 𝑐2

⟹ log 𝑌 − log 𝑐2 = −𝑘 log 𝑦
𝑦
⟹ log = −𝑘 log 𝑦
𝑐2
𝑌
⟹ = 𝑦 −𝑘
𝑐2
⟹ 𝑌 = 𝑐2 𝑦 −𝑘 ……(4)
Now by equation (3) and (4) in equation (2)
𝑘
𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑋𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑘 𝑐2 𝑦 −𝑘 = 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑦
Hence it is the solution of equation (1).

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 126

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)
Q3. Solve by the method of separation of variables.
3
𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕𝑢
𝑦 +𝑥 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Sol: Given equation is 𝑦 3 + 𝑥2 = 0……(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
In this equation u dependent on x and y so the give equation has
the solution like
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)……(2)
𝜕𝑢
Now by equation (2) = 𝑌𝑋′
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑋𝑌′
𝜕𝑦
Putting these values equation (1) we get

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 127

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

𝑦 3 𝑌𝑋 ′ + 𝑥 2 𝑋𝑌 ′ = 0
𝑋′ −𝑌′
2
= 3 = 𝑘 𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑥 𝑋 𝑦 𝑌
Taking first and last part
𝑋′
⟹ 2 =𝑘
𝑥 𝑋
𝑑𝑋
⟹ 2 =𝑘
𝑥 𝑋𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑋
⟹ = 𝑘𝑥 2 dx
𝑋
Now integrating

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 128

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

𝑥3
⟹ log 𝑋 = 𝑘 + log 𝑐1
3
𝑥3
⟹ log 𝑋 − log 𝑐1 = 𝑘
3
3
𝑋 𝑥
⟹ log = 𝑘
𝑐1 3
𝑋 𝑥3
⟹ = 𝑒𝑘 3
𝑐1
𝑥3
𝑘3
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝑐1 𝑒 ……(3)
Now Taking second and last part
−𝑌′
3
=𝑘
𝑦 𝑌

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 129

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

−𝑑𝑌
⟹ 3
=𝑘
𝑌𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑌
⟹ = −𝑘𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
𝑌
Now integrating
𝑦4
⟹ log 𝑌 = −𝑘 + log 𝑐2
4
𝑦4
⟹ log 𝑌 − log 𝑐2 = −𝑘
4
𝑌 𝑦 4
⟹ log = −𝑘
𝑐2 4
𝑌 𝑦4
⟹ = 𝑒 −𝑘 4
𝑐2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 130

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)
𝑦4
−𝑘 4
⟹ 𝑌 = 𝑐2 𝑒 ……(4)
Now by equation (3) and (4) in equation (2)
𝑥3 𝑦4 𝑥3 𝑦4
𝑘 −
𝑢 = 𝑋𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑘 3 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑘 4
= 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 3 4

Hence it is the solution of equation (1).

Q4. solve by the method of separation of variables.
𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑢 = 0
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑢
Sol: Given equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑢 = 0……(1)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
In this equation u dependent on x and y so the give equation

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 131

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

has the solution like

𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)……(2)
𝜕𝑢
Now by equation (2) = 𝑌𝑋′
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑋′𝑌′
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Putting these values equation (1) we get
𝑥𝑋 ′ 𝑌 ′ + 2𝑦𝑋𝑌 = 0
𝑥𝑋 ′ −2𝑦𝑌
= = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
𝑋 𝑌′

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 132

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

Taking first and last part

𝑥𝑋′
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋
𝑥𝑑𝑋
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑥
⟹ = 𝑘 Now integrating
𝑋 𝑥
⟹ log 𝑋 = 𝑘 log 𝑥 + log 𝑐1
⟹ log 𝑋 − log 𝑐1 = 𝑘 log 𝑥
𝑋
⟹ log = 𝑘 log 𝑥
𝑐1
𝑋
⟹ = 𝑥𝑘
𝑐1

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 133

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

⟹ 𝑋 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑘 ……(3)
Now Taking second and last part
−2𝑦𝑌
=𝑘
𝑌′
−2𝑌𝑦𝑑𝑦
⟹ =𝑘
𝑑𝑌
𝑑𝑌 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
⟹ =−
𝑌 𝑘
Now integrating
𝑦2
⟹ log 𝑌 = − + log 𝑐2
𝑘

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 134

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

𝑦2
⟹ log 𝑌 − log 𝑐2 =−
𝑘
𝑌 𝑦2
⟹ log = −
𝑐2 𝑘
𝑌 𝑦2
⟹ = 𝑒− 𝑘
𝑐2
𝑦2
−
⟹ 𝑌 = 𝑐2 𝑒 ……(4)
𝑘

Now by equation (3) and (4) in equation (2)

𝑦2 𝑦2
𝑢 = 𝑋𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑘 𝑐2 𝑒 − 𝑘
= 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑘 𝑒 − 𝑘
Hence it is the solution of equation (1).

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 135

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

Q5. Solve by the method of separation of variables.

𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
2
− =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Sol: Given equation is − = 0……(1)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
In this equation 𝑢 dependent on 𝑥 and 𝑦 so the give equation has
the solution like
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)……(2)
𝜕𝑢
Now by equation (2) = 𝑌𝑋′
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢
2
= 𝑋′′𝑌
𝜕𝑥

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 136

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑋Y′
𝜕𝑦
Putting these values equation (1) we get
𝑋′′ 𝑌 − 𝑋𝑌′ = 0
Now separating X variable with X’ and Y variale with Y′
WE HAVE
𝑋 ′′ 𝑌′
= = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
𝑋 𝑌
Taking first and last part
𝑋′′
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋
⟹ 𝑋′′ = 𝑋𝑘
⟹ 𝑋 ′′ − 𝑋𝑘 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 137

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

Auxiliary equation
𝑚2 − 𝑘 = 0
⇒𝑚= ± 𝑘
𝑋 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 − 𝑘𝑥 ……(4)
Now Taking second and last part
𝑌′
=𝑘
𝑌
𝑑𝑌
⟹ =𝑘
𝑌𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑌
⟹ = 𝑘𝑑𝑦
𝑌
Now integrating

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 138

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

⟹ log 𝑌 = 𝑘𝑦 + log 𝑐3
⟹ log 𝑌 − log 𝑐3 = 𝑘𝑦
𝑦
⟹ log = 𝑘𝑦
𝑐3
𝑌
⟹ = 𝑒 𝑘𝑦
𝑐3
⟹ 𝑌 = 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑘𝑦 ……(4)
Now by equation (3) and (4) in equation (2)
𝑢 = 𝑋𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 − 𝑘𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑘𝑦
Hence it is the solution of equation (1).

