OSCILLATORY MOTION AND

WAVES
for GENERAL PHYSICS 1/ Grade 12
Quarter 2/ Week 3

1
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will serve as guide in learning General Physics 1.

Physics learners make perceptions and inquire fundamental questions
beneficial to answer problems in a real-world setting.

The lessons discussed in this self-learning kit include ideas and concepts
on underdamped, overdamped, and critically damped motion, mechanical,
longitudinal, transverse, periodic, and sinusoidal waves which are relevant in
restraining vibratory movement as in swing, clock, and cars moving downhill.

Moreover, there are also problem solving on the inferences of the

speed, wavelength, frequency, period, direction, and wave number of a
sinusoidal wave function as in sound that our ears receive and light that we
see. It also includes inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves
and the distance from the source that may be encountered which are
beneficial in explaining the occurrences of the phenomenon in our
surroundings.

In using this learning kit, learners are expected to learn concepts and
have better understanding of some Physics concepts that are beneficial in
their everyday lives. The use of this kit must be with utmost care as learners
unravel the science of nature.

2
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of this Self-Learning Kit, you should be able to:

K: explain the differences of the different types of waves and motion;
S: solve the characteristics (amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, and
intensity) of a wave; and
A: relate the importance of waves and motion in daily life.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period,
displacement, velocity, and acceleration of oscillating systems
(STEM_GP12PMIIc-24).

Recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple

harmonic motion (STEM_GP12PMIIc-25).

Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum,
and physical pendulum (STEM_GP12PMIIc-27).

Differentiate underdamped, overdamped, and critically damped motion

(STEM_GP12PMIId-28).

Define mechanical wave, longitudinal wave, transverse wave, periodic

wave, and sinusoidal wave (STEM_GP12PMIId-31).

Infer the speed, wavelength, frequency, period, direction, and wave

number from a sinusoidal wave function (STEM_GP12PMIId-32).

3
I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITY:

Good day Hi! My name is

STEMates! Welcome to Monica. I will also be
Week 3 of General learning with you as
Physics 1. How are we do the fun tasks
you? I am Denver and I this week.
will help you learn
waves and motion.

Are you
ready? Let’s
start!

Swing Me!
Directions: Do the activity below and answer the questions that follow.
Write your answers on your notebook/Activity Sheet.

Materials:
String Hook Stone

Procedure:
1. Attach the hook to the ceiling.
2. Tie the stone on one end of the string and attach it to the hook.
3. Hold the stone at 45º from the hook and release it.
4. Observe what happens to the movement of the string/stone. Draw the
movement on the space provided.
Observations:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________.

Drawing:

4
Questions
1. How many times did the string swing back and forth?
____________________________________________________________________.
2. Why do you think the movement of the string/stone stopped?
____________________________________________________________________.

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION:

A guitar string stops

oscillating a few seconds
after being plucked since
dampening counteracts the
forces acting on the string.

Retrieved from https://pixabay.com/ru/photos/guitar-

bass-guitar-man-4880822/

What is your favourite musical instrument? Whether it’s a guitar, a violin, a

piano, or a flute, the same concepts in waves and in acoustics can explain how
they work. In this module, you will see that the sound produced by musical
instruments can be described using wave mechanics.

Oscillations and Waves

An oscillation or vibration is a “wiggle” in time. An example is the periodic

motion of a pendulum where the bob swings back and forth. A wave, on the
other hand, is a “wiggle” in both space and time. Some examples are water
waves, sound waves, waves on a string, and electromagnetic waves.
Period and Frequency in Oscillations

When you pluck a guitar string, the resulting sound has a steady tone and
lasts a long time. Each successive vibration of the string takes the same time as
the previous one. We define periodic motion to be a motion that repeats itself
at regular time intervals, such as exhibited by the guitar string or by an object on
a spring moving up and down. The time to complete one oscillation remains
constant and is called the period (T). Its units are usually seconds, but may be
any convenient unit of time. The word period refers to the time for some event
whether repetitive or not; but we shall be primarily interested in periodic motion,
which is by definition repetitive. A concept closely related to period is the
frequency of an event. For example, if you get a pay check twice a month, the

5
frequency of payment is two per month and the period between checks is half
a month.

