0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views5 pages

Lecture On Matrices

The document describes various coordinate systems used in 3D space (R3), including Cartesian, spherical polar, and cylindrical coordinates. It also discusses curvilinear coordinates and transformations between coordinate systems. Key concepts covered include orthogonal coordinate planes, Jacobian determinants for coordinate transformations, gradient and divergence operators in curvilinear coordinates, and their representations in terms of scale factors for the coordinates.

Uploaded by

Khabab Nazir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views5 pages

Lecture On Matrices

The document describes various coordinate systems used in 3D space (R3), including Cartesian, spherical polar, and cylindrical coordinates. It also discusses curvilinear coordinates and transformations between coordinate systems. Key concepts covered include orthogonal coordinate planes, Jacobian determinants for coordinate transformations, gradient and divergence operators in curvilinear coordinates, and their representations in terms of scale factors for the coordinates.

Uploaded by

Khabab Nazir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Orthogonal Coordinates in ℝ3

Cartesian coordinates; (x, y, z)

x = constant; y = constant; z = constant


[mutually perpendicular families of planes]

Spherical polar coordinates; (r, θ, ϕ)

Cylindrical coordinates; (s, z, ϕ)

Curvilinear coordinates : (q1 , q2 , q3 )

q1 = constant; q2 = constant; q3 = constant [orhtogonal coordinates]


[mutually perpendicular families of planes]

Cartesian to curvilinear transformation :

x = x (q1 , q2 , q3 ), y = y (q1 , q2 , q3 ), z = z (q1 , q2 , q3 )

these are general coordinate tranformation

dxi = ∂ xi dqj where the transformation matrix Jij = ∂ xi is not in general orthogonalJ JT = I
∂ qj ∂ qj
         
V = V 1 q 1 + V2 q 2 + V3 q 3 ; q 1 · q 1 = 1 = q 2 · q 2 = q 3 · q 3 ;
       
q1 · q2 = 0 = q1 · q3 = q2 · q3 qi · qj = δij 

2 1
q
q
+
3
q
     
q1 × q1 = 0 = q2 × q2 = q3 × q3
        
q1 × q2 = q3 ; q2 × q3 = q1 ; q3 × q2 = q1 ;
qi = 1 ϵijk qj × qk 
  
2

q1 = 1 ϵ123 q2 × q3 + ϵ132 q3 × q2  = q2 × q3 ⇒ q1 · q2 × q3  = 1


         
2
dl1 = h1 dq1 ; dl2 = h2 dq2 ; dl3 = h3 dq3 ;

scale factors = h1 , h2 , h3 


         
d r = d l1 + d l2 + d l3 = dl1 q1 + dl2 q2 + dl3 q3 = h1 dq1 q1 + h2 dq2 q2 + h3 dq3 q3
  
q1 = 1 ∂r ; q2 = 1 ∂r ; q3 = 1 ∂r ;
  
h1 ∂ q1 h2 ∂ q2 h3 ∂ q3
2 Lecture_A_3.nb

dτ = dl1 dl2 dl3 = h1 h2 h3 dq1 dq2 dq3


      
d σ = dl2 dl3 q1 + dl1 dl3 q2 + dl1 dl2 q3 = h2 h3 dq2 dq3 q1 + h1 h3 dq1 dq3 q2 + h1 h2 dq1 dq2 q3

Jacobian
In one - dimension : dx = (J1 ) dq =  ∂ x  dq
∂q

dx = ∂ x dq1 + ∂ x dq2
∂ q1 ∂ q2
∂x ∂y
∂q1 ∂q1
In two - dimensions : dxdy = (J2 ) dq1 dq2 = ∂x ∂y
dq1 dq2
∂q2 ∂q2

 
Confusion : dxdy ≠  ∂ x dq1 + ∂ x dq2   ∂ y dq1 + ∂ y dq2  instead dxdy z = d x × d y = d l1 × d l2
  
∂ q1 ∂ q2 ∂ q1 ∂ q2

Consider, r = x x + y y, d r = dx x + dy y =  ∂ x dq1 + ∂ x dq2  x +  ∂ y dq1 + ∂ y dq2  y


       
∂ q1 ∂ q2 ∂ q1 ∂ q2
   
where d l 1 =  ∂ x x + ∂ y y dq1 & d l2 =  ∂ x x + ∂ y y dq2
    
Now d r = d l1 + d l2
∂ q1 ∂ q1 ∂ q2 ∂ q2
 
dxdy z = d l1 × d l2 =  ∂ x x + ∂ y y ×  ∂ x x + ∂ y y dq1 dq2 =  ∂ x ∂ y - ∂ x ∂ y  z
     