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 139

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

Q6. Solve by the method of separation of variables.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
3 + 2 = 0; 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 4𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Sol: Given equation is 3 +2 = 0 ……(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
In this equation u dependent on x and y so the give equation has
the solution like
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)……(2)
𝜕𝑢
Now by equation (2) = 𝑌𝑋′
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑋𝑌′
𝜕𝑦
Putting these values equation (1) we get

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 140

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

3𝑌𝑋 ′ + 2𝑋𝑌 ′ = 0
𝑋′ 2𝑌′
=− = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
𝑋 3𝑌
Taking first and last part
𝑋′
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋
𝑑𝑋
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑋
⟹ = 𝑘𝑑𝑥
𝑋

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 141

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

Now integrating
⟹ log 𝑋 = 𝑘𝑥 + log 𝑐1
⟹ log 𝑋 − log 𝑐1 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑋
⟹ log = 𝑘𝑥
𝑐1
𝑋
⟹ = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑐1
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 ……(3)
Now Taking second and last part
−2𝑌′
=𝑘
3𝑌
−2𝑑𝑌
⟹ = 𝑘
3𝑌𝑑𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 142

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

𝑑𝑌 −3
⟹ = 𝑘𝑑y
𝑌 2
Now integrating
−3
⟹ log 𝑌 = 𝑘𝑦 + log 𝑐2
2
−3
⟹ log 𝑌 − log 𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑦
2
𝑌 −3
⟹ log = 𝑘𝑦
𝑐2 2
𝑌 −3
⟹ = 𝑒 2 𝑘𝑦
𝑐2
−3
𝑘𝑦
⟹ 𝑌 = 𝑐2 𝑒 2 ……(4)

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 143

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)
Now by equation (3) and (4) in equation (2)
3 3
𝑘𝑥 −2𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑥−2𝑘𝑦
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑐2 𝑒
= 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 … … . (5)
−𝑥
Using condition 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 4𝑒
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑘𝑥
4𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑐1 𝑐2 = 4, 𝑘 = −1
Putting these values in equation (5),
3
−(𝑥−2𝑦)
𝑢= 4𝑒 … … . (5)
Hence it is the solution of equation (1).
Q7. Solve by the method of separation of variables.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 +3 + 5𝑧 = 0; 𝑧 0, 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 144

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Sol: Given equation is2 +3 + 5𝑧 = 0……(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
In this equation u dependent on x and y so the give equation
has the solution like
𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)……(2)
𝜕𝑧
Now by equation (2) = 𝑌𝑋′
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑋𝑌 ′
𝜕𝑦
Putting these values equation (1) we get
2𝑌𝑋 ′ + 3𝑋𝑌 ′ + 5𝑋𝑌 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 145

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

We have
2𝑋′ 3𝑌 ′
= − − 5 = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
𝑋 𝑌
Taking first and last part
2𝑋′
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋
2𝑑𝑋
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑋 1
⟹ = 𝑘𝑑𝑥
𝑋 2
Now integrating
1
⟹ log 𝑋 = 𝑘𝑥 + log 𝑐1
2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 146

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑋 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐1
2
1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑋 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐1 = 𝑘𝑥
2
𝑋 1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑐1 2
𝑋 1
⟹ = 𝑒 2𝑘𝑥
𝑐1
1
𝑘𝑥
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝑐1 𝑒 ……(3)
2

Now Taking second and last part

3𝑌 ′
− −5=𝑘
𝑌

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 147

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

−3𝑑𝑌
⟹ =𝑘+5
𝑌𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑌 1
⟹ = − (𝑘 + 5)𝑑y
𝑌 3
Now integrating
1
⟹ log 𝑌 = − (𝑘 + 5)𝑦 + log 𝑐2
3
1
⟹ log 𝑌 − log 𝑐2 = − (𝑘 + 5)𝑦
3
𝑌 1
⟹ log = − (𝑘 + 5)𝑦
𝑐2 3
𝑌 1
−3(𝑘+5)𝑦
⟹ =𝑒
𝑐2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 148

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)
1
−3(𝑘+5)𝑦
⟹𝑌= 𝑐2 𝑒 ……(4)
Now by equation (3) and (4) in equation (2)
1 1
𝑘𝑥 −3(𝑘+5)𝑦
𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2 𝑐2 𝑒
1 1
𝑘𝑥− (𝑘+5)𝑦
= 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 2 3 … … . (5)
Using condition 𝑧 0, 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑦
1
− 𝑘+5 𝑦
𝑧(0, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 3 .
1
−3 𝑘+5 𝑦
2𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒
1
𝑐1 𝑐2 = 2, − 𝑘 + 5 = −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑘 = −2
3
Putting these values in equation (5),
𝑧 = 2𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) … … . (5)
Hence it is the solution of equation (1).
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 149
 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

Q8. Solve by the method of separation of variables.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
4 + = 3𝑢; 𝑢 0, 𝑦 = 4𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −5𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Sol: Given equation is 4 + = 3𝑢……(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)……(2)
𝜕𝑢
Now by equation (2) = 𝑌𝑋′
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑋𝑌′
𝜕𝑦
Putting these values equation (1) we get

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 150

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

4𝑌𝑋 ′ + 𝑋𝑌 ′ = 3𝑋𝑌
4𝑋′ 𝑌′
= 3 − = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
𝑋 𝑌
Taking first and last part
4𝑋′
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋
4𝑑𝑋
⟹ =𝑘
𝑋𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑋 1
⟹ = 𝑘𝑑𝑥
𝑋 4
Now integrating

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 151

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

1
⟹ log 𝑋 = 𝑘𝑥 + log 𝑐1
4
1
⟹ log 𝑋 − log 𝑐1 = 𝑘𝑥
4
𝑋 1
⟹ log = 𝑘𝑥
𝑐1 4
𝑋 1
⟹ = 𝑒 4𝑘𝑥
𝑐1
1
𝑘𝑥
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝑐1 𝑒 ……(3)
4

Now Taking second and last part

𝑌′
3− =𝑘
𝑌

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 152

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)

𝑑𝑌
⟹ =3−𝑘
𝑌𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑌
⟹ = (3 − 𝑘)𝑑y
𝑌
Now integrating
⟹ log 𝑌 = (3 − 𝑘)𝑦 + log 𝑐2
⟹ log 𝑌 − log 𝑐2 = (3 − 𝑘)𝑦
𝑦
⟹ log = (3 − 𝑘)𝑦
𝑐2
𝑌
⟹ = 𝑒 (3−𝑘)𝑦
𝑐2
⟹ 𝑌 = 𝑐2 𝑒 (3−𝑘)𝑦 ……(4)
Now by equation (3) and (4) in equation (2)

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 153

 Method of separation of variables(CO3)
1 1
𝑢 = 𝑋𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑒 4𝑘𝑥 𝑐2 𝑒 (3−𝑘)𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 4𝑘𝑥+(3−𝑘)𝑦 … … . (5)
General solution
1
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋𝑌 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑒 4𝑘𝑥+(3−𝑘)𝑦 … … . (6)

Using condition 𝑢 0, 𝑦 = 4𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −5𝑦

𝑢(0, 𝑦) = σ 𝑏𝑛 𝑒 (3−𝑘)𝑦 .
4𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −5𝑦 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑒 (3−𝑘)𝑦

𝑘 = 4, 𝑏1 = 4 &𝑘 = 8, 𝑏2 = −1
Putting these values in equation (6),
𝑢 = 4𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) − 𝑒 −(2𝑥+5𝑦) … … . (5)
Hence it is the solution of equation (1).
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 154
 Daily Quiz (CO3)

Solve the equation by method of separation of variables.

