Nithya BN

Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Applications
M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology
[email protected]
Ph:9900087291

MCA23: Database Systems: Unit II

Database Systems - Unit II Nithya BN

Contents
1 Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL 2
1.1 The SELECT – FROM – WHERE structure of basic SQL Queries 2

2 Practice Sessions 4
2.1 Database and Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Solutions :Creating the tables and inserting the data . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Solutions for Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 Complex Queries 30
3.1 Nested Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 Other Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3 Ambiguity of attribute names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Correlated nested queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5 Aggregate Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.6 Grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.7 The Having-Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.8 Where.....Having . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 PL/SQL (Procedures and Functions) 39

4.1 Introduction to PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2 Why PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3 Features of PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.4 Advantages of PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5 Structure of PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.6 General Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.7 Data Types for specific columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.8 General Syntax to declare a variable is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.9 Assigning values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.10 PL/SQL Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.11 PL/SQL Scalar Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.12 PL/SQL Boolean Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.13 NULLs in PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.14 PL/SQL Control Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.15 Conditional Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.16 PL/SQL Control Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5 Stored Procedures 46
5.1 Creating a Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2 Executing a Standalone Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.3 Deleting a Standalone Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

6 PL/SQL Function 48
6.1 Creating a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.2 Calling a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.3 Specifying Constraints as Assertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

7 SQL Triggers 50
7.1 Trigger syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

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UNIT II
SQL Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL; INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE state-
ments in SQL; Additional features of SQL, Complex Queries Pl/SQLIntroduction
to PL/SQL, Procedures and Functions, Triggers.

1 Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL

SQL has one basic statement for retrieving information from a database: the
SELECT statement.

1.1 The SELECT – FROM – WHERE structure of basic

SQL Queries
The basic form of the SELECT statement, sometimes called a mapping or a
select – from – where block, is formed of the three clauses SELECT, FROM
and WHERE and has the following form.
SELECT < attributelist >
FROM < tablelist >
WHERE < condition >;
Where

• < attributelist > is a list of attribute names whose values are to be

retrieved by the query
• < tablelist > is a list of the relation names required to process the query.
• < condition > is a conditional (Boolean) expression that identifies the
tuples to be retrieved by the query.

• Aliasing for the table name and attribute names

SELECT id as Identity_number FROM persons;

SELECT lastname || firstname as name FROM persons;

SELECT lastname||’,’ ||firstname as name FROM persons;

• Retrieve the birth date and address of the employee(s) whose name is
‘John B. Smith’

SELECT Bdate, Address

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Fname=’John’ AND Minit=’B’
AND Lname=’Smith’;

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• Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the ‘Re-
search’ department

SELECT Fname, Lname, Address

FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT
WHERE Dname=’Research’ AND Dnumber=Dno;

• For every project located in ‘Stafford’, list the project number, the con-
trolling department number, and the department manager’s last name,
address and birth date

SELECT Pnumber, Dnum, Lname, Address,

Bdate FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Dnum=Dnumber AND Mgr_ssn=Ssn
AND Plocation=’Stafford’;

• In SQL, the same name can be used for two (or more) attributes as long as
the attributes are in different tables. In this case, we must specify which
attribute you are referring to from what table which addressing same name
attributes of different tables as under.

SELECT Fname, EMPLOYEE.Name, Address

FROM DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE DEPARTMENT.Name=’Research’ AND
DEPARTMENT.Dnumber=EMPLOYEE.Dnumber;

• Selecting distinct values in a table

select DISTINCT age from persons;

• Selecting values from a table based on a particular value

select * from persons where age=36;

select * from persons where age between 20 and 30;

• Selecting values from two tables

select persons.id, persons.age, orders.ordernumber

from persons, orders;

• Substring pattern matching and arithmetic operations

select * from persons where lastname like ’S%’;

select * from persons where lastname like ’%n’;
select * from persons where lastname like ’%o%’;

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2 Practice Sessions
2.1 Database and Queries
Create the following database schema and write queries.

DEPARTMENT (dept id (int), dept name (varchar (20)), dep location (varchar
(15)))
SALARY-GRADE (grade (int), min sal(int), max sal(int))
EMPLOYEES (emp id(int), emp name (varchar (15)), job name (varchar (10)),
manager id(int), hire date(date), salary (float (10,2)), commission (float (7,2)),
dept id(int))

Figure 1: Sample State of Employees table for queries

Figure 2: Sample State of Employees table for queries

Figure 3: Sample State of Department table for queries

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Figure 4: Sample State of Salary Grade table for queries

1. Write a query in SQL to display all the information of the employees.

2. Write a query in SQL to find the salaries of all employees.
3. Write a query in SQL to display the unique designations for the employees.
4. Write a query in SQL to list the emp name and salary is increased by 15%
and expressed as no.of Dollars.
5. Write a query in SQL to produce the output of employee’s name and job
name as a format of ”Employee & Job”.
6. Write a query in SQL to produce the output of employees as follows.Employee
JONAS(manager).
7. Write a query in SQL to list the employees with Hire date in the format
like February 22, 1991.
8. Write a query in SQL to count the no. of characters without considering
the spaces for each name.

9. Write a query in SQL to list the emp id,salary, and commission of all the
employees.
10. Write a query in SQL to display the unique department with jobs.
11. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who does not belong to de-
partment 2001.
12. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined before 1991.
13. Write a query in SQL to display the average salaries of all the employees
who works as ANALYST.

14. Write a query in SQL to display the details of the employee BLAZE.
15. Write a query in SQL to display all the details of the employees whose
commission is more than their salary.
16. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose salary is more than 3000
after giving 25% increment.

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17. Write a query in SQL to list the name of the employees, those having six
characters to their name.
18. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month
January.
19. Write a query in SQL to list the name of employees and their manager
separated by the string ’works for’.
20. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees whose designation is CLERK.
21. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose experience is more than
27 years.
22. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose salaries are less than
3500.
23. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, and salary of any em-
ployee whose designation is ANALYST.
24. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who have joined in the year
1991.
25. Write a query in SQL to list the name, id, hire date, and salary of all the
employees joined before 1 apr 91.
26. Write a query in SQL to list the employee name, and job name who are
not working under a manager.
27. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees joined on 1st may 91.
28. Write a query in SQL to list the id, name, salary, and experiences of all
the employees working for the manger 68319.
29. Write a query in SQL to list the id, name, salary, and experience of all
the employees who earn more than 100 as daily salary.
30. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are retiring after 31-Dec-99
after completion of 8 years of service period.
31. Write a query in SQL to list those employees whose salary is an odd value.
32. Write a query in SQL to list those employees whose salary contain only 3
digits. 33. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the
month of APRIL.
33. Write a query in SQL to list the employees those who joined in company
before 19th of the month.
34. List the employees who are SALESMAN and gathered an experience which
month portion is more than 10.
35. Write a query in SQL to list the employees of department id 3001 or 1001
joined in the year 1991.
36. Write a query in SQL to list the employees of department id 3001 or 1001
joined in the year 1991.