∂ q1 ∂ q1 ∂ q2 ∂ q2 ∂ q1 ∂ q2 ∂ q2 ∂ q1
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂q1 ∂q2 ∂q3
∂y ∂y ∂y
In three - dimensions : dxdydz = (J3 ) dq1 dq2 dq3 = ∂q1 ∂q2 ∂q3 dq1 dq2 dq3
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂q1 ∂q2 ∂q3

  
A · B × C = Volume of a parallelopiped
Lecture_A_3.nb 3

∂x dq1 ∂y dq1 ∂z dq1 ∂x ∂y ∂z


∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q1
   ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
dxdydz = d l 1 · d l2 × d l3  = ∂q2
dq2 ∂q2
dq2 ∂q2
dq2 = ∂q2 ∂q2 ∂q2 dq1 dq2 dq3
∂x dq3 ∂y dq3 ∂z dq3 ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂q3 ∂q3 ∂q3 ∂q3 ∂q3 ∂q3

         
d r = d l1 + d l2 + d l3 = h1 dq1 q1 + h2 dq2 q2 + h3 dq3 q3 ⇒ d l1 · d l2 × d l3  = h1 h2 h3 dq1 dq2 dq3

J3 = h 1 h2 h3

Jacobian for spherical coordinates


x = r * Sin[θ] * Cos[ϕ]; y = r * Sin[θ] * Sin[ϕ]; z = r * Cos[θ];
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂r ∂θ ∂ϕ Sin[θ] * Cos[ϕ] r * Cos[θ] * Cos[ϕ] - r * Sin[θ] * Sin[ϕ]
∂y ∂y ∂y
J3 = ∂r ∂θ ∂ϕ
= Sin[θ] * Sin[ϕ] r * Cos[θ] * Sin[ϕ] r * Sin[θ] * Cos[ϕ]
∂z ∂z ∂z Cos[θ] - r * Sin[θ] 0
∂r ∂θ ∂ϕ

Sin[θ] * Cos[ϕ] r * Cos[θ] * Cos[ϕ] - r * Sin[θ] * Sin[ϕ]


SimplifyDet Sin[θ] * Sin[ϕ] r * Cos[θ] * Sin[ϕ] r * Sin[θ] * Cos[ϕ] 
Cos[θ] - r * Sin[θ] 0
J3 = hr hθ hϕ = 1 (r) r * Sin[θ] = r2 * Sin[θ]


Gradient ∇
         
V = V 1 q 1 + V2 q 2 + V3 q 3 ; V1 = V · q 1 ; V 2 = V · q 2 ; V 3 = V · q 3 ;
      
∇ ϕ = ∇ ϕ q1 + ∇ ϕ q2 + ∇ ϕ q3
1 2 3

 
dϕ = ∂ ϕ dq1 + ∂ ϕ dq2 + ∂ ϕ dq3 = ∇ ϕ · d r
∂ q1 ∂ q2 ∂ q3
   
d r = h1 dq1 q1 + h2 dq2 q2 + h3 dq3 q3
  
dϕ = ∂ ϕ dq1 + ∂ ϕ dq2 + ∂ ϕ dq3 = ∇ ϕ h1 dq1 + ∇ ϕ h2 dq2 + ∇ ϕ h3 dq3
∂ q1 ∂ q2 ∂ q3 1 2 3

Comparing coeffients of dq1 , dq2 , dq3  we get


  
∇ ϕ h1 = ∂ ϕ ; ∇ ϕ h2 = ∂ ϕ ; ∇ ϕ h3 = ∂ ϕ ;
1 ∂ q1 2 ∂ q2 3 ∂ q3
  
∇ ϕ = 1 ∂ ϕ ; ∇ ϕ = 1 ∂ ϕ ; ∇ ϕ = 1 ∂ ϕ ;
1 h1 ∂ q1 2 h2 ∂ q2 3 h3 ∂ q3

∇ ϕ = 1 ∂ ϕ q1 + 1 ∂ ϕ q2 + 1 ∂ ϕ q3
  
h1 ∂ q1 h2 ∂ q2 h3 ∂ q3
   
∇ = q1 ∂ + q2 ∂ + q3 ∂
h1 ∂ q1 h2 ∂ q2 h3 ∂ q3
  
Example : ∇ q1 = 1 q1 ; ∇ q2 = 1 q 2 ; ∇ q3 = 1 q 3 ;
  
h1 h2 h3
 
Example : ∇ q2  × ∇ q3  =  1 q2  ×  1 q3  = 1 q1 ;
  
h2 h3 h2 h3
  
q1 = h2 h3 ∇ q2  × ∇ q3 
4 Lecture_A_3.nb

  1    1 
Similarly, ∇ q1  × ∇ q2  = q3 ; ∇ q3  × ∇ q1  = q2 ;
h1 h2 h3 h1

 
Divergence ∇ · V
    
∇ = q1 ∂ + q2 ∂ + q3 ∂ ;
  