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. 𝜕𝑥 2
= 2𝑢 +
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2. 2 𝜕𝑥 + 3 𝜕𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
3. =4 ;𝑢 0, 𝑦 = 8𝑒 −𝑦 Ans: 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
−3𝑦−12𝑥
8𝑒
𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
4. 𝜕𝑥
+
𝜕𝑦 2
= 0; 𝑧 𝑥, 0 = 0; 𝑧 𝑥, 𝜋 = 0; 𝑧 0, 𝑦 = 4 sin 3𝑦
Ans: 𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑒 9𝑥 sin 3𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 155

 Recap (CO3)

✓ Classification of PDE
✓ Variable separation Method

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 156

 Topic objective (CO3)

Wave equation
• It tells us how the displacement u can change as a function of
position and time and the function. The solutions to the wave
equation (u(x,t)) are obtained by appropriate
integration techniques.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 157

 Wave equation(CO3)

Solution of one dimensional wave equation:

1-d wave equation is given by-
𝜕2 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
= 𝑐2 2 ⋯ ⋯ 1
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥
The solution of 1 is 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 which gives the displacement at any
point 𝑥 at any time 𝑡.
Using method of separation of variable
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑋 𝑥 . 𝑇 𝑡 ⋯ ⋯ 2
Differentiate 2 partially w.r.t. 𝑥 two times
𝜕2 𝑢
⇒ = 𝑋 ′′ 𝑇
𝜕𝑥 2
Differentiate 2 partially w.r.t. 𝑡 two times

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 158

 Wave equation(CO3)

𝜕2 𝑢
⇒ = 𝑋 𝑇′′
𝜕𝑡 2
Now equation 1 becomes
⇒ 𝑋𝑇 ′′ = 𝑐 2 𝑋’’ T
𝑋 ′′ 𝑇 ′′
⇒ = = 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑋 𝑐 2𝑇
Here 𝑘 have 3 possibilities
Case-1: 𝒌 = 𝟎
Case-2: 𝒌 = 𝒑𝟐
Case-3: 𝒌 = −𝒑𝟐

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 159

 Wave equation(CO3)

Case-1: When 𝑘 = 0
𝑋 ′′
Now = 0
𝑋
⇒ 𝑋 ′′ = 0
𝑑2 𝑋
⇒ =0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑋
⇒ = 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑋 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2
Again
𝑇 ′′
⇒ 2 =0
𝑐 𝑇

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 160

 Wave equation(CO3)
𝑑2 𝑇
⇒ =0
𝑑𝑡 2
⇒ 𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑐3 𝑡 + 𝑐4
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑋𝑇
⇒𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑡 + 𝑐4
Case-2: When 𝑘 = 𝑝2
𝑋 ′′
Now = 𝑝2
𝑋
⇒ 𝑋 ′′ = 𝑝2 𝑋
𝑑2 𝑋
⇒ = 𝑝2 𝑋
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑋
⇒ − 𝑝2 𝑋 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 161

 Wave equation(CO3)

⇒ 𝐷2 − 𝑝2 𝑋 = 0
Which is linear differential equation with constant coefficient.
Auxiliary equation is given by-
⇒ 𝑚2 − 𝑝2 = 0
⇒ 𝑚2 = 𝑝2
⇒𝑚 =±𝑝
⇒ 𝑋 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥
Again
𝑇 ′′
⇒ 2 = 𝑝2
𝑐 𝑇
𝑑2 𝑇
⇒ 2 = 𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑇
𝑑𝑡

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 162

 Wave equation(CO3)

𝑑2 𝑇
⇒ − 𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑇 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
Which is linear differential equation with constant coefficient.
Auxiliary equation is given by-
⇒ 𝑚2 − 𝑐 2 𝑝2 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑐𝑝
Then
⇒ 𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 𝑒 −𝑐𝑝𝑡
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑋𝑇
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 𝑒 −𝑐𝑝𝑡

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 163

 Wave equation(CO3)

Case-3: When 𝑘 = −𝑝2

𝑋 ′′
Now = −𝑝2
𝑋
⇒ 𝑋 ′′ = −𝑝2 𝑋
𝑑2 𝑋
⇒ = −𝑝2 𝑋
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑋 2
⇒ + 𝑝 𝑋=0
𝑑𝑥 2
⇒ 𝐷2 + 𝑝2 𝑋 = 0
Which is linear differential equation with constant coefficient.
Auxiliary equation is given by-
⇒ 𝑚2 + 𝑝2 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 164

 Wave equation(CO3)

⇒ 𝑚2 = −𝑝2
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖 𝑝
⇒ 𝑋 𝑥 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥
Again
𝑇 ′′
⇒ = −𝑝2
𝑐 2𝑇
𝑑2 𝑇
⇒ 2 = −𝑐 2 𝑝2 T
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑇
⇒ + 𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑇 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
Which is linear differential equation with constant coefficient.
Auxiliary equation is given by-

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 165

 Wave equation(CO3)

⇒ 𝑚2 + 𝑐 2 𝑝2 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖𝑐𝑝
⇒ 𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑋𝑇
⇒𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡
As we dealing with problem on vibration of string, So solution
will be periodic then solution will be-
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡
Example-1: A string and fastened to two points 𝑙 apart. Motion is
𝜋𝑥
started by in the string in the form 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin from which it
𝑙
is released at time 𝑡 = 0.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 166

 Wave equation(CO3)
Show that the displacement of any point at a distance 𝑥 from one
end at time 𝑡 is given by-
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑐𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑎 sin cos
𝑙 𝑙
Sol: 1-d wave equation is given by
𝜕2 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
= 𝑐2 2 ⋯ ⋯ 1
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥
s.t.
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
𝜋𝑥
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑎 sin
𝑙
𝜕𝑢
𝑥, 0 = 0
𝜕𝑡
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 167
 Wave equation(CO3)

Solution of 1 by method of separation variable

⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡
∵ 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 cos 0 + 𝑐2 sin 0 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 = 0 ∵ 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 ≠ 0.
Now solution becomes
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡
∵ 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑙 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 168

 Wave equation(CO3)

⇒ 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑙 = 0
⇒ sin 𝑝𝑙 = 0 from here 𝑐2 ≠ 0
⇒ sin 𝑝𝑙 = sin 𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝑝𝑙 = 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝑝=
𝑙
Now solution becomes
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 sin 𝑐3 cos + 𝑐4 sin
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝜕𝑢
∵ 𝑥, 0 = 0
𝜕𝑡
Now

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 169

 Wave equation(CO3)

𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡 𝑛𝜋𝑐 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡 𝑛𝜋𝑐

= 𝑐2 sin −𝑐3 sin . + 𝑐4 cos .
𝜕𝑡 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
Put 𝑡 = 0
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐
⇒ 0= 𝑐2 sin −𝑐3 × 0 + 𝑐4 cos 0 .
𝑙 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐
⇒ 𝑐2 𝑐4 sin =0
𝑙 𝑙
⇒ 𝑐4 = 0 from here 𝑐2 ≠ 0
Now solution becomes
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin cos
𝑙 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑛 sin cos where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑙 𝑙

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 170

 Wave equation(CO3)
Now complete solution is
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin cos
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋𝑥
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑎 sin
𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥
Then 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒𝑎 sin = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥
⇒𝑎 sin = 𝑏1 sin + 𝑏2 sin + ⋯⋯
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
On comparing
𝑏1 = 𝑎, 𝑏2 = 0 … … … …
Put these value in complete solution we get required solution is

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 171

 Wave equation(CO3)

𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑎 sin cos
𝑙 𝑙
Example-2 A tightly stretched string of length 𝑙 with fixed ends
is initially in equilibrium position. It is set vibrating by giving
𝜋𝑥
each point a velocity 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 .Find the displacement.
𝑙
Sol: 1-d wave equation is given by
𝜕2 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
= 𝑐2 2 ⋯ ⋯ 1
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥
s.t.
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 172

 Wave equation(CO3)
𝜕𝑢 3
𝜋𝑥
𝑥, 0 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜕𝑡 𝑙
Solution of 1 by method of separation variable
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡
∵ 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 cos 0 + 𝑐2 sin 0 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 = 0 ∵ 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 ≠ 0.
Now solution becomes
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 173

 Wave equation(CO3)
∵ 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑙 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑙 = 0
⇒ sin 𝑝𝑙 = 0 from here 𝑐2 ≠ 0⇒ sin 𝑝𝑙 = sin 𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝑝𝑙 = 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝑝=
𝑙
Now solution becomes
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 sin 𝑐3 cos + 𝑐4 sin
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 0
𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ 0= 𝑐2 sin 𝑐3 . 1 + 𝑐4 . 0
𝑙