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37. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees of designation CLERK in
department no 2001.
38. Write a query in SQL to list the ID, name, salary, and job name of the
employees for
• Annual salary is below 34000 but receiving some commission which
should not be more than the salary,
• And designation is SALESMAN and working for department 3001.
39. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are either CLERK or
MANAGER
40. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in any year except
the month February.
41. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the year 91.
42. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month of
June in 1991.
43. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose annual salary is within
the range 24000 and 50000.
44. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who have joined on the follow-
ing dates 1st May,20th Feb, and 03rd Dec in the year 1991.
45. Write a query in SQL to list the employees working under the managers
63679,68319,66564,69000.
46. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined after the month
JUNE in the year 1991.
47. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in 90’s.
48. Write a query in SQL to list the managers of department 1001 or 2001.
49. Write a query in SQL to list the employees, joined in the month FEBRU-
ARY with a salary range between 1001 to 2000.
50. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees who joined before or after
1991.
51. Write a query in SQL to list the employees along with department name.
52. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, annual salary, depart-
ment id, department name and grade of the employees who earn 60000 in
a year or not working as an ANALYST.
53. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, manager id, salary, man-
ager name, manager’s salary for those employees whose salary is greater
than the salary of their managers.
54. Write a query in SQL to list the employees name, department, salary
and commission. For those whose salary is between 2000 and 5000 while
location is PERTH.

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55. Write a query in SQL to list the grade, employee name for the department
id 1001 or 3001 but salary grade is not 4 while they joined the company
before 1992-12-31.

56. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose manager name is
JONAS.
57. Write a query in SQL to list the name and salary of FRANK if his salary
is equal to max sal of his grade.

58. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are working either MAN-
AGER or ANALYST with a salary range between 2000 to 5000 without
any commission.
59. Write a query in SQL to list the id, name, salary, and location of the
employees working at PERTH,or MELBOURNE with an experience over
10 years.
60. Write a query in SQL to list the employees along with their location who
belongs to SYDNEY, MELBOURNE with a salary range between 2000
and 5000 and joined in 1991.

61. Write a query in SQL to list the employees with their location and grade
for MARKETING department who comes from MELBOURNE or PERTH
within the grade 3 to 5 and experience over 5 years.
62. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are senior to their own
manager.

63. Write a query in SQL to list the employee with their grade for the grade
4.
64. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in department PRODUCTION
or AUDIT who joined after 1991 and they are not MARKER or ADELYN
to their name.

65. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in the ascending order of their
salaries.
66. Write a query in SQL to list the details of the employees in ascending
order to the department id and descending order to the jobs.

67. Write a query in SQL to display all the unique job in descending order.
68. Write a query in SQL to list the id, name, monthly salary, daily salary of
all the employees in the ascending order of their annual salary.
69. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in descending order who are
either ’CLERK’ or ’ANALYST’.

70. Write a query in SQL to display the location of CLARE.

71. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in ascending order of seniority
who joined on 1-MAY-91,or 3-DEC-91, or 19-JAN-90.

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72. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are drawing the salary
less than 1000 and sort the output in ascending order on salary.

73. Write a query in SQL to list the details of the employees in ascending
order on the salary.
74. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in ascending order on job name
and descending order on employee id.
75. Write a query in SQL to list the unique jobs of department 2001 and 3001
in descending order.
76. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees except PRESIDENT and
MANAGER in ascending order of salaries.
77. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in ascending order of the salary
whose annual salary is below 25000.
78. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, annual salary, daily
salary of all the employees in the ascending order of annual salary who
works as a SALESMAN.
79. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, hire date, current date
and experience of the employees in ascending order on their experiences.
80. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in ascending order of designa-
tions of those, joined after the second half of 1991.
81. Write a query in SQL to list the total information of employees table
along with department, and location of all the employees working under
FINANCE and AUDIT in the ascending department no.
82. Write a query in SQL to display the total information of the employees
along with grades in ascending order.
83. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, department, salary, and
grade of the employees according to the department in ascending order.
84. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, salary, grade and de-
partment name of employees except CLERK and sort result set on the
basis of highest salary.

85. Write a query in SQL to list the employee ID, name, salary, department,
grade, experience, and annual salary of employees working for department
1001 or 2001.
86. Write a query in SQL to list the details of the employees along with the
details of their departments.

87. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are senior to their own
MANAGERS.
88. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, salary, and depart-
ment id of the employees in ascending order of salary who works in the
department 1001.

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89. Write a query in SQL to find the highest salary from all the employees.
90. Write a query in SQL to find the average salary and average total remu-
neration (salary and commission) for each type of job.
91. Write a query in SQL to find the total annual salary distributed against
each job in the year 1991.
92. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, department id, loca-
tion of all the employees.

93. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, location, department
of all the departments 1001 and 2001.
94. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, salary, grade of all
the departments 1001 and 2001.

95. Write a query in SQL to list the manager no and the number of employees
working for those managers in ascending order on manager id.
96. Write a query in SQL to display the number of employee for each job in
each department.

97. Write a query in SQL to list the department where at least two employees
are working.
98. Write a query in SQL to display the Grade, Number of employees, and
maximum salary of each grade.
99. Write a query in SQL to display the department name, grade, no. of
employees where at least two employees are working as a SALESMAN.
100. Write a query in SQL to list the no. of employees in each department
where the no. is less than 4.
101. Write a query in SQL to list the name of departments where atleast 2
employees are working in that department.
102. Write a query in SQL to check whether all the employee’s numbers are
indeed unique.
103. Write a query in SQL to list the no. of employees and average salary
within each department for each job name

104. Write a query in SQL to list the names of those employees starting with
’A’ and with six characters in length.
105. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose name is six characters
in length and third character must be ’R’.

106. Write a query in SQL to list the name of the employee of six characters
long and starting with ’A’ and ending with ’N’.
107. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month of
which second character is ’a’.

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108. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose names containing the
character set ’AR’ together.

109. Write a query in SQL to list the employees those who joined in 90’s.
110. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose ID not starting with
digit 68.
111. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose names containing the
letter ’A’.

112. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose name is ending with ’S’
and six characters long.
113. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month having
char ’A’ at any position.

114. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month having
second char is ’A’.

