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Objectives
FOUNDATION OF METHEMATICS LECTURE 6 Definition Completing the
Square
QUADRIC EQUATIONS

Solving
by Factoring
Dr. Sanjaya Thilakarathne Objectives
Department of Engineering Technology
Solving
by the Square Solving by the
Root Property Quadratic Formula

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Definition of a Quadratic Equation

A quadratic equation in x is an equation that can be written
Solving Quadratic Equations
in the general form
ax 2  bx  x  0,
by Factoring
where a, b, and c are real numbers, with a  0. A quadratic
equation in x is also called a second-degree polynomial
equation in x.

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The Zero-Product Principle

Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring
If the product of two algebraic expressions
1. If necessary, rewrite the equation in the general
is zero, then at least one of the factors is
form ax 2 +bx+c=0, moving all terms to one side,
equal to zero. thereby obtaining zero on the other side.
If AB=0, then A=0 or B=0 2. Factor completely.
3. Apply the zero-product principle, setting each factor
containing a variable equal to zero.
4. Solve the equations in step 3.
5. Check the solutions in the original equation

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Example Example
Solve by factoring: Solve by factoring:
x  5x  6  0
2
x 2  3 x  40

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Example Graphing Calculator

Solve by factoring: The real solutions of a quadratic equation
ax2+bx+c=0 correspond to the x-intercepts of
2 x 2  11x  15  0 the graph. The U shaped graph shown below
has two x intercepts. When y=0, the value(s) of
x will be the solution to the equation. Since y=0
these are called the zeros of the function.

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Solving Polynomial Equations using the Graphing Calculator

By pressing 2nd Trace to get Calc, then the #2,you get the
zeros. It will ask you for left and right bounds, and then a
guess. For left and right bounds move the blinking cursor
(using the arrow keys-cursor keys) to the left and press Solving Quadratic Equations
enter. Then move the cursor to the right of the x intercept
and press enter. Press enter when asked to guess. Then you by the Square Root Property
get the zeros or solution.

Repeat this process for

each x intercept.

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The Square Root Property Example

If u is an algebraic expression and d is a Solve by the square root property:
2
nonzero real number, then u =d has
4 x 2  44  0
exactly two solutions.
If u 2  d , then u= d or u=- d.
Equivalently,
If u 2  d , then u=  d.

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Example

Solve by the square root property:

Completing the Square
 x  2
2
7

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Completing the Square

2
b
If x 2  bx is a binomial, then by adding   ,
2
which is the square of half the coefficient of x,
a perfect square trinomial will result. That is,
2
b  b
x 2  bx+     x  
2  2

2
8
x 2 +8x add  
2
2
 -7 
x 2  7x add   Why we call this completing the square…?
2
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Example Example

What term should be added to each binomial so Solve by Completing the Square:
that it becomes a perfect square trinomial?
Write and factor the trinomial. x 2  8 x  10  0
x 2  10 x

x2  9 x

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Example

Solve by Completing the Square:

Solving Quadratic Equations
x  14 x  29  0
2
Using the Quadratic Formula

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Example
The Quadratic Formula Solve by using the Quadratic Formula:
The solutions of a quadratic equation in general
x 2  6 x  30  0
form ax 2  bx+c=0, with a  0, are given by the
quadratic formula
-b  b 2  4ac
x= 2x2  5x  8  0
2a

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The Discriminant

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Example

Compute the discriminant and determine the

number and type of solutions: Determining Which
2 x 2  3x  7  0 Method to Use

x2  5x  4  0

x2  6x 1  0

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Applications

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The Pythagorean Theorem

The sum of the squares of the
lengths of the legs of a right
triangle equals the square of the
length of the hypotenuse.
If the legs have lengths a and b,
and the hypotenuse has length c,
then a 2  b 2  c 2

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Example
Example
A 42 inch television is a television whose screen’s
diagonal length is 42 inches. If a television’s
42 inches
screen height is 26 inches, find the width of the
television screen
26 inches

A machine produces open boxes using square sheets of metal. The

figure illustrates that the machine cuts equal sized squares measuring
2 inches on a side from the corners, and then shapes the metal into an
open box. Write the equation for the volume of this box. If the volume is
50 cubic inches, what is the length of the side of the original metal.
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Solve by completing the square.

Solve by the square root property.
x 2  12 x  3  0
 x-4 
2
 15
(a) 4  15 (a) 4  39
(b) 4  15 (b) 6  33
(c)  19 (c) 6  33
(d) 4  15 (d) 12  39

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Homework
Practice Exercises in Chapter 14 (page 102)

Practice Exercises in Chapter 19.2 and 19.3 (page 156-160)

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