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 174

 Wave equation(CO3)

𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin =0
𝑙
⇒ 𝑐3 = 0 from here 𝑐2 ≠ 0.
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐4 sin sin
𝑙 𝑙
The complete solution is given by-
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin sin
𝑙 𝑙
𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡 𝑛𝜋𝑐
Now = (𝑥, 𝑡) σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin cos
𝜕𝑡 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝜕𝑢 3
𝜋𝑥
∵ 𝑥, 0 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜕𝑡 𝑙
So put 𝑡 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 175

 Wave equation(CO3)

Now
3 𝜋𝑥 ∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐
⇒𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = σ𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
3
∵ sin 3𝐴 = 3 sin 𝐴 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
1
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴= (3 sin 𝐴 − sin 3𝐴)
4
𝑣0 𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
Now ⇒ 3 sin − sin =
4 𝑙 𝑙
𝜋𝑐 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑐 2𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑐 3𝜋𝑥
𝑏1 . sin + 𝑏2 . sin + 𝑏3 . sin +⋯
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
Comparing coefficient
3𝑣0 𝑙
𝑏1 =
4𝑐𝜋
𝑏2 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 176

 Wave equation(CO3)

𝑙𝑣0
𝑏3 = −
12𝑐𝜋
𝑏4 = 0 ……….
Then solution is given by
3𝑣0 𝑙 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑣0 3𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑐𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = sin sin − sin sin
4𝑐𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 12𝑐𝜋 𝑙 𝑙

Example-3. A tightly stretched flexible string has its end fixed at

𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙. At time 𝑡 = 0 the string is given a shape defined
by 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝜇𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥), 𝜇 is constant and then released. Find the
displacement u(𝑥, 𝑡) of any point 𝑥 of the string at any time 𝑡 >
0.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 177

 Wave equation(CO3)

Sol: 1-d wave equation is given by

𝜕2 𝑢 2
2𝜕 𝑢
= 𝑐 ⋯⋯ 1
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
s.t.
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝜇𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥),
𝜕𝑢
𝑥, 0 = 0
𝜕𝑡
Solution of 1 by method of separation variable
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 178

 Wave equation(CO3)

∵ 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 cos 0 + 𝑐2 sin 0 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐1 = 0 ∵ 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 ≠ 0.
Now solution becomes
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡
∵ 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑙 𝑐3 cos 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 179

 Wave equation(CO3)

⇒ 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑙 = 0
⇒ sin 𝑝𝑙 = 0 from here 𝑐2 ≠ 0
⇒ sin 𝑝𝑙 = sin 𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝑝𝑙 = 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝑝=
𝑙
Now solution becomes
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 sin 𝑐3 cos + 𝑐4 sin
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝜕𝑢
∵ 𝑥, 0 = 0
𝜕𝑡
Now

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 180

 Wave equation(CO3)

𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡 𝑛𝜋𝑐 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡 𝑛𝜋𝑐

= 𝑐2 sin −𝑐3 sin . + 𝑐4 cos .
𝜕𝑡 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
Put 𝑡 = 0
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐
⇒ 0= 𝑐2 sin −𝑐3 × 0 + 𝑐4 cos 0 .
𝑙 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐
⇒ 𝑐2 𝑐4 sin =0
𝑙 𝑙
⇒ 𝑐4 = 0 from here 𝑐2 ≠ 0
Now solution becomes
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin cos
𝑙 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑛 sin cos where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑙 𝑙

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 181

 Wave equation(CO3)

Now complete solution is

𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin cos
𝑙 𝑙
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝜇𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥)
𝑛𝜋𝑥
Then 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒𝜇𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥) = σ∞ 𝑏
𝑛=1 𝑛 sin
𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒𝜇(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) = σ∞ 𝑏
𝑛=1 𝑛 sin
𝑙
This is half range Fourier sine series, so
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝐹 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 182

 Wave equation(CO3)

2 𝑙 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ 𝑏𝑛 = න 𝜇(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 ) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙
4𝜇𝑙 2
⇒ 𝑏𝑛 = 3 3 1 − −1 𝑛
𝑛 𝜋
Hence the solution is given by
∞ 4𝜇𝑙 2 𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ𝑛=1 3 3 1 − −1 sin cos
𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
4𝜇𝑙 2 ∞ 1 𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ 𝑛=1 𝑛3 1 − −1 sin cos .
𝜋3 𝑙 𝑙

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 183

 Daily Quiz (CO3)

Solve the equation by method of separation of variables.

1. A tightly stretched string with fix end points 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 is
𝜋𝑥
initially in a position given by 𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 .If it is released
𝑙
from rest from this position, find displacement 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑡 .

2. The vibrations of an elastic string is given by the PDE:

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
= .
The length of the string is 𝜋 and ends are fixed. The
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
initial velocity is zero and the initial deflection is
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥). Find the deflection 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 of the
vibrating string at any time 𝑡.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 184

 Weekly Assignment(CO3)
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
1.Classify the PDE 4 2 −4 + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
2. Solve the equation 2 +3 + 5𝑢 = 0;
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝑢 0, 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑦 , by method of separation of variables.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
3.Solve the equation = − 2𝑢 = 0;
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 10𝑒 −𝑥 − 6𝑒 −4𝑥 , by method of separation of variables.
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
4.Solve the equation = + 2𝑢, by method of separation of
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
variables.
5. Classify the equation:
2 2 2
2
𝜕 𝑧 𝜕 𝑧 2
𝜕 𝑧
1−𝑥 2
− 2𝑥𝑦 + 1−𝑦 2
− 2𝑧 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 185

 Recap (CO3)

✓ Classification of PDE
✓ Variable separation Method
✓ Wave equation

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 186

 Topic objective (CO3)

Heat equation
• Conduction analysis is to determine the temperature field in a
medium resulting from conditions imposed on its boundaries.
That is, we wish to know the temperature distribution, which
represents how temperature varies with position in the
medium.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 187

 Heat equation (CO3)

Solution of one dimensional heat equation:

1-d Heat equation is given by-
𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
= 𝑐2 2 ⋯ ⋯ 1
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
The solution of 1 is 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 which gives the temperature at any
point 𝑥 at any time 𝑡.
Using method of separation of variable
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑋 𝑥 . 𝑇 𝑡 ⋯ ⋯ 2
Differentiate 2 partially w.r.t. 𝑥 two times
𝜕2 𝑢
⇒ 2 = 𝑋 ′′ 𝑇
𝜕𝑥
Differentiate 2 partially w.r.t. 𝑡

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 188

 Heat equation (CO3)
𝜕𝑢
⇒ = 𝑋𝑇′
𝜕𝑡
Now equation 1 becomes
⇒ 𝑋𝑇 ′ = 𝑐 2 𝑋’’T
𝑋 ′′ 𝑇′
⇒ = = 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑋 𝑐 2𝑇
Here 𝑘 have 3 possibilities
Case-1: 𝒌 = 𝟎
Case-2: 𝒌 = 𝒑𝟐
Case-3: 𝒌 = −𝒑𝟐

Case-1: When 𝑘 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 189

 Heat equation (CO3)

𝑋 ′′
Now = 0
𝑋
⇒ 𝑋 ′′ = 0
𝑑2 𝑋
⇒ =0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑋
⇒ = 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑋 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2
Again
𝑇′
⇒ =0
𝑐 2𝑇
𝑑𝑇
⇒ =0
𝑑𝑡

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 190

 Heat equation (CO3)

⇒ 𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑐3
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑋𝑇
⇒𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑐3
Case-2: When 𝑘 = 𝑝2
𝑋 ′′
Now = 𝑝2
𝑋
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝑝2 𝑋
′′

𝑑2 𝑋
⇒ = 𝑝2 𝑋
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑋 2𝑋 = 0
⇒ − 𝑝
𝑑𝑥 2
⇒ 𝐷2 − 𝑝2 𝑋 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 191

 Heat equation (CO3)

Which is linear differential equation with constant coefficient.