2.2 Solutions :Creating the tables and inserting the data

• Creating table emp bn

CREATE TABLE emp\_bn (

emp_id int NOT NULL,
ename varchar(15),
job_name varchar(15),
manager_id int,
hire_date date,
salary decimal(10,2),
commission decimal(7,2),
dept_id int,
PRIMARY KEY (emp_id)
);

• Creating table dept bn

CREATE TABLE dept_bn (

dept_id int NOT NULL,
dept_name varchar(20),
dept_location varchar(15),
PRIMARY KEY (dept_id)
);

• Creating table salary grade bn

CREATE TABLE salary_grade_bn (

grade int NOT NULL,
min_sal int,

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max_sal int,
primary key(grade)
);

• Adding Foreign key reference to emp bn table

ALTER TABLE emp_bn

ADD FOREIGN KEY (dept_id)
REFERENCES dept_bn(dept_id);

• Inserting values into dept bn

insert into dept_bn values(1001, ’Finance’, ’Sydney’);

insert into dept_bn values(2001, ’Audit’, ’Melborne’);
insert into dept_bn values(3001, ’Marketing’, ’Perth’);
insert into dept_bn values(4001, ’Production’, ’Brisbane’);

• Inserting values into salary grade bn

insert into salary_grade_bn values(1,800,1300);

insert into salary_grade_bn values(2,1301,1500);
insert into salary_grade_bn values(3,1501,2100);
insert into salary_grade_bn values(4,2101,3100);
insert into salary_grade_bn values(5,3101,9999);

• Inserting values into emp bn

insert into emp_bn values (68319,’Kayling’,’President’,

Null,’18-Nov-1991’,6000.00,null,1001);
insert into emp_bn values(66928,’Blaze’,’Manager’
,68319,’01-May-1991’,2750.00,null,3001);
insert into emp_bn values(67832,’Clare’,’Manager’
,68319,’09-Jun-1991’,2550.00,null,1001);
insert into emp_bn values(65646,’Jonas’,’Manager’
,68319,’02-Apr-1991’,2957.00,null,2001);
insert into emp_bn values(67858,’Scarlet’,’Analyst’
,65646,’19-Apr-1997’,3100.00,null,2001);
insert into emp_bn values(69062,’Frank’,’Analyst’
,65646,’03-Dec-1991’,3100.00,null,2001);
insert into emp_bn values(63679,’Sandrine’,’Clerk’
,69062,’18-Dec-1990’,900.00,null,2001);
insert into emp_bn values(64989,’Adelyn’,’Salesman’
,66928,’20-Feb-1991’,1700.00,400.00,3001);
insert into emp_bn values(65271,’Wade’,’Salesman’
,66928,’22-Feb-1991’,1350.00,600.00,3001);
insert into emp_bn values(66564,’Madden’,’Salesman’

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,66928,’28-Sep-1991’,1350.00,1500.00,3001);
insert into emp_bn values(68454,’Tucker’,’Salesman’
,66928,’08-Sep-1991’,1600.00,0.00,3001);
insert into emp_bn values(68736,’Adnres’,’Clerk’
,67858,’23-May-1997’,1200.00,null,2001);
insert into emp_bn values(69000,’Julius’,’Clerk’
,66928,’03-Dec-1991’,1050.00,null,3001);
insert into emp_bn values(69324,’Marker’,’Clerk’
,67832,’23-Jan-1992’,1400.00,null,1001);

2.3 Solutions for Queries

1. Write a query in SQL to display all the information of the employees.

select * from emp_bn;

2. Write a query in SQL to find the salaries of all employees.

select salary from emp_bn;

3. Write a query in SQL to display the unique designations for the employees.

select distinct(job_name) from emp_bn;

4. Write a query in SQL to list the emp name and salary is increased by 15%
and expressed as no.of Dollars.

SELECT ename, to_char(1.15*salary,’$99,999’) AS "Salary" FROM emp_bn;

5. Write a query in SQL to produce the output of employees as follows.

Employee
JONAS(manager).

SELECT ename || ’(’|| lower(job_name)||’)’ AS "Employee" FROM emp_bn;

6. Write a query in SQL to list the employees with Hire date in the format
like February 22, 1991.

SELECT emp_id,ename, salary,

to_char(hire_date,’MONTH DD,YYYY’) FROM emp_bn;
OR
SELECT emp_id,ename,salary,
to_char(hire_date,’MONTH DD,YYYY’) AS Hire_Date FROM emp_bn;

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7. Write a query in SQL to count the no. of characters without considering

the spaces for each name.

SELECT length(trim(ename))FROM emp_bn;

8. Write a query in SQL to list the emp id,salary, and commission of all the
employees.

SELECT emp_id,salary,commission FROM emp_bn;

9. Write a query in SQL to display the unique department with jobs.

SELECT DISTINCT dept_id, job_name FROM emp_bn;

10. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who does not belong to de-
partment 2001.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE dept_id NOT IN (2001);

11. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined before 1991.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE hire_date<(’01-Jan-1991’);

12. Write a query in SQL to display the average salaries of all the employees
who works as ANALYST.

SELECT avg(salary) FROM emp_bn WHERE job_name = ’Analyst’;

13. Write a query in SQL to display the details of the employee BLAZE.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE ename = ’Blaze’;

14. Write a query in SQL to display all the details of the employees whose
commission is more than their salary.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE commission>salary;

15. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose salary is more than 3000
after giving 25% increment.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE (1.25*salary) > 3000;

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16. Write a query in SQL to list the name of the employees, those having six
characters to their name.

SELECT ename FROM emp_bn WHERE length(ename)=6;

17. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month
January.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE to_char(hire_date, ’Mon’)=’Jan’;

18. Write a query in SQL to list the name of employees and their manager
separated by the string ’works for’.

SELECT e.ename || ’ works for ’ || m.ename

FROM emp_bn e,emp_bn m
WHERE e.manager_id = m.emp_id;

19. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees whose designation is CLERK.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE job_name = ’Clerk’;

20. Write a query in SQL to list the employee name and his experience in
days.

SELECT ename, floor(sysdate-hire_date)

as experience_in_days from emp_bn;

21. Write a query in SQL to extract year, month and date separately from
the column hire date.

SELECT EMP_ID, ENAME,

extract(YEAR from hire_date) AS Year_of_Joining
FROM EMP_bn;

OR

SELECT EMP_ID, ENAME,

extract(Month from hire_date) AS Month_of_Joining
FROM EMP_bn;

OR

SELECT EMP_ID, ENAME, extract(Day from hire_date)

AS Day_of_Joining FROM EMP_bn;

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22. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose salaries are less than
3500.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE salary <3500;

23. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, and salary of any em-
ployee whose designation is ANALYST.

SELECT ename,job_name,salary
FROM emp_bn
WHERE job_name = ’Analyst’;

24. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who have joined in the year
1991.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn

WHERE to_char(hire_date,’YYYY’) = ’1991’;

25. Write a query in SQL to list the name, id, hire date, and salary of all the
employees joined before 1 apr 91.

SELECT e.emp_id,e.ename,e.hire_date,e.salary
FROM emp_bn e WHERE hire_date <’01-Apr-1991’;

26. Write a query in SQL to list the employee name, and job name who are
not working under a manager.

SELECT e.ename,e.job_name FROM emp_bn e

WHERE manager_id IS NULL;

27. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees joined on 1st may 91.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE hire_date = ’01-May-1991’;

28. Write a query in SQL to list the id, name, salary, and experience of all
the employees who earn more than 100 as daily salary.

