Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure of Matter
Learning Outcomes
• At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
• Define element, atom, molecule and compound
• Define mixture, solution, solute, solvent, suspension and
solubility
• List common factors which influence the solubility of solid in
a liquid
• Explain the makeup of crystals and define crystallization
• Explain the makeup of metals and define an alloy
Content
 Element and atoms
 Periodic Table
 Molecule, compounds and mixture
 Solutions, suspension and solubility
 Cristal and Metals
ELEMENTS
The simplest form of a pure substance which can
neither be decomposed into nor built from simpler
substances by ordinary physical and chemical methods.
Each element is distinguished by its atomic number, i.e.
the number of protons in the nucleoid of its atoms.
• There are 115 known elements today, 90 which occur
naturally
• The most abundant elements in the earth crust are
oxygen, silicone, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium,
potassium, hydrogen, chlorine, carbon, etc.
ELEMENTS (Cont)
• Elements are further classified into following types:
Metals: some common examples of metals are
copper, iron, silver, gold, etc.
Non-metals: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc.
Metalloids: silicon, arsenic, bismuth, etc.

Atom
The smallest particle of an
element which may or may not
have independent existence
• Protons and electrons are the only particles that have a
charge.
• Protons and neutrons have essentially the same mass.
• The mass of an electron is so small we ignore it.
mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e-

Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons or electrons
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number
1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U
The Isotopes of Hydrogen
Do You Understand Isotopes?
14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
11
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

PERIODIC TABLE
• A systematic catalog of
elements.
• Elements are arranged
in order of atomic
number.
• The rows on the
periodic chart are
periods.
• Columns are groups.
• Elements in the same
group have similar
chemical properties.
Groups
These five groups are commonly referred

to by these names
Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Transition metals
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
Exercise 1 - Please Answer the questions
1. By referring to the periodic table, identify the group
and period to which each of the following elements
belongs. Then decide whether the element is a metal
non metal, or metalloid
a. Se
b. As
c. Fe
d. Cu
e. Br
2. What group VIIA element is a metalloid?
3. What is the group IIIA element in period 3?
Exercise 1 - answer
1. By referring to the periodic table, identify the group
and period to which each of the following elements
belongs. Then decide whether the element is a metal
non metal, or metalloid
a. Se – Non metal
b. As - Metalloid
c. Fe - Metal
d. Cu - Metal
e. Br – Non-metal
2. What group 17A element is a metalloid? Ans: At
3. What is the group 3A element in period 3? Ans: Al
Molecule
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical forces
H2 H2O NH3 CH4
A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO
A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
COMPOUNDS
• Pure substances containing more than one different
element.
• Example:
• NaCl (table salt)
• Contains sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl)
• NaCl is the chemical formula
• H2O (water)
• Contains 2 atoms of hydrogen (H) and 1 atom of
oxygen (O)
• H2O is the chemical formula
MIXTURE
 Homogeneous : components are uniformly mixed.
Eg : a glass of sweetened lemonade
 Heterogeneous : components are not uniformly

mixed
Eg : A scoop of chocolate chip ice cream
Mixture are combinations of 2 or more pure substance

Exercise 2 – Answer the questions before click
next
• State whether the following substances are elements,
compounds or mixtures:
a. Carbon
b. Salt
c. Mortar
d. Sugar
e. Copper
Exercise 2 - Answer
• State whether the following substances are elements,
compounds or mixtures:
a. Carbon - element
b. Salt - compounds
c. Mortar – mixture (homogenous) – lime, sand and water
d. Sugar - compounds
e. Copper - element
Solutions
Mixture from which the two constituents may not
be separated by leaving it to stand or by filtration.
Example : sugar dissolves in tea, salt dissolves in
water
Solution = solvent +Solute
Solute is substance that is dissolved which may be

solid, liquid or gas
Solvent is the liquid in which it dissolves
Suspension
 Mixture of a liquid and particles of a solid
which do not dissolve in the liquid
 Examples: sand in water, chalk in water, petrol
and water
Solubility
 Measure of the maximum amount of a solute
which can be dissolved in 0.1 kg of solvent at a
given temperature
 Examples: solubility of KCl2 at 20°C is 34 g/0.1 kg
of water
 A solution is saturated if no more solute can be
made to dissolve, with the temperature
remaining constant
 Solubility is dependent on temperature,
particles size, agitation, etc.
How many grams of salt can be dissolved in 100 g of H2O at 80
degrees Celsius?
Crystals
 Arrangement of atoms or
molecules forming a distinct
pattern
 Mostly solid, example salt,
sugar and metals
 Non crystals, known as
amorphous, ex. Glass and Salt crystal
wood
 The process of isolating solids quartz crystal
from solution in a crystalline
form is known as
crystallization
Metal
 polycrystalline substances which made up a
large number of crystals joined boundaries
Example:
- brass : copper and zinc
- steel : iron and carbon
- bronze : copper and tin

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Atomic Structure of Matter

Non-metals: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc.

Metalloids: silicon, arsenic, bismuth, etc.

mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e-

6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

These five groups are commonly referred

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

 Heterogeneous : components are not uniformly

Mixture are combinations of 2 or more pure substance

Solution = solvent +Solute

Solute is substance that is dissolved which may be

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