Frequency and period are reciprocals. If the frequency is 60 Hz, the period
is 1/60 (or 0.017). If the period is 0.010 s, the frequency is 100 Hz. Frequency is
defined to be the number of events per unit time. For periodic motion,
frequency is the number of oscillations per unit time. The relationship between
frequency and period is

The SI unit for frequency is the cycle per second , which is defined to be a
hertz (Hz):

A cycle is one complete oscillation. Note that a vibration can be a single

or multiple event, whereas oscillations are usually repetitive for a significant
number of cycles.

Example:
Calculate the frequency and its period if a pendulum completes 30
cycles in 15seconds.

Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion

Objects that move back and forth over the same path such as a swinging
pendulum, a metal weight bobbing up and down, and a vibrating guitar spring
exhibit periodic motion. One type of periodic motion is simple harmonic motion.
Simple harmonic motion is an oscillatory motion experienced by an object
displaced by a force from an equilibrium position.
Simple harmonic motion, just like any other motion, can be described in
terms of displacement, velocity, and acceleration. A body whose acceleration
is proportional to its displacement from a certain equilibrium position and
opposite to its displacement is said to move in simple harmonic motion. A body
moving in SHM has its displacement from the equilibrium position continuously
changing. The maximum displacement attained by the body on either side of
the equilibrium is its amplitude. The total number of vibrations per unit time is

6
called frequency of the motion. On the other hand, the time for one complete
vibration is called period of motion.
Equations for Simple Harmonic Motion

a. Period of the spring (T)

T π√

b. Maximum acceleration (amax)

c. Acceleration from the equilibrium position (a)

Example:
A 100-g body is attached at the end of a hanging spring with a spring
constant of 2,000 dynes/cm. It is displaced 10 cm from its equilibrium position
and then released.

(a) calculate the period (T),

(b) find the maximum acceleration of the body, and
(c) find the acceleration of the body when it is 5.0 cm from the
equilibrium position.
Solution:
Given:
m = 100g
k = 2000 dynes/cm
A = 10 cm X = 5.0 cm

7
 Spring Mass Oscillator

When dealing with problems in a spring mass motion, you must

remember the following:
 The gravitational field strength is not a factor affecting the time
period.
 Amplitude does not affect the time period, it doesn’t matter how far
mass is from the equilibrium point, it will still move up and down or
back and forth with the same time period.
 The mass of the spring affects the number of time periods. An
increased in mass means longer period in the spring mass motion.
 For you to decrease the period, you must increase the stiffness of the
spring.

Formula:

where:
T = time period measured in s (second)
2 = is constant
= is 3.14159 and is constant
m = mass of the spring measured in kg (kilogram)
k = spring constant, N/m (Newton per meter)

Additional Variables:
F = frequency, measured in Hz
= angular velocity, measured in radiance/sec or rad/s

How are these variables proportional to each other?

 Time (T) is proportional to the √
 Time (T is proportional to
√
Question: If k (spring constant) increases by 4, what will happen to the time
period?

Answer: If k is going up by the factor of 4 and Time (T) is proportional to .

√
Therefore,

√ √
Since 2 is a denominator, therefore time period decreases by 2.

8
Example:
A horizontal spring (k = 300 N/m) with a mass of 0.75 kg attached to it is
undergoing simple harmonic motion. Calculate the a.) Period, b) Frequency, c)
Angular Velocity.

A. Calculating the Period

1. Identify the formula to be used and the variables given in the
problem.
√

Given:
2 = constant
= 3.14159 constant
m= 0.75 kg
k = 300 N/m
Unknown: T = ?

2. Substitute the variables given and perform the operation.

B. Calculating the Frequency

1. Identify the formula to be used and the variables given in the problem.
In calculating frequency, use the formula given below:

Given:
1 = constant
T = 0.3142 s
Unknown: f =?

2. Substitute the variables given and perform the operation.

9
 C. Calculating the Angular Velocity
1. Identify the formula to be used and the variables given in the problem.
In calculating the angular velocity, use the formula given below:

Given:
2 = constant
= 3.14159 and is constant

Unknown: ω = ?