SELECT emp_id, ename, salary,

(to_date (SYSDATE) - to_date(hire_date))
experience_in_days
FROM emp_bn WHERE (salary/30)>100;

29. Write a query in SQL to list those employees whose salary is an odd value.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE mod(salary,2) = 1;

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30. Write a query in SQL to list those employees whose salary contain only 3
digits.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE length(TRIM(TO_CHAR(salary,’9999’))) = 3;

31. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month of
APRIL.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE to_char(hire_date,’MON’) =’APR’;

32. List the employees who are SALESMAN and gathered an experience which
month portion is more than 10.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE job_name = ’Salesman’

AND
floor(months_between(sysdate,hire_date)) > 10;

33. Write a query in SQL to list the employees of department id 3001 or 1001
joined in the year 1991.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn

WHERE to_char(hire_date,’YYYY’) = ’1991’
AND
(dept_id =3001 OR dept_id =1001) ;

34. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees of designation CLERK in
department no 2001.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE job_name =’Clerk’

AND dept_id = 2001;

35. Write a query in SQL to list the ID, name, salary, and job name of the
employees for

• Annual salary is below 34000 but receiving some commission which

should not be more than the salary,
• And designation is SALESMAN and working for department 3001.

SELECT emp_id,ename,salary,job_name
FROM emp_bn WHERE 12*(salary+commission) < 34000
AND commission IS NOT NULL AND commission < salary
AND job_name = ’Salesman’
AND dept_id = 3001;

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36. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are either CLERK or
MANAGER

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE job_name IN (’Clerk’,’Manager’);

37. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in any year except
the month February.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE to_char(hire_date,’MON’)

NOT IN (’FEB’);

38. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the year 91.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE hire_date

BETWEEN ’01-Jan-1991’ AND ’31-Dec-1991’;

39. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month of
June in 1991.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE hire_date

BETWEEN ’01-Jun-1991’ AND ’30-Jun-1991’;
OR
SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE
to_char(hire_date,’Mon-yyyy’)=’Jun-1991’;

40. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose annual salary is within
the range 24000 and 50000.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE 12*salary

BETWEEN 24000 AND 50000;

41. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who have joined on the follow-
ing dates 1st May,20th Feb, and 03rd Dec in the year 1991.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE

to_char(hire_date,’DD-MON-YY’)
IN (’01-MAY-91’,’20-FEB-91’,’03-DEC-91’);

42. Write a query in SQL to list the employees working under the managers
63679,68319,66564,69000.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE manager_id

IN (63679,68319,66564,69000);

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43. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined after the month
JUNE in the year 1991.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE hire_date

BETWEEN ’01-JUL-91’ AND ’31-DEC-92’;

44. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in 90’s.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE to_char(hire_date,’YY’)

BETWEEN ’90’ AND ’99’;

45. Write a query in SQL to list the managers of department 1001 or 2001.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE job_name = ’Manager’

AND
(dept_id = 1001 OR dept_id =2001);

46. Write a query in SQL to list the employees, joined in the month FEBRU-
ARY with a salary range between 1001 to 2000.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE

to_char(hire_date,’MON’) = ’FEB’
AND
salary BETWEEN 1000 AND 2000;

47. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees who joined before or after
1991.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE to_char(hire_date,’YYYY’)

NOT IN (’1991’);
OR
SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE to_char (hire_date,’YYYY’)
NOT LIKE ’1991’;

48. Write a query in SQL to list the employees along with department name.

SELECT e.emp_id, e.ename, e.job_name, e.manager_id,

e.hire_date, e.salary, e.commission,
e.dept_id, d.dept_name
FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d
WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id;

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49. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, annual salary, depart-
ment id, department name and grade of the employees who earn 60000 in
a year or not working as an ANALYST.

SELECT e.ename,e.job_name,(12*e.salary)
"Annual Salary",e.dept_id,d.dept_name,s.grade
FROM emp_bn e,dept_bn d, salary_grade_bn s
WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id
AND e.salary BETWEEN s.min_sal
AND s.max_sal AND (((12*e.salary)>= 60000)
OR (e.job_name != ’ANALYST’));

50. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, manager id, salary, man-
ager name, manager’s salary for those employees whose salary is greater
than the salary of their managers.

SELECT w.ename, w.job_name, w.manager_id, w.salary,

m.ename "Manager",m.emp_id,
m.salary "Manager_Salary"
FROM emp_bn w, emp_bn m
WHERE w.manager_id = m.emp_id
AND w.salary > m.salary;

51. Write a query in SQL to list the employees name, department, salary
and commission. For those whose salary is between 2000 and 5000 while
location is PERTH.

SELECT e.ename, e.dept_id, e.salary, e.commission

FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d
WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id
AND d.dept_location = ’Perth’
AND e.salary BETWEEN 2000 AND 5000;

52. Write a query in SQL to list the grade, employee name for the department
id 1001 or 3001 but salary grade is not 4 while they joined the company
before 1992-12-31.

SELECT s.grade,e.ename FROM emp_bn e, salary_grade_bn s

WHERE e.dept_id IN (1001,3001)
AND hire_date < (’31-Dec-1992’)
AND (e.salary BETWEEN s.min_sal
AND s.max_sal AND s.grade NOT IN (4));

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53. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose manager name is
JONAS.

SELECT w.emp_id, w.ename, w.job_name,

w.manager_id, w.hire_date,w.salary,
w.dept_id, m.ename FROM emp_bn w, emp_bn m
WHERE w.manager_id = m.emp_id AND m.ename = ’Jonas’;

54. Write a query in SQL to list the name and salary of FRANK if his salary
is equal to max sal of his grade.

SELECT e.ename,e.salary
FROM emp_bn e, salary_grade_bn s
WHERE e.ename = ’Frank’
AND e.salary BETWEEN s.min_sal
AND s.max_sal AND e.salary = s.max_sal ;

55. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are working either MAN-
AGER or ANALYST with a salary range between 2000 to 5000 without
any commission.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE job_name

IN (’Manager’,’Analyst’)AND
salary BETWEEN 2000 AND 5000 AND
commission IS NULL;

56. Write a query in SQL to list the id, name, salary, and location of the
employees working at PERTH,or MELBOURNE with an experience over
10 years.