Auxiliary equation is given by-
⇒ 𝑚2 − 𝑝2 = 0
⇒ 𝑚2 = 𝑝2
⇒𝑚 =±𝑝
⇒ 𝑋 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥
Again
𝑇′
⇒ 2 = 𝑝2
𝑐 𝑇
𝑑𝑇
⇒ = 𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
⇒ = 𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 192

 Heat equation (CO3)

Integrate both sides

⇒ log 𝑇 = 𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡 + log 𝑐3
⇒ log 𝑇 − log 𝑐3 = 𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
𝑇
⇒ log = 𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
𝑐3
𝑇 𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ =𝑒
𝑐3
2 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑐 𝑝
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑋𝑇
2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑐

Case-3: When 𝑘 = −𝑝2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 193

 Heat equation (CO3)

𝑋 ′′
Now = −𝑝2
𝑋
⇒ 𝑋 ′′ = −𝑝2 𝑋
𝑑2 𝑋
⇒ = −𝑝2 𝑋
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑋
⇒ + 𝑝2 𝑋 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
⇒ 𝐷 + 𝑝2 𝑋 = 0
2

Which is linear differential equation with constant coefficient.

Auxiliary equation is given by-
⇒ 𝑚2 + 𝑝2 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 194

 Heat equation (CO3)

⇒ 𝑚2 = −𝑝2
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖 𝑝
⇒ 𝑋 𝑥 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥
Again
𝑇′ 2
⇒ = −𝑝
𝑐 2𝑇
𝑑𝑇
⇒ = −𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
⇒ = −𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
Integrate both sides

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 195

 Heat equation (CO3)

⇒ log 𝑇 = −𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡 + log 𝑐3
⇒ log 𝑇 − log 𝑐3 = −𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
𝑇
⇒ log = −𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
𝑐3
𝑇 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ = 𝑒 −𝑐
𝑐3
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑐3 𝑒
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑋𝑇
2 2
⇒𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑐 𝑝 𝑡
As we dealing with problem on heat conduction, it must be
transient solution i.e. temperature 𝑢 decrease with increase of
time 𝑡.So solution is

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 196

 Heat equation (CO3)
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒
Example-1: Find the temperature in a bar of length 2 m whose
end are kept at zero and lateral surface insulated if the initial
𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
temperature is sin + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
2 2
Sol: 1-d Heat equation is given by
𝜕𝑢 2𝜕 𝑢
= 𝑐 2 ⋯⋯ 1
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
s.t.
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
← 2m
𝑢 2, 𝑡 = 0 →
𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = sin + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 197

 Heat equation (CO3)

Solution of 1 by method of separation variable

−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒 ⋯ 2
∵ 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
Put 𝑥 = 0 in 2
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 0 + 𝑐2 sin 0 𝑐3 𝑒
2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 0= 𝑐1 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑐
⇒ 𝑐1 = 0
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
from here 𝑐3 ≠ 0 & 𝑒 ≠0
if 𝑐3 = 0 then 𝑢 = 0.
Now solution becomes if we put 𝑐1 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 198

 Heat equation (CO3)
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑒
Again ∵ 𝑢 2, 𝑡 = 0
Put 𝑥 = 2 Then
2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 2, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 2𝑝 𝑒 −𝑐
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 2𝑝 𝑒 =0
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ sin 2𝑝 = 0 from here 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ≠ 0 & ≠0 𝑒
if 𝑐3 = 0 or 𝑐2 = 0 then 𝑢 = 0.
⇒ sin 2𝑝 = sin 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋
⇒𝑝 =
2
Now solution becomes

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 199

 Heat equation (CO3)

𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑒 4
2
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑒 4 where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐2 𝑐3
2
Complete solution is given by-
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑒 4
2
𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = sin + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
Put 𝑡 = 0 we get
𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 200

 Heat equation (CO3)

𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ sin + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin
2 2 2
𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
⇒sin + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
= 𝑏1 sin + 𝑏2 sin + ⋯ + 𝑏5 sin +⋯
2 2 2
From here after comparing
𝑏1 = 1, 𝑏2 = 0, 𝑏3 = 0, 𝑏4 = 0, 𝑏5 = 3, 𝑏6 = 0 …
Now solution is
𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡 25𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡
𝜋𝑥 − 5𝜋𝑥 −
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = sin 𝑒 4 + 3 sin 𝑒 4
2 2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 201

 Heat equation (CO3)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Example-2: Solve the equation = with boundary
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
condition
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0, 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0 & 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 3 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
Sol: 1-d Heat equation is given by
𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
= 𝑐2 2 ⋯ ⋯ 1
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
s.t.
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0 ← 𝑙 →
𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 3 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 202

 Heat equation (CO3)

Solution of 1 by method of separation variable

−𝑝 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒 ⋯ 2
∵ 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
Put 𝑥 = 0 in 2
−𝑝 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 0 + 𝑐2 sin 0 𝑐3 𝑒
2𝑡
⇒ 0= 𝑐1 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑝
⇒ 𝑐1 = 0
−𝑝2 𝑡
from here 𝑐3 ≠ 0 & 𝑒 ≠0
if 𝑐3 = 0 then 𝑢 = 0.
Now solution becomes if we put 𝑐1 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 203

 Heat equation (CO3)

−𝑝 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑒
Again ∵ 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
Put 𝑥 = 𝑙 Then
−𝑝 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑙𝑝 𝑒
−𝑝 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑙𝑝 𝑒 =0
2
⇒ sin 𝑙𝑝 = 0 from here 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ≠ 0 & 𝑒 −𝑝 𝑡 ≠ 0
if 𝑐3 = 0 or 𝑐2 = 0 then 𝑢 = 0.
⇒ sin 𝑙𝑝 = sin 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋
⇒𝑝 =
𝑙
Now solution becomes

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 204

 Heat equation (CO3)

𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑒 𝑙2
𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑒 𝑙2 where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑙
Complete solution is given by-
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑒 𝑙2
𝑙
∵𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 3 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Put 𝑡 = 0 we get
𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 205

 Heat equation (CO3)
𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒3 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
⇒ Comparison gives, 𝑏𝑛 = 3 & 𝑙 = 1
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
Now solution is 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ∞
𝑛=1 3 sin 𝑒 12
1
2 𝜋2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 3 σ∞
𝑛=1 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑛 .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑢2
Example-3: Solve the equation = 𝑐 2
under boundary
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
condition
i. 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
ii. 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
iii. 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙
Where 𝑙 being the length of bar.
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 206
 Heat equation (CO3)

Sol: 1-d Heat equation is given by

𝜕𝑢 2𝜕 𝑢
= 𝑐 2 ⋯⋯ 1
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
s.t.
i. 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
ii. 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
iii. 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙

← 𝑙 →

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 207

 Heat equation (CO3)

Solution of 1 by method of separation variable

−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒 ⋯ 2
∵ 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0
Put 𝑥 = 0 in 2
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 0 + 𝑐2 sin 0 𝑐3 𝑒
2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 0= 𝑐1 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑐
⇒ 𝑐1 = 0
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
from here 𝑐3 ≠ 0 & 𝑒 ≠0
if 𝑐3 = 0 then 𝑢 = 0.
Now solution becomes if we put 𝑐1 = 0