2. Substitute the variables given and perform the operation.

The Simple Pendulum

A simple pendulum consists of a bob of relatively large mass hanging on a

string with negligible mass. The string is normally in a vertical position. The bob
hangs along a vertical line and is in equilibrium under the action of two forces,
its weight and the tension in the string. Pendulums are in common usage. Some
have crucial uses, such as in clocks; some are for fun, such as a child’s swing;
and some are just there, such as the sinker on a fishing line.
When dealing with problems in pendulums, you must remember the
following:

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  The gravitational field strength can change the time period of the
pendulum. If the object is on Earth, remember that the acceleration due
to gravity is 9.81 m/s2.
 Mass is not a factor involved in the change of time period.
 Amplitude does not affect the time period.
 An increase in gravitational field strength means a shorter period. An
increase in length of the pendulum means longer period.
Equation in solving Simple Pendulum

T π√
where:
T = time period measured in s (second)
2 = is constant
= 3.14159 and is constant
l = length, measured in m (meter)
g = gravitational field strength = 9.8 m/s2

Additional Variable:
= frequency, measured in Hz

How are these variables proportional to each other?

Time period is proportional to the length of the pendulum as it is with the
gravitational field strength.

Question: If length is increased by a factor 2, what will happen to the T?

Answer: It will increase by 2.

Question: If the gravitational field strength got weaker by a factor of 4,

what will happen to T?
Answer: It will increase by 2.

Example:
A string of a pendulum has a length of 1.0 m and has a period of 2.0 s.
Find the value of g at a point of the pendulum. If the same pendulum is brought
to another place where the value of g is 9.85 m/s, what is the period of the
pendulum at that place?

Given: L = 1.0 m

T = 2.0 s

Required: (a) value of g at a point

(b) T of the pendulum at a point where g is equal to 9.85 m/s2

11
Solution (a):

1. Square √ and solve for g:

2. Substitute known values into the equation:

3. Calculate to find g:

Solution (b):

√
√

Physical Pendulum (PP)

A physical pendulum refers to an object which oscillates back and forth,
in contrast to the rather idealized simple pendulum where all the mass is
concentrated in a single point (usually the mass hanging on the end of the
massless rope). One example of a physical pendulum is a baseball bat swinging
back and forth. Any object which is acted upon by a restoring torque will move
in angular harmonic motion when given an angular displacement. A physical
pendulum can illustrate this effect.
When a disk is displaced in such a way that there is a restoring torque, we
have a torsion balance. The restoring torque tends to bring it back to its
equilibrium position. The body is said to move with angular harmonic motion. The
body is free to rotate about an axis perpendicular to its own plane.

Equation in solving Physical Pendulum

Example:

A body is pivoted so that its center of gravity is 1.0 cm from the axis of
rotation. The body’s radius of gyration is 60 cm. The body acts like a physical
pendulum. Find the period of vibration of the body.

12
 Given: Center of gravity of the body = 1.0 from the axis of rotation
radius of gyration = 60 cm
Required: period T of the body

Solution:
 Get first the moment of inertia of the body I.
I = m(0.60 m)2
 Calculate the period T using the formula then substitute the given values.

Underdamped, Overdamped, and Critically Damped Motion

Underdamped

It refers to the movement of an object in a system which returns to

equilibrium position faster but overshoot and cross over one or more times until it
reaches the displacement (x) as shown in Figure 1.

Retrieved from https://www.teksguide.org/resource/167-damped-harmonic-motion

Figure 1. The amplitude gradually decreases but the period and frequency remain almost the
same as if the system were fully undamped.

Overdamped

It refers to the slow movement of an object in a system which returns to

equilibrium. It (B) moves more slowly toward equilibrium than in the critically
damped system as shown in Figure 2.

Critically Damped

A system is called critically damped if the object (A) returns the system to
equilibrium as fast as possible without overshooting. Like automatic door and
window closer mechanisms, they promptly come to original positions without

13
showing any further oscillations. It is the limit if damping ratio is reduced
overshooting this limit, then system will show oscillating equilibrium.