SELECT e.emp_id, e.ename, e.dept_id, e.salary,

d.dept_location FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d
WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id AND d.dept_location
IN (’Perth’, ’Melborne’)
AND (to_date(SYSDATE) - to_date(hire_date)) > 10;

57. Write a query in SQL to list the employees along with their location who
belongs to SYDNEY, MELBOURNE with a salary range between 2000
and 5000 and joined in 1991.

SELECT e.emp_id, e.ename, e.dept_id, e.salary,

d.dept_location FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d
WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id
AND d.dept_location
IN (’Sydney’,’Melborne’)
AND to_char(e.hire_date,’YY’) = ’91’
AND e.salary BETWEEN 2000 AND 5000;

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58. Write a query in SQL to list the employees with their location and grade
for MARKETING department who comes from MELBOURNE or PERTH
within the grade 3 to 5 and experience over 5 years.

SELECT e.dept_id, e.emp_id, e.ename,

e.salary,d.dept_name,d.dept_location,s.grade
FROM emp_bn e, salary_grade_bn s, dept_bn d
WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id AND e.salary
BETWEEN s.min_sal AND s.max_sal AND s.grade
IN (3,4,5) AND (to_date(SYSDATE) - to_date(hire_date)) > 5
AND (d.dept_name = ’Marketing’ AND D.dept_location
IN (’Melborne’,’Perth’));

59. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are senior to their own
manager.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn w,emp_bn m

WHERE w.manager_id = m.emp_id
AND w.hire_date < m.hire_date;

60. Write a query in SQL to list the employee with their grade for the grade
4.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn e, salary_grade_bn s

WHERE e.salary BETWEEN s.min_sal AND s.max_sal
AND s.grade = 4;

61. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in department PRODUCTION

or AUDIT who joined after 1991 and they are not MARKER or ADELYN
to their name.

SELECT e.ename FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d, salary_grade_bn s

WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id AND d.dept_name IN
(’Production’,’Audit’) AND e.salary BETWEEN s.min_sal
AND s.max_sal AND e.ename NOT IN (’Marker’, ’Adelyn’)
AND to_char(hire_date,’YYYY’) >’1991’;

62. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in the ascending order of their
salaries.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn ORDER BY salary ASC;

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63. Write a query in SQL to list the details of the employees in ascending
order to the department id and descending order to the jobs.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn ORDER BY dept_id ASC, job_name DESC;

64. Write a query in SQL to display all the unique job in descending order.

SELECT DISTINCT job_name FROM emp_bn ORDER BY job_name DESC;

65. Write a query in SQL to list the id, name, monthly salary, daily salary of
all the employees in the ascending order of their annual salary.

SELECT emp_id,ename,salary Monthly_Salary,salary/30

Daily_Salary,12*salary Annual_Salary FROM emp_bn
ORDER BY Annual_Salary ASC;

66. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in descending order who are
either ’CLERK’ or ’ANALYST’.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE job_name=’Clerk’

OR job_name=’Analyst’ORDER BY job_name DESC;

67. Write a query in SQL to display the location of CLARE.

SELECT dept_location FROM dept_bn d,emp_bn e

WHERE e.ename = ’Clare’ AND e.dept_id = d.dept_id ;

68. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in ascending order of seniority
who joined on 1-MAY-91,or 3-DEC-91, or 19-JAN-90.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE hire_date

IN (’01-May-1991’,’03-Dec-1991’,’19-Jan-1990’)
ORDER BY hire_date ASC;

69. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are drawing the salary
less than 1000 and sort the output in ascending order on salary.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE salary < 1000 ORDER BY salary;

70. Write a query in SQL to list the details of the employees in ascending
order on the salary.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn ORDER BY salary ASC;

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71. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in ascending order on job name
and descending order on employee id.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn e

ORDER BY e.job_name ASC,
e.emp_id DESC ;

72. Write a query in SQL to list the unique jobs of department 2001 and 3001
in descending order.

SELECT DISTINCT job_name

FROM emp_bn WHERE dept_id IN (2001,3001)
ORDER BY job_name DESC;

73. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees except PRESIDENT and
MANAGER in ascending order of salaries.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE job_name

NOT IN (’President’,’Manager’)
ORDER BY salary ASC;

74. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in ascending order of the salary
whose annual salary is below 25000.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn

WHERE (12*salary) < 25000
ORDER BY salary ASC;

75. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, annual salary, daily
salary of all the employees in the ascending order of annual salary who
works as a SALESMAN

SELECT e.emp_id,e.ename,12*salary
"Annual Salary",floor((12*salary)/365)
"Daily Salary" FROM emp_bn e
WHERE e.job_name = ’Salesman’
ORDER BY "Annual Salary" ASC;
OR
SELECT e.emp_id,e.ename,12*salary "Annual Salary",
(12*salary)/365 "Daily Salary"
FROM emp_bn e WHERE e.job_name = ’Salesman’
ORDER BY "Annual Salary" ASC;

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76. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, hire date, current date
and experience of the employees in ascending order on their experiences.

SELECT emp_id, ename, hire_date, CURRENT_DATE,

(to_date(SYSDATE) - to_date(hire_date)) EXP
FROM emp_bn ORDER BY EXP ASC;

77. Write a query in SQL to list the employees in ascending order of designa-
tions of those, joined after the second half of 1991.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE hire_date>to_char(’30-Jun-1991’)

AND to_char(hire_date,’YYYY’) >’1991’
ORDER BY job_name ASC;

78. Write a query in SQL to list the total information of employees table
along with department, and location of all the employees working under
FINANCE and AUDIT in the ascending department no.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d

WHERE (dept_name = ’Finance’OR dept_name =’Audit’)
AND e.dept_id = d.dept_id ORDER BY e.dept_id ASC;

79. Write a query in SQL to display the total information of the employees
along with grades in ascending order.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn e, salary_grade_bn s

WHERE e.salary BETWEEN s.min_sal AND s.max_sal
ORDER BY grade ASC;
OR
SELECT * FROM emp_bn e, salary_grade_bn s
WHERE e.salary >= s.min_sal
AND e.salary <= s.max_sal ORDER BY s.grade ASC;

80. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, department, salary, and
grade of the employees according to the department in ascending order.

SELECT e.ename, e.job_name, d.dept_name, e.salary,s.grade

FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d, salary_grade_bn s
WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id AND e.salary
BETWEEN s.min_sal AND s.max_sal ORDER BY e.dept_id ;

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81. Write a query in SQL to list the name, job name, salary, grade and de-
partment name of employees except CLERK and sort result set on the
basis of highest salary.

SELECT e.ename, e.job_name, e.salary, s.grade,d.dept_name

FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d, salary_grade_bn s
WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id AND e.salary
BETWEEN s.min_sal AND s.max_sal
AND e.job_name NOT IN (’Clerk’)
ORDER BY e.salary DESC;

82. Write a query in SQL to list the employee ID, name, salary, department,
grade, experience, and annual salary of employees working for department
1001 or 2001.