V = V 1 q 1 + V2 q 2 + V3 q 3 ;
h1 ∂ q1 h2 ∂ q2 h3 ∂ q3
    
∇ · V1 q1  = ∇ · V1 h2 h3 ∇ q2  × ∇ q3 
       
∇ · V1 q1  = ∇ V1 h2 h3  · ∇ q2  × ∇ q3  + V1 h2 h3  ∇ · ∇ q2  × ∇ q3 
  
As ∇ · ∇ q2  × ∇ q3  = 0

  ∂ V h h   ∂ V h h   ∂ V h h  
∇ · V1 q1  =  q1 + q2 + q3  ·  q1 
 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
h1 ∂ q1 h2 ∂ q2 h3 ∂ q3 h2 h3
  1 ∂ V1 h2 h3 
∇ · V1 q1  = ,
h1 h2 h3 ∂ q1

Similarly,

  1 ∂ V2 h1 h3    1 ∂ V3 h1 h2 
∇ · V2 q2  = ; ∇ · V3 q3  = ;
h1 h2 h3 ∂ q2 h1 h2 h3 ∂ q3
  1 ∂ V1 h2 h3  ∂ V2 h1 h3  ∂ V3 h1 h2 
∇ ·V =  + + 
h1 h2 h3 ∂ q1 ∂ q2 ∂ q3

 
Curl ∇ × V
    
∇ = q1 ∂ + q2 ∂ + q3 ∂ ;
  
V = V 1 q 1 + V2 q 2 + V3 q 3 ;
h1 ∂ q1 h2 ∂ q2 h3 ∂ q3
   
∇ × V1 q1  = ∇ × V1 h1 ∇ q1 
     
∇ × V1 q1  = ∇ V1 h1  × ∇ q1  + V1 h1 ∇ × ∇ q1 
 
As ∇ × ∇ q1  = 0

  ∂ V h   ∂ V h   ∂ V h 
∇ × V1 q1  =  q1 + q2 + q3  ×  1 q1 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
h1 ∂ q1 h2 ∂ q2 h3 ∂ q3 h1
 
 
∇ × V1 q1  = q2 ∂ V1 h1  - q3 ∂ V1 h1 
h1 h3 ∂ q3 h1 h2 ∂ q2

Similarly,
 
 
∇ × V2 q2  = q3 ∂ V2 h2  - q1 ∂ V2 h2 
h1 h2 ∂ q1 h2 h3 ∂ q3
 
 
∇ × V3 q3  = q1 ∂ V3 h3  - q2 ∂ V3 h3 
h2 h3 ∂ q2 h1 h3 ∂ q1
 
 
∇ ×V = q1  ∂ V3 h3  - ∂ V2 h2   + q2  ∂ V1 h1  - ∂ V3 h3   +
h2 h3 ∂ q2 ∂ q3 h1 h3 ∂ q3 ∂ q1
 h h
+ q3 
∂ V 2 2  ∂ V 1 1 
- 
h1 h2 ∂ q1 ∂ q2
Lecture_A_3.nb 5

  
h1 q 1 h2 q 2 h3 q 3
  1 ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ×V =
h1 h2 h3 ∂q1 ∂q2 ∂q3
V1 h1 V2 h2 V3 h3

Laplacian ∇2
   
∇2 ϕ = ∇ · ∇ ϕ = ? Let V = ∇ ϕ = 1 ∂ ϕ q1 + 1 ∂ ϕ q2 + 1 ∂ ϕ q3
  
h1 ∂ q1 h2 ∂ q2 h3 ∂ q3

V1 = 1 ∂ ϕ ; V2 = 1 ∂ ϕ ; V3 = 1 ∂ ϕ ;
h1 ∂ q1 h2 ∂ q2 h3 ∂ q3
  1
∇ ·V =  ∂ h2 h3 V1  + ∂ h1 h3 V2  + ∂ h1 h2 V3 
h1 h2 h3 ∂ q1 ∂ q2 ∂ q3

∇2 ϕ = 1  ∂  h2 h3 ∂ ϕ  + ∂  h1 h3 ∂ ϕ  + ∂  h1 h2 ∂ ϕ 
h1 h2 h3 ∂ q1 h1 ∂ q1 ∂ q2 h2 ∂ q2 ∂ q3 h3 ∂ q3

Exercise : δ (x) δ (y) δ (z) = ?  δ (q1 ) δ (q2 ) δ (q3 )

You might also like