Retrieved from https://www.teksguide.org/resource/167-damped-harmonic-motion

Figure 2. In this graph, a displacement-time for critically damped (A) and overdamped (B)
motion was shown.

A car's spring and shock

absorber provide dampening so it
doesn't bounce just as much. Huge
dampers installed in a building
resemble large automotive shock
absorbers and serve the same
purpose: to lessen the amplitude and
acceleration of movement when an
earthquake strikes.

Retrieved from
https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1005749

14
 Mechanical, Transverse, Longitudinal, Periodic, and Sinusoidal Waves
Mechanical Wave
A mechanical wave is a disturbance in matter that transfers energy
through matter or space. It can be both transverse or longitudinal waves.

Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crest_trough_wavelength_amplitude.png

Figure 3. Amplitude and wavelength of a wave. Amplitude is the maximum displacement of the
particles of their medium from their equilibrium position. Wavelength is the distance between
two successive compressions. The matter through which a wave travels is called medium.

Types of Mechanical Wave

1. Transverse Wave
It is one in which the vibrations are at a right angle or perpendicular to the
direction of the wave. It is produced when you moved the slinky up and down
or sideways. The points where the coils of the spring are highest are called crests
and the points where the coils are lowest are called troughs (Figure 4).

2. Longitudinal Wave
A longitudinal wave is created when one end of the slinky spring is
stationary, and the other end is given a quick push and pull. It's one in which the
vibrations are parallel to the wave's direction. Compression refers to the area
where the coils are squeezed together, whereas rarefaction refers to the area
where the coils are spread out.

Compression Rarefaction
Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/102642344@N02/15278413843

Figure 4. The medium moves perpendicular to the wave's direction when it encounters
transverse waves. Longitudinal waves force the medium to move in a straight line with the
wave's direction.

15
Periodic Wave
A periodic wave generally follows a sine wave pattern, as shown in the
diagram.

Retrieved from http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Waves.html

Figure 5. A transverse periodic wave at a particular time

A number of parameters can be defined to describe a periodic wave:

 wavelength (λ) - the length of one cycle

 amplitude (A) - the maximum distance a particle gets from its
undisturbed position
 period (T) - time required for one cycle
 frequency (f = 1/T) - number of cycles in a certain time, usually in 1
second.
 speed - this is given by v = frequency x wavelength

An object exhibits periodic motion when an object repeats a pattern of

motion. An oscillation refers to any periodic motion that moves at a distance
about an equilibrium position and repeats over a period of time.
One complete oscillation is called a cycle which describes the motion

Sinusoidal Wave
The sinusoidal wave, also known as sine wave, is a repetitive oscillation
with smooth curves. The sine wave is defined as “The form of wave which the
amplitude is always proportional to sine of its displacement angle at every point
of time”. By combining sine waves, any wave can be created.

Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wavelength_for_sine_wave.PNG

16
Sinusoidal Function

The motion of the particles in the medium through which the waves travel
can also be used to characterize waves. The position of medium particles can
be mathematically described as a wave function or sinusoidal function, which
can be used to calculate the position, velocity, and acceleration of wave
particles at any time.

A pulse is a wave that consists of a single disturbance moving through the

medium at a constant amplitude. As it propagates at a constant wave speed,
the pulse moves as a pattern that preserves its structure. The distance the pulse
travels in a time is equal to because the wave speed is constant.

Retrieved from
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Book%3A
_University_Physics_I__Mechanics_Sound_Oscillations_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/16%3A_Waves/16.03%3A_M
athematics_of_Waves

Figure 6. At time t=0, the pulse is centered on x=0 and has amplitude A. The
pulse moves in a predictable way. With a fixed shape and a fixed maximum
value A. The pulse moves a distance x=vt in time t at a constant velocity. The
distance traveled is calculated using any point on the pulse that is
convenient. The crest is utilized in this illustration.

Retrieved from
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(
OpenStax)/Book%3A_University_Physics_I__Mechanics_Sound_Oscillations_and_Waves
_(OpenStax)/16%3A_Waves/16.03%3A_Mathematics_of_Waves

Figure 7. Every 2π radians, a sine function oscillates between +1 and 1.