SELECT e.emp_id, e.ename, e.salary,

s.grade,d.dept_name,(to_date(SYSDATE) - to_date(hire_date))
AS "Experience",12 * e.salary "Annual Salary"
FROM emp_bn e,dept_bn d,salary_grade_bn s
WHERE e.dept_id IN (1001,2001) AND e.dept_id = d.dept_id
AND e.salary BETWEEN s.min_sal AND s.max_sal ;

83. Write a query in SQL to list the details of the employees along with the
details of their departments.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d

WHERE e.dept_id= d.dept_id;

84. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who are senior to their own
MANAGERS.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn w, emp_bn m

WHERE w.manager_id = m.emp_id
AND w.hire_date < m.hire_date;
OR
SELECT * FROM emp_bn w, emp_bn m WHERE
w.emp_id= m.manager_id AND w.hire_date> m.hire_date;

85. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, salary, and depart-
ment id of the employees in ascending order of salary who works in the
department 1001.

SELECT e.emp_id, e.ename, e.salary, e.dept_id

FROM emp_bn E WHERE e.dept_id = 1001
ORDER BY e.salary ASC;

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86. Write a query in SQL to find the highest salary from all the employees.

SELECT max(salary) FROM emp_bn;

87. Write a query in SQL to find the average salary and average total remu-
neration (salary and commission) for each type of job.

SELECT job_name, avg(salary),

avg(salary+commission)
FROM emp_bn GROUP BY job_name;

88. Write a query in SQL to find the total annual salary distributed against
each job in the year 1991.

SELECT job_name, sum(12*salary) FROM emp_bn

WHERE to_char(hire_date,’YYYY’) = ’1991’
GROUP BY job_name;

89. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, department id, loca-
tion of all the employees.

SELECT e.emp_id, e.ename, e.dept_id, d.dept_location

FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id ;

90. Write a query in SQL to list the employee id, name, location, department
of all the departments 1001 and 2001.

SELECT e.emp_id, e.ename, e.dept_id,

d.dept_location,d.dept_name FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d
WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id AND e.dept_id IN (1001,2001);

91. List the employee id, name, salary, grade of all the employees

SELECT e.emp_id, e.ename, e.salary, s.grade

FROM emp_bn e, salary_grade_bn s
WHERE e.salary BETWEEN s.min_sal AND s.max_sal ;

92. Write a query in SQL to list the manager no and the number of employees
working for those managers in ascending order on manager id.

SELECT w.manager_id,count(*)FROM emp_bn w, emp_bn m

WHERE w.manager_id = m.emp_id GROUP BY w.manager_id
ORDER BY w.manager_id ASC;

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93. Write a query in SQL to display the number of employee for each job in
each department.

SELECT dept_id, job_name, count(*) FROM emp_bn

GROUP BY dept_id, job_name;

94. Write a query in SQL to list the department where at least two employees
are working.

SELECT dept_id, count(*) FROM emp_bn GROUP BY dept_id

HAVING count(*) >= 2;

95. Write a query in SQL to display the Grade, Number of employees, and
maximum salary of each grade.

SELECT s.grade, count(*), max(salary)

FROM emp_bn e, salary_grade_bn s
WHERE e.salary BETWEEN s.min_sal
AND s.max_sal GROUP BY s.grade;

96. Write a query in SQL to display the department name, grade, no. of
employees where at least two employees are working as a SALESMAN.

SELECT d.dept_name, s.grade, count(*) FROM emp_bn e,

dept_bn d, salary_grade_bn s WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id
AND e.job_name = ’Salesman’ AND e.salary
BETWEEN s.min_sal AND s.max_sal
GROUP BY d.dept_name, s.grade
HAVING count(*) >= 2;

97. Write a query in SQL to list the no. of employees in each department
where the no. is less than 4.

SELECT dept_id, count(*) FROM emp_bn

GROUP BY dept_id HAVING count(*)<4;

98. Write a query in SQL to list the name of departments where atleast 2
employees are working in that department.

SELECT d.dept_name, count(*) FROM emp_bn e, dept_bn d

WHERE e.dept_id = d.dept_id
GROUP BY d.dept_name HAVING count(*) >= 2;

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99. Write a query in SQL to check whether all the employee’s numbers are
indeed unique.

SELECT emp_id, count(*) FROM emp_bn GROUP BY emp_id;

100. Write a query in SQL to list the no. of employees and average salary
within each department for each job name

SELECT count(*), avg(salary), dept_id, job_name

FROM emp_bn GROUP BY dept_id, job_name;

101. Write a query in SQL to list the names of those employees starting with
’A’ and with six characters in length.

SELECT ename FROM emp_bn WHERE ename LIKE ’A%’

AND length(ename)=6;

102. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose name is six characters
in length and third character must be ’R’.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE length(ename)=6

AND ename LIKE ’__r%’;

103. Write a query in SQL to list the name of the employee of six characters
long and starting with ’A’ and ending with ’N’.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE length(ename)=6

AND ename LIKE ’A%n’;

104. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month of
which second character is ’a’.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE

to_char(hire_date,’mon’) LIKE ’_a%’;

105. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose names containing the
character set ’AR’ together.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE ename LIKE ’%ar%’;

106. Write a query in SQL to list the employees those who joined in 90’s.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE to_char(hire_date,’yy’) LIKE ’9%’;

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107. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose ID not starting with
digit 68.

SELECT emp_id, trim(to_char(emp_id,’99999’))

FROM emp_bn WHERE trim(to_char(emp_id,’99999’))
NOT LIKE ’68%’;

108. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose names containing the
letter ’A’.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE ename LIKE ’%a%’;

109. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose name is ending with ’S’
and six characters long.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE ename LIKE ’%s’

AND LENGTH (ename) = 6;

110. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month having
char ’A’ at any position.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE to_char (hire_date,’MONTH’)

LIKE ’%A%’;

111. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined in the month having
second char is ’A’.

SELECT * FROM emp_bn WHERE to_char(hire_date,’MON’)

LIKE ’_A%’;

3 Complex Queries
3.1 Nested Queries
• Some queries require that existing values in the database be fetched and
then used in a comparison condition.
• Such queries can be conveniently formulated by using nested queries, which
are complete select-from-where blocks within the WHERE clause of an-
other query.

• That other query is called the outer query.

• A complete SELECT query, called a nested query, can be specified within
the WHERE-clause of another query, called the outer query

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• Many of the previous queries can be specified in an alternative form using

nesting

1. Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the ’Re-
search’ department.

SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNO IN (SELECT DNUMBER
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME=’Research’ )

the comparison operator IN is used

• The nested query selects the number of the ’Research’ department
• The outer query selects an EMPLOYEE tuple if its DNO value is in
the result of either nested query
• The comparison operator IN compares a value v with a set (or multi-
set) of values V, and evaluates to TRUE if v is one of the elements
in V
• In general, we can have several levels of nested queries

2. Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee
whose last name is ’Smith’ either as a worker or as a manager of the
department that controls the project.