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 208

 Heat equation (CO3)

−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑒
Again ∵ 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0
Put 𝑥 = 𝑙 Then
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑙𝑝 𝑒
−𝑐 2 𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑙𝑝 𝑒 =0
2 2
⇒ sin 𝑙𝑝 = 0 from here 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ≠ 0 & 𝑒 −𝑐 𝑝 𝑡 ≠ 0
if 𝑐3 = 0 or 𝑐2 = 0 then 𝑢 = 0.
⇒ sin 𝑙𝑝 = sin 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋
⇒𝑝 =
𝑙
Now solution becomes

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 209

 Heat equation (CO3)

𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑐3 sin 𝑒 𝑙2
𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑒 𝑙2 where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑙
Complete solution is given by-
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑒 𝑙2
𝑙
∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑥
Put 𝑡 = 0 we get
𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 210

 Heat equation (CO3)
𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
This is half range Fourier Sine series, so 𝑏𝑛 is given by
𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
2𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
⇒𝑏𝑛 = −
𝜋 𝑛
Now solution is
∞ 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐 2 𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
𝑙2
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑒
𝑙
𝑛=1

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 211

 Heat equation (CO3)

∞ 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐 2 𝑡
2𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
𝑙2
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ − sin 𝑒
𝜋 𝑛 𝑙
𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐 2 𝑡
2𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −
𝑙2
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = − ෍ sin 𝑒
𝜋 𝑛 𝑙
𝑛=1
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Example-4: Solve the equation = 𝑘 2 under boundary
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
condition
i. 𝑢 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 → ∞
𝜕𝑢
ii. 𝜕𝑥
= 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙
iii. 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 0 between 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 212

 Heat equation (CO3)
Sol: 1-d Heat equation is given by
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑘 2⋯⋯ 1
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
Solution of 1 by method of separation variable
−𝑝2 𝑘𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒 ⋯ 2
Equation (2) satisfies the condition 𝑢 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 → ∞
𝜕𝑢
Now by using condition = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙 in
𝜕𝑥
equation (2)
𝑛𝜋
𝑐2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 = ,𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 ← 𝑙 →
𝑙
Now (2) solution becomes
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑘𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 − 2
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑒 𝑙
𝑙
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 213
 Heat equation (CO3)
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑘𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 − 2
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑒 𝑙 ⋯ 3
𝑙
Again second possible solution is
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑐3 ⋯ 4
𝜕𝑢
Now by using condition = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙 in
𝜕𝑥
equation (4) 𝑐1 = 0
𝑎0
u = 𝑐2 𝑐3 = …… 5
2
The general solution is the sum of solutions 3 and 5
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑘𝑡
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 − 2
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑒 𝑙 ⋯ 6
2 𝑙
Now by using condition 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 0
between 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙 in equation 6
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 214
 Heat equation (CO3)

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos
2 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑙2
Here 𝑎0 = ‫׬‬ 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑙 0 3
𝑙
2 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = න 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
4𝑙2
= ቐ− 𝑛2 𝜋 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
Hence the solution is

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 215

 Heat equation (CO3)

∞ 2 𝜋2 𝑘𝑡
𝑙2 4𝑙 2 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑛
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = − ෍ cos 𝑒 𝑙2
6 𝜋2 𝑛 2 𝑙
𝑛=2,4,6,..
Put n = 2𝑚
4𝑚2 𝜋2 𝑘𝑡
𝑙2 𝑙2 1 2𝑚𝜋𝑥 −
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = − 2 σ∞
𝑚=1 cos 𝑒 𝑙2
6 𝜋 𝑚2 𝑙

Example-5: The temperature in a bar of length 𝜋 which is

perfectly insulated at ends 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑥 = 𝜋 is governed by PDE
𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 .Assuming initial temperature as 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥. Find
the temperature distribution at any instant of time.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 216

 Heat equation (CO3)

Sol: 1-d Heat equation is given by

𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
= ⋯⋯ 1 here 𝑐 2 = 1
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
s.t.
𝜕𝑢
0, 𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝜋, 𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = cos 2𝑥
Solution of 1 by method of separation variable
−𝑝 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒 ⋯ 2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 217

 Heat equation (CO3)

𝜕𝑢
∵ 0, 𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 −𝑝 2𝑡
Now = −𝑝𝑐1 sin 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝𝑐2 cos 𝑝𝑥 𝑐3 𝑒
𝜕𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑢 2𝑡
⇒ 0, 𝑡 = −𝑝𝑐1 sin 0 + 𝑝𝑐2 cos 0 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑝
𝜕𝑥
−𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 0= 𝑝𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑒
−𝑝 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑐2 = 0 from here 𝑐3 ≠ 0 & ≠0 𝑒
if 𝑐3 = 0 then 𝑢 = 0.
Now solution becomes if we put 𝑐2 = 0
−𝑝2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑝𝑥 𝑒

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 218

 Heat equation (CO3)

𝜕𝑢 2𝑡
Again = −𝑐1 𝑐3 𝑝 sin 𝑝𝑥 𝑒 −𝑝
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
∵ 𝜋, 𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 𝜋
2𝑡
⇒ 𝑐1 𝑐3 sin 𝑝𝜋 𝑒 −𝑝 =0
−𝑝 2𝑡
⇒ sin 𝑝𝜋 = 0 from here 𝑐1 , 𝑐3 ≠ 0 & ≠0 𝑒
if 𝑐3 = 0 or 𝑐1 = 0 then 𝑢 = 0.
⇒ sin 𝑝𝜋 = sin 𝑛𝜋
⇒𝑝 =𝑛

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 219

 Heat equation (CO3)
Now solution becomes
−𝑛 2𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑒
−𝑛 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐2 𝑐3
Complete solution is given by-
2
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑛𝑏 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 −𝑛 𝑡

∵ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = cos 2𝑥
Put 𝑡 = 0 we get
⇒ 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = σ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
⇒ cos 2𝑥 = 𝑏1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑏3 cos 3𝑥 + ⋯
Comparing coefficient
𝑏1 = 0, 𝑏2 = 1, 𝑏3 = 0 … … …

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 220

 Heat equation (CO3)

So solution is
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −4𝑡

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 221

 Daily Quiz (CO3)

Q1. A rod of length 𝑙 with insulated sides is initially at a uniform

temperature 𝑢0 . Its end are suddenly cooled to 0℃ and are kept at
that temperature. Find the temperature function 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 .