17
 Consider the ratio of the angle and the location when building our wave
model with a periodic function:

We can now model the y-position of the string as a function of the position
x by using θ=2πλx and multiplying the sine function by the amplitude A:

The wave on the string moves a distance vt in a time t and travels in the
positive x-direction with a constant velocity v. The wave function can now be
defined using the following formula:

It's usually easier to rewrite this wave function in a more concise format.
The equation is obtained by multiplying by the ratio 2πλ.

The wave number is defined as a value of 2πλ. The wave number is

represented by the symbol k, and its units are inverse meters, m-1:

Angular frequency is ω≡2πT. The wave function's second term is:

A basic harmonic wave on a string has a wave function of

where A is the amplitude, k=2πλ is the wave number, ω=2πT is the angular
frequency, and the minus sign denotes waves traveling in the positive x-direction
and the plus sign denotes waves traveling in the negative x-direction. The
wave's velocity is equal to

18
Problem-Solving Strategy: Finding the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Wave

1. Write down the wave function in the form y(x,t)=A sin(kx – ωt + φ) to

calculate the amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency of a
sinusoidal wave.
2. The amplitude is equal to A and may be calculated directly from the
equation. The measurement unit is the meter (m).
3. The angular frequency (T=2π/ω) can be used to calculate the wave
period.
4. ƒ=ω/2π can be used to find the frequency. Hertz is the unit of
measurement (Hz).
5. The wavelength (λ=2π/k)can be found using the wave number k,(k= 2π/
λ. The unit of λ = meter.
6. The speed of wave v=ƒλ= ω/k. The unit is m/s.

A wave traveling in positive (to the right) direction:

A wave traveling in positive (to the right) direction:

y represents the height of the wave at the position x (the distance along the x-
axis. Both x and y are in meters.
Example:
A transverse wave on a taut is modelled with the wave function

( )

Find the amplitude, frequency, wavelength, speed, period, direction, and

wave number.
Solution:
The speed of the wave can be found using the wave number and the
angular frequency. The direction of the wave can be determined by
considering the sign of kx∓ ωt: A negative sign suggests that the wave is moving
in the positive x-direction:
A. Amplitude = A = 0.2m E. Wave Period
B. Frequency T=2π/ω
ω=2πƒ =6.2832 ÷ 1.57s
so, ƒ=ω/2π = 4s
= (1.57 π/s ÷ 2π
ƒ= 0.25 1/s or 0.25Hz
C. Wavelength F. Wave Number = 6.28m
λ=2π/k
=2(3.1416) ÷ 6.28m
=6.2832 ÷ 6.28m
λ =1.0005m
D. Speed of wave G. Direction = Positive (to the right)
v=ƒλ= ω/k
=0.25 1/s (1.0005m)
=0.25m/s

19
 Performance Task:

Activity: Motion of a Pendulum

Materials:
 Home-made simple pendulum
 Stopwatch
 Protractor

Procedure:
1. Design a simple pendulum. You may use key, ring, necklace, etc.
2. Attach the simple pendulum to a rigid support, with the center of the bob
about 100 cm below the pivot point.
3. From the pivot point to the center of the bob, measure the length of the
pendulum.
4. Pull the bob aside about 200 and release it. Using a stopwatch, determine
the length of time, in seconds, required for 10 cycles.
5. Decrease the length of the pendulum from 100 cm, in steps of
approximately 80 cm, to a final length of about 60 cm.
6. Determine the frequency of the pendulum for each length. Record your
observations in the table.
Length Cycles Time (s) Frequency Period
(Hz)
100
80
60

7. Plot a graph of pendulum frequency (f) against pendulum length (L).

8. Describe the graph obtained.
9. Determine what happens when the frequency of the pendulum and its
length increases.
10. Determine the period of a pendulum as its length increases.
11. Adjust the pendulum length to the identical length used in the first
observation.
12. This time, release the pendulum bob from approximately 10 ° so the
pendulum vibrates with smaller amplitude.
13. Determine its frequency.
14. Compare the frequency with that obtained when the pendulum
oscillated with larger amplitude in step 2.
15. Replace the pendulum bob with a larger mass; make sure that the length
of the pendulum remains the same.
16. Determine its frequency. Compare this frequency with that obtained in
step 5.