SELECT DISTINCT Pnumber FROM PROJECT

WHERE Pnumber IN (SELECT Pnumber FROM PROJECT,
DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE WHERE Dnum=Dnumber
AND Mgr_ssn=Ssn AND Lname=‘Smith’)
OR
SELECT DISTINCT Pnumber FROM PROJECT
WHERE Pnumber IN (SELECT Pno
FROM WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Essn=Ssn AND Lname= ‘Smith’);
SQL allows the use of tuples of values in comparisons by
placing them within parentheses.

3. Retrieve the Ssns of all employees who work on the same (project,hours)
combination on some project that employee (whose Ssn is equal to ‘33344555’)
works on.

SELECT DISTINCT Essn FROM WORKS_ON WHERE (Pno,Hours)

IN (SELECT (Pno,Hours) FROM WORKS_ON
WHERE Essn=‘333445555’);

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3.2 Other Operators

• =ANY (or =SOME) operator returns TRUE if the value v is equal to
some value in the set V and is hence equivalent to IN
• ANY and SOME have the same meaning
• Other operators that can be combined with ANY (or SOME) include
>, >=, <, <=, and <>

• The keyword ALL also combined with each of these operators

– Eg., (v>ALL V)
– Returns TRUE if the value v is greater than all the values in the set
(or multiset) V.

1. Retrieve the names of employees whose salary is greater than the salary
of all the employees in department 5

SELECT Fname,Lname FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Salary > ALL
(SELECT Salary FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE Dno=5);

3.3 Ambiguity of attribute names

1. Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the same
first name and same sex as the employee.

SELECT E.Fname,E.Lname FROM EMPLOYEE E

WHERE E.Ssn IN (SELECT Essn FROM
DEPENDENT WHERE
E.Fname = Dependent_name AND E.Sex=Sex);

3.4 Correlated nested queries

• If a condition in the WHERE-clause of a nested query references an at-
tribute of a relation declared in the outer query, the two queries are said
to be correlated.

• The result of a correlated nested query is different for each tuple (or com-
bination of tuples) of the relation(s) the outer query.

1. Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the same
first name as the employee.

SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE AS E WHERE
E.SSN IN (SELECT ESSN FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE ESSN=E.SSN AND E.FNAME=DEPENDENT_NAME);

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2. A query written with nested SELECT... FROM... WHERE... blocks

and using the = or IN comparison operators can always be expressed as
a single block query

SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE E, DEPENDENT D
WHERE E.SSN=D.ESSN AND E.FNAME=D.DEPENDENT_NAME;

The CONTAINS operator compares two sets (or multi sets) of values, and
returns TRUE if one set contains all values in the other set (reminiscent
of the division operation of algebra).
3. Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects con-
trolled by department number 5.

SELECT FNAME,LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE((SELECT PNO FROM WORKS_ON WHERE SSN=ESSN)
CONTAINS (SELECT PNUMBER FROM PROJECT WHERE DNUM=5));

The Exists Function

• EXISTS is used to check whether the result of a correlated nested
query is empty (contains no tuples) or not
• The result of EXISTS is a boolean value TRUE or FALSE
4. Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the same
first name as the employee.

SELECT FNAME, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE SSN=ESSN AND FNAME=DEPENDENT_NAME);

5. Retrieve the names of employees who have no dependents.

SELECT FNAME, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE SSN=ESSN);

• In Q6, the correlated nested query retrieves all DEPENDENT tuples

related to an EMPLOYEE tuple. If none exist, the EMPLOYEE
tuple is selected.
• EXISTS is necessary for the expressive power of SQL

6. List the names of managers who have at least one dependent.

SELECT Fname, Lname FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT WHERE Ssn=Essn )
AND EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENT WHERE Ssn=Mgr_ssn );

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7. Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects con-
trolled by department number 5

SELECT Fname, Lname FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE

NOT EXISTS ((SELECT Pnumber FROM PROJECT WHERE Dnum=5)
EXCEPT (SELECT Pno FROM WORKS_ON WHERE Ssn=Essn));

Explicit sets
• It is also possible to use an explicit (enumerated) set of values in the
WHERE-clause rather than a nested query
8. Retrieve the social security numbers of all employees who work on project
number 1, 2, or 3.

SELECT DISTINCT ESSN FROM WORKS_ON

WHERE PNO IN (1, 2, 3);

3.5 Aggregate Functions

• Aggregate functions are used to summarize information.
– from multiple tuples into a single-tuple summary
• Include COUNT, SUM, MAX, MIN, and AVG
• COUNT - returns the number of tuples or values as specified in a query
• SUM, MAX, MIN, and AVG - can be applied to a set or multiset of numeric
values and return, respectively, the sum, maximum value, minimum value,
and average (mean) of those values.
• The functions MAX and MIN can also be used with attributes that have
nonnumeric domains if the domain values have a total ordering among one
another.
• Total order - any two values in the domain, it can be determined that one
appears before the other in the defined order
• Example
– DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP domains have total orderings on
their values
– alphabetic strings.
• These functions can be used in the SELECT clause or in a HAVING clause

• Find the sum of the salaries of all employees, the maximum salary, the
minimum salary, and the average salary among all employees.

SELECT SUM(SALARY), MAX(SALARY), MIN(SALARY),

AVG(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEE;

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• Find the maximum salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary
among employees who work for the ’Research’ department.

SELECT MAX(SALARY), MIN(SALARY), AVG(SALARY)

FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT WHERE DNO=DNUMBER
AND DNAME=’Research’

• Retrieve the total number of employees in the company

SELECT COUNT (*) FROM EMPLOYEE;

• Retrieve the number of employees in the ’Research’ department.

SELECT COUNT (*) FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT

WHERE DNO=DNUMBER AND DNAME=’Research’;

– The asterisk (*) refers to the rows (tuples), so COUNT (*) returns
the number of rows in the result of the query
– COUNT function can be used to count values in a column rather
than tuples

• Count the number of distinct salary values in the database.

SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT Salary)

FROM EMPLOYEE;

– Note: duplicates will be eliminated.

– COUNT function can be used to count values in a column rather
than tuples

• Count the number of salary values in the database.

SELECT COUNT (Salary) FROM EMPLOYEE;

– Note: duplicate values will be selected (multiset).

– Any tuples with NULL for SALARY will not be counted.
– In general, NULL values are discarded when aggregate functions are
applied to a particular column (attribute).
– Produce single tuples or single values.
– These functions can also be used in selection conditions involving
nested queries.
– A correlated nested query can be specified with an aggregate function,
and then use the nested query in the WHERE clause of an outer
query.