Q2. The heat flow in a bar of length 10 cm of homogeneous

material is governed by PDE 𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 . The ends of the bar are
kept at temp. 0℃ and initial temp. is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥(10 − 𝑥). Find the
temperature distribution in the bar at any instant of time.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 222

 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL
Video Links and Online Courses Details
Self Made Video Link:
• Introduction to Partial differential Equation
https://youtu.be/FkhIRX2bN9k
• Homogeneous linear PDE with constant Coefficients
https://youtu.be/4cvFNmtytFw
• Homogeneous linear PDE with constant Coefficients
https://youtu.be/5WHOL66MOh0
• Non Homogeneous linear PDE with constant Coefficients
https://youtu.be/uo5i3W7ErRs

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 223

 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL
Video Links and Online Courses Details
• Classification of second order Partial differential equation
https://youtu.be/L1GWz5POILg
• Method of separation of variables
https://youtu.be/m0brqZCPg
• Solution of One Dimensional Heat Equation
https://youtu.be/0H9DUqKtWPI
• Solution of one dimensional Wave Equation
https://youtu.be/KK8PCjvbbZY
• Solution of two dimensional heat equation in steady state
(Laplace Equation) https://youtu.be/9VOC5DodMek

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 224

 MCQ’s (CO3)
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
1. Solution of the PDE + 2 = 12(𝑥 + 𝑦) is
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
a) 𝑢 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
b) 𝑢 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
c) 𝑢 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
d) None

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 225

 MCQ’s (CO3)

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
2. Solution of the equation + 3 +2 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 is
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
(𝑥−𝑦)3
a) 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 +
36
(𝑥+𝑦)3
b) 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 +
36
(𝑥−𝑦)3
c) 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 +
36
(𝑥−𝑦)3
d) 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 +
36

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 226

 MCQ’s(CO3)

3. Solution of equation 𝐷 𝐷 − 2𝐷′ − 3 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 is

1 𝑥+2𝑦
a) 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑒
6
1
b) 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
6
1
c) 𝑧 = 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
6
d) None

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 227

 MCQ’s(CO3)
4. Solution of PDE 𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ − 1 𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
1
a) 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦+𝑥 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
2
1
b) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2
𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
1
c) 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
1
d) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2
𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 2𝑦)

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 228

 MCQ’s (CO3)
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
5. Classify the PDE 4 2 −4 + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
a) Parabolic
b) Elliptic
c) Hyperbolic
d) None
6. Solve by method of Separation of Variables, The Solution of
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= is
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
a) 𝑢 𝑥. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑘(𝑥−𝑦)
b) 𝑢 𝑥. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘(𝑥+𝑦)
c) 𝑢 𝑥. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑘𝑥𝑦
d) 𝑢 𝑥. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑘(𝑥+𝑦)
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 229
 MCQ’s (CO3)
7. Which of the following is a two-dimensional heat equation?
𝜕2 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
a) = 𝑐2( 2 + )
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕u 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
b) = 𝑐 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
2 𝜕2 𝑢
2 𝜕 𝑢
c) 𝑢 = 𝑐 ( 2
𝜕𝑥
+
𝜕𝑦 2
)
d) None

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 230

 MCQ’s (CO3)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
8. Solution of the equation = with conditions
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 3𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥, 𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0,𝑢 𝑙, 𝑡 = 0, where 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 is
∞ −𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑡
a) 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 3 σ𝑛=1 𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥
∞ 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑡
b) 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 3 σ𝑛=1 𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥
∞ −𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑥
c) 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 3 σ𝑛=1 𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑡
d) None of these

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 231

 Glossary Questions(CO3)

1. Pick out the correction option from Glossary-

I. Heat equation
II. Wave equation
III. Laplace equation
IV. Steady State
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
A. 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 2
𝜕𝑦
=0
𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
B. = 2
𝑐 ( 2)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
C. 𝜕𝑡
=0
𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
D. = 2
𝑐 ( 2)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 232

 Glossary Questions (CO3)

2. Pick out the correction option from Glossary-

I. 𝐷2 + 4𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′2 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
II. 𝐷2 − 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
III. 𝜕𝑥
+
𝜕𝑦
=𝑥
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
IV. 𝜕𝑡
= 𝑐 ( 2
𝜕𝑥
+ 2)
𝜕𝑦

A. Non homogeneous pde

B. 1st order linear pde
C. Homogeneous pde
D. Two dimensional heat equation

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 233

 First Sessional Paper

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 234

 First Sessional Paper

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 235

 First Sessional Paper

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 236

 First Sessional Paper

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 237

 Second Sessional Paper

Printed page:2 Subject Code: AAS0301A

Roll No:

NOIDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

(An Autonomous Institute)
Affiliated to Dr. A.P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow

Course: B.Tech Branch: CSE/IT/CS

Semester: III Sessional Examination: II Year: (2020-2021)
Subject Name: Eng. Maths III
Time: 1.15Hours [SET-1] Max. Marks:30

General Instructions:
➢ This Question paper consists of 2 pages & 5 questions. It comprises of three Sections, A, B, and C.
➢ Section A -Question No- 1 is objective type questions carrying 1 mark each, Question No- 2 is very
short answer type carrying 2 mark each. You are expected to answer them as directed.
➢ Section B - Question No-3 is short answer type questions carrying 5 marks each. You need to attempt
any two out of three questions given.
➢ Section C -Question No. 4 & 5 Long answer type (within unit choice) questions carrying 6 marks
each. You need to attempt any one-part a or b.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 238

 Second Sessional Paper

SECTION – A [8 Marks]

1. Attempt all parts (4×1=4)

a. ‫׬‬2+𝑖 (𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦)𝑑𝑧 along the path y = x is equal to (1) CO2
0
2 14 3 3 2 14
(𝑖) + 𝑖 (𝑖𝑖) + 𝑖 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 𝑖 (𝑖𝑣) None of these
3 3 2 14 3 3

b. Residue of 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (1/𝑧) at 𝑧 = 0 is (1) CO2

(𝑖) 0 (𝑖𝑖) 1 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) −1Τ2 (𝑖𝑣) 1Τ2

c. The region of validity for Taylor’s series about 𝑧 = 0 of the function 𝑒 𝑧 (1) CO2
is
(𝑖) 𝑧 = 0 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 < 1 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 > 1 (𝑖𝑣) 𝑧 < ∞

d. If 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 , then 𝑧 = 0 is (1) CO2

𝑧4
(𝑖) Removable singularity
(𝑖𝑖) Pole of order 4
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Pole of order 3
(𝑖𝑣) None of these

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 239

 Second Sessional Paper
2. Attempt all parts (2×2=4)
a. State Cauchy Integral formula. (2) CO2
b. Evaluate the integral ‫ 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 ׬‬where 𝐶 is the left half of the unit circle (2) CO2
𝐶
𝑧 = 1 from 𝑧 = −𝑖 to 𝑧 = 𝑖.

SECTION – B [10 Marks]

3. Answer any two of the following- (2×5=10)

a. Verify Cauchy integral theorem for 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 taken over the boundary (5) CO2
of square with vertices 1 ± 𝑖, −1 ± 𝑖.
b. Using Cauchy integral formula, evaluate 𝑧 2 +1 (5) CO2
‫ 𝑧 𝐶׬‬2 −1 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶 is circle
(𝑖) 𝑧 = 3Τ2 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑧−1 =1

c. 1 (5) CO2
Evaluate ‫ 𝐶׬‬2 2
𝑧 (𝑧 −4)𝑒 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶 is 𝑧 = 1.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 240

 Second Sessional Paper

SECTION – C [12 Marks]

4 Answer any one of the following- (1×6=6)

a. 1 (6) CO2
Expand 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧+1)(𝑧+3)

(𝑖) 𝑧 < 1 (𝑖𝑖) 1< 𝑧 <3

b. State & Prove Cauchy Residue Theorem. (6) CO2

5. Answer any one of the following- (1×6=6)

a. 2𝜋 1 (6) CO2
Evaluate ‫׬‬ 0
𝑑𝜃 using contour integration.
5+4 cos 𝜃

b. ∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 (6) CO2
Prove that ‫׬‬0 (𝑥 2 +1)2
= using contour integration.
4

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 241

 Third Sessional Paper

Printed page:2 Subject Code: AAS0301A

Roll No:

NOIDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

(An Autonomous Institute)
Affiliated to Dr. A.P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow

Course: B.Tech Branch: CSE/IT/CS

Semester: III Sessional Examination: III Year: (2021-2022)
Subject Name: Eng. Maths III
Time: 1.15 Hours [SET-2] Max. Marks:30
General Instructions:
➢ This Question paper consists of 2 pages & 5 questions. It comprises of three Sections, A, B, and C.
➢ Section A -Question No- 1 is objective type questions carrying 1 mark each, Question No- 2 is very
short answer type carrying 2 mark each. You are expected to answer them as directed.
➢ Section B - Question No-3 is short answer type questions carrying 5 marks each. You need to attempt
any two out of three questions given.
➢ Section C -Question No. 4 & 5 Long answer type (within unit choice) questions carrying 6 marks
each. You need to attempt any one-part a or b.
Blooms Level: K1: Remember, K2: Understand, K3: Apply, K4: Analyze, K5: Evaluate, K6: Create

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 242

 Third Sessional Paper
SECTION – A [8 Marks] CO

1. Attempt all parts (4×1=4)

a. The solution of PDE (𝐷 + 4𝐷′ + 5)2 𝑧 = 0 is (1) CO3
(i) 𝑧 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 4𝑥) + 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 4𝑥)
(ii) 𝑧 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 4𝑥) + 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 4𝑥)
(iii) 𝑧 = 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 4𝑥) + 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 4𝑥)
(iv) None of these

b. PDE: 𝐵𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 ) = 0 is (1) CO3

elliptic if

c. While solving a PDE using a Variable Separable method, we equate the ratio to a (1) CO3
Constant which?
(i) Can be Positive or Negative Integer or Zero
(ii) Can be Positive or Negative rational number or Zero
(iii) Must be a Positive Integer
(iv) Must be a Negative Integer

d. 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 (1) CO3
+ = 0 is two-dimensional heat equation in state.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 243

 Third Sessional Paper
2. Attempt all parts (2×2=4)
a. Find the P.I. of (𝐷 2 − 2𝐷𝐷 ′ )𝑧 = sin 𝑥. cos 2𝑦 (2) CO3

b. Classify the PDE: 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 about the (2) CO3
line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

SECTION – B [10 Marks]

3. Answer any two of the following- [2×5=10]

a. 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (5) CO3
Solve the PDE 4 + = 3𝑢 subject to the condition
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 4𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −5𝑦
by method of separation of variables.
b. 2
Solve the PDE: (𝐷 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′2 )𝑧 = 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (5) CO3

2
c. Solve the PDE: 𝐷2 − 𝐷′ − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 (5) CO3

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 244

 Third Sessional Paper

4 Answer any one of the following- [2×6=12]

a. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 is initially in a (6) CO3
𝜋𝑥
position is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 . If it released from rest from this position, find
𝑙
the displacement 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡).

b. Solve the PDE 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (6) CO3

𝜕𝑦 2
+ = 0 subject to the condition:
𝜕𝑥
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝜋) = 0, 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 4 sin 3𝑦 by method of separation of
variables.
5. Answer any one of the following-
a. Find the temperature of the bar of length 2 whose ends are kept at zero and (6) CO3
internal surface insulated by if the initial temperature is
𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 3 sin .
2 2

b. Find the solution of Laplace equation subject to the condition: (6) CO3
𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 𝑢(1, 𝑦) = 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑢(𝑥, 1) = 100 sin 𝜋 𝑥

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 245

 Expected Questions for University Exam
1. Solve: 𝑡 = sin 𝑥𝑦.
2. Solve: 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑝 − 𝑥𝑦𝑞 = −𝑧𝑥.
3. Solve: 2𝑧𝑥 − 𝑝𝑥 2 − 2𝑞𝑥𝑦 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0.
4. Use Cauchy’s method of characteristics to solve the
following 1st order PDE : 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑢𝑦 = 2 ; 𝑢 0, 𝑦 = −𝑦 .

5. Solve: 𝐷2 + 3𝐷𝐷′ − 2𝐷′2 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 +

cos 𝑥 + 2𝑦 .
6. Solve: 𝐷2 − 𝐷′2 𝑧 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦.
7. Solve: 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 𝐷′ 𝑧 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦.
8. Solve: 𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′2 𝑧 = 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥.
2
9. Solve: 𝐷2 − 𝐷′ − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷′ 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 .
2
10. Solve: 3𝐷2 − 2𝐷′ + 𝐷 − 1 𝑧 = 4𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 .
2 2
2𝜕 𝑧 2𝜕 𝑧 𝜕𝑧
11. Solve: 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 log 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 246

 Expected Questions for University Exam
12. Classify the equation:
𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
1 − 𝑥2 2
− 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 − 𝑦 2
2
− 2𝑧 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
13. Solve the equation 2 +3 + 5𝑢 = 0;
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝑢 0, 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑦 , by method of separation of variables.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
14. Solve the equation = − 2𝑢 = 0;
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 10𝑒 −𝑥 − 6𝑒 −4𝑥 , by method of separation of variables.
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
15. Solve the equation = + 2𝑢, by method of separation of
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
variables.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 247

 Expected Questions for University Exam
16. A string is stretched and fastened to two points 𝑙 apart. Motion is
started by displacing the string in the form
𝜋𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 from which it is released at time 𝑡 = 0. Show that the
𝑙
displacement of any point at a distance 𝑥 from one end at time 𝑡 is
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑐𝑡
given by 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 .
𝑙 𝑙
17. A tightly stretched string with fix end points 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 is
3 𝜋𝑥
initially in a position given by 𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .If it is released
𝑙
from rest from this position, find displacement 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑡 .
18. A tightly stretched flexible string has its end fixed at 𝑥 = 0 and
𝑥 = 𝑙. At time 𝑡 = 0 the string is given a shape defined by
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝜇𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥), 𝜇 is constant and then released. Find the
displacement 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) of any point 𝑥 of the string at any time 𝑡 > 0.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 248

 Expected Questions for University Exam
19. A rod of length 𝑙 with insulated sides is initially at a uniform
temperature 𝑢0 . Its end are suddenly cooled to 0℃ and are kept at
that temperature. Find the temperature function 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 .

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 249

 Recap of unit(CO3)
We discussed following points in this unit.
✓ Order and degree of partial differential equation.
✓ Homogenous Partial Differential equation
✓ C.F. for Homogenous Partial Differential equation.
✓ P.I. for Homogenous Partial Differential equation.
✓ Non-Homogenous Partial Differential equation
✓ C.F. for Non-Homogenous Partial Differential equation.
✓ P.I. for Non-Homogenous Partial Differential equation.
✓ Classification of second order partial differential equations
✓ Method of separation of variables for solving partial
differential equations
✓ Solution of one dimensional wave and heat conduction
equations.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 250

 References

Text Books
• Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
9thEdition, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
• P. G. Hoel, S. C. Port and C. J. Stone, Introduction to
Probability Theory, Universal Book Stall,
2003(Reprint).
• S. Ross: A First Course in Probability, 6th Ed.,
Pearson Education India, 2002.
• W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and
its Applications, Vol. 1, 3rd Ed., Wiley, 1968.

11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 251

 References

• R.K. Jain and S.R.K. Iyenger: Advance Engineering

Mathematics; Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
• B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics,
Khanna Publishers, 35th Edition, 2000.
2.T.Veerarajan : Engineering Mathematics (for
semester III), Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
• J.N. Kapur: Mathematical Statistics; S. Chand & Sons
Company Limited, New Delhi.
• D.N.Elhance,V. Elhance & B.M. Aggarwal:
Fundamentals of Statistics; Kitab Mahal Distributers,
New Delhi.
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 252
11/23/2022 Mr. Raman Chauhan Maths III (AAS0301A) Unit-III 253