20
Questions:

1. How does the change in length affect the frequency and period of an
oscillating pendulum?
2. Determine the effect on the frequency and period of an oscillating
pendulum of fixed length considering the following cases:
a. If there is a change in amplitude
b. Is there is a change in the mass of the bob?

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

I. MATCHING TYPE: Match Column A to Column B. Write the letter of the

correct answer on your notebook/Activity Sheet. You can choose a letter
more than once.
A. Overdamped, Underdamped and Critically damped Motion

Column A Column B
1. The movement of an object in a system a. Overdamped
which returns to equilibrium position faster
but overshoots and cross over one or more
times until it reaches the displacement (x).
2. The object returns the system to equilibrium b. Underdamped
as fast as possible without overshooting.
3. Objects will promptly come to original c. Critically damped
positions without showing any further
oscillations.
4. The slow movement of an object in a system
which returns to equilibrium.
5. It moves more slowly toward equilibrium than
in the critically damped system.

B. Types of Waves
Column A Column B
1. It is created when one end of the slinky a. Transverse wave
spring is stationary, and the other end is
given a quick push and pull.
2. It is one in which the vibrations are at a right b. Longitudinal
angle or perpendicular to the direction of wave
the wave.
3. It is a repetitive oscillation with smooth c. Periodic wave
curves.
4. It is produced when you moved the slinky up d. Sinusoidal wave
and down or sideways.
5. A periodic wave generally follows a sine
wave pattern.

21
II. PROBLEM SOLVING: Read the questions carefully and write your answer on
your Physics notebook/Activity Sheet. Show your solution.
1. A simple pendulum takes 23.5 seconds to complete 20 cycles.
What is the period and frequency of the pendulum?
2. The spring oscillates to the other end. The amplitude is 3.5m, k=
1.2, and ω= 4.3. Solve the frequency, wavelength, wave speed,
period, wave number, and direction.

22
 REFERENCES

Books:
Arevalo, Ryan L. and Mulig, Charity I. General Physics 1. Makati City,
Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems Inc., 2017.

Santos, Gil Nonato C. General Physics 1. Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines:

REX Bookstore, 2017.

Santiago K. (year) Exploring Life Through Science, Physical Science.

Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House.

Serway, Raymond A. and Beichner, Robert J. Physics for Scientists and

Engineers with Modern Physics, Fifth Edition. United States of
America: Thomson Learning Inc., 2000.

Webpages:
OpenStax College. Oscillatory waves and motion: Damped Harmonic
Motion.
Retrieved from http://cnx.contents/031da8d3-b525-429c-
80cf6c8ed997733a/College Physics

23
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Division of Negros Oriental

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Acting CID Chief

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

LANIE MAE C. DE LA TORRE

ROSEWIN P. ROCERO
Writers/Illustrators/Lay-out Artists

_________________________________

QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM

ARNOLD D. ACADEMIA
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
LIEZEL A. AGOR
MARY JOYCEN A. ALAM-ALAM
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
ADELINE FE D. DIMAANO
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
VICENTE B. MONGCOPA
FLORENTINA P. PASAJINGUE
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright
and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

24
 SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHORS

ANSWER KEY
An oscillation or vibration is a back-
and-forth movement in time, whereas a
wave is a back-and-forth movement in both
space and time. An oscillating object or
oscillator is moving in simple harmonic
motion if its acceleration is proportional and
opposite to its displacement.
Waves can be transverse, longitudinal
or both. A wave that requires a medium to
propagate is called a mechanical wave.

LANIE MAE C. DE LA TORRE is currently teaching at

Jimalalud National High School – Main Campus. She is a
Graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education major in
Biological Sciences at Negros Oriental State University,
Bais Campus II and is currently pursuing her Masters in
Educational management in the same university.

ROSEWIN P. ROCERO is Senior High School teacher

at Sta. Catalina Science High School. She is a part-time
instructor of NORSU – Bayawan-Sta. Catalina Campus.
She earned her Bachelor of Science in Biology from
NORSU Main Campus, and is currently finishing her post-
graduate studies in Master of Arts in Science Teaching.

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