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• Retrieve the names of all employees who have two or more dependents

SELECT Lname, Fname FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE (SELECT COUNT (*) FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE Ssn=Essn) >= 2;

The correlated nested query counts the number of dependents that each
employee has; if this is greater than or equal to two, the employee tuple
is selected.

3.6 Grouping
• Grouping is used to create subgroups of tuples before summarization.

• Apply the aggregate functions to subgroups of tuples in a relation.

• Partition the relation into non-overlapping subsets (or groups) of tuples.
• Each group (partition) will consist of the tuples that have the same value
of some attribute(s), called the grouping attribute(s).

• Apply the function to each such group independently to produce summary

information about each group.
• GROUP BY clause of SQL
• GROUP BY clause specifies the grouping attributes, which should also
appear in the SELECT clause

• ExampleFor each department, retrieve the department number, the num-

ber of employees in the department, and their average salary.

SELECT DNO, COUNT (*), AVG (SALARY)

FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP BY DNO

– the EMPLOYEE tuples are divided into groups–each group having

the same value for the grouping attribute DNO.
– The COUNT and AVG functions are applied to each such group of
tuples separately.
– The SELECT-clause includes only the grouping attribute and the
functions to be applied on each group of tuples.
– A join condition can be used in conjunction with grouping

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• If NULLs exist in the grouping attribute, then a separate group is created

for all tuples with a NULL value in the grouping attribute.
• For each project, retrieve the project number, project name, and the num-
ber of employees who work on that project.

SELECT PNUMBER, PNAME, COUNT (*)

FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON
WHERE PNUMBER=PNO
GROUP BY PNUMBER, PNAME;

– First, joining of the two relations

– Second, apply grouping
– Third, apply functions

3.7 The Having-Clause

• to retrieve the values of these functions for only those groups that satisfy
certain conditions.

• The HAVING-clause is used for specifying a selection condition on groups

(rather than on individual tuples)
• For each project on which more than two employees work , retrieve the
project number, project name, and the number of employees who work on
that project.

SELECT PNUMBER, PNAME, COUNT(*)

FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON
WHERE PNUMBER=PNO
GROUP BY PNUMBER, PNAME
HAVING COUNT (*) > 2;

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3.8 Where.....Having
• Selection conditions in the WHERE clause limit the tuples to which func-
tions are applied
• The HAVING clause serves to choose whole groups

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• For each project, retrieve the project number, the project name, and the
number of employees from department 5 who work on the project.

SELECT Pnumber, Pname, COUNT (*)

FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Pnumber=Pno AND Ssn=Essn AND Dno=5
GROUP BY Pnumber, Pname;

• For each department that has more than five employees, retrieve the de-
partment number and the number of its employees who are making more
than $40,000.

SELECT Dnumber, COUNT (*)

FROM DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Dnumber=Dno AND Salary>40000 AND
(SELECT Dno FROM EMPLOYEE
GROUP BY Dno HAVING COUNT (*) > 5);

4 PL/SQL (Procedures and Functions)

4.1 Introduction to PL/SQL
• Procedural Language extension for SQL
• PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along with the procedural features of
programming languages.

• It was developed by Oracle Corporation in the early 90’s to enhance the

capabilities of SQL.
• Portable within Oracle data bases
• Callable from any client

4.2 Why PL/SQL

• Acts as host language for stored procedures and triggers.
• Provides the ability to add middle tier business logic to client/server ap-
plications.
• Provides Portability of code from one environment to another
• Improves performance of multi-query transactions.
• Provides error handling

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4.3 Features of PL/SQL

• PL/SQL is tightly integrated with SQL.

• It offers extensive error checking.

• It offers numerous data types.
• It offers a variety of programming structures.

• It supports structured programming through functions and procedures.

• It supports object-oriented programming.
• It supports developing web applications and server pages.

4.4 Advantages of PL/SQL

• SQL is the standard database language and PL/SQL is strongly integrated
with SQL. PL/SQL supports both static and dynamic SQL. Static SQL
supports DML operations and transaction control from PL/SQL block.
Dynamic SQL is SQL allows embedding DDL statements in PL/SQL
blocks.
• PL/SQL allows sending an entire block of statements to the database at
one time. This reduces network traffic and provides high performance for
the applications.

• PL/SQL gives high productivity to programmers as it can query, trans-

form, and update data in a database.
• PL/SQL saves time on design and debugging by strong features, such as
exception handling, encapsulation, data hiding, and object-oriented data
types.

• Applications written in PL/SQL are fully portable.

• PL/SQL provides high security level.
• PL/SQL provides access to predefined SQL packages.
• PL/SQL provides support for Object-Oriented Programming.

• PL/SQL provides support for Developing Web Applications and Server

Pages.

4.5 Structure of PL/SQL

• PL/SQL is Block Structured
– A block is the basic unit from which all PL/SQL programs are built.
A block can be named (functions and procedures) or anonymous
• Sections of block

– Header Section

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– Header Section
– Header Section
– Executable Section
– Exception Section

4.6 General Syntax

HEADER
Type and Name of block
DECLARE (optional)
- variable declarations; Constants; Cursors;
BEGIN (required)
- SQL statements
- PL/SQL statements or sub-blocks
EXCEPTION (optional)
- actions to perform when errors occur
END; (required)

Example PL/SQL program

DECLARE
a number;
text1 varchar2(20);
text2 varchar2(20) := \HI";
BEGIN
---------- ---------- ----------
END;

• Important Data Types in PL/SQL include NUMBER, INTEGER, CHAR,

VARCHAR2, DATE etc

The ’Hello World’ Example

DECLARE
message varchar2(20):= ’Hello, World!’; BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(message);
END;
/

4.7 Data Types for specific columns

Variable_name Table_name.Column_name%type;

• This syntax defines a variable of the type of the referenced column on the
referenced table

4.8 General Syntax to declare a variable is

• variable name datatype [NOT NULL := value ];
• variable name is the name of the variable.

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• datatype is a valid PL/SQL datatype.

• NOT NULL is an optional specification on the variable.

• value or DEFAULT values also an optional specification, where you can

initialize a variable.
• Each variable declaration is a separate statement and must be terminated
by a semicolon.

• to store the current salary of an employee, you can use a variable.

DECLARE
salary number(6);
WHERE "salary" is a variable of datatype number and of length 6.

• When a variable is specified as NOT NULL, you must initialize the variable
when it is declared.

DECLARE
salary number(6);
dept varchar2(10) NOT NULL := "HR Dept";

• The value of a variable can be changed in the execution or exception

section of the PL/SQL Block.

• We can assign values to variables in the two ways given below.

• Directly assign values to variables.
• Assign values to variables directly from the database columns by using a
SELECT.. INTO statement.

4.9 Assigning values

• The two ways to assign values to variables
– Directly assign values to variables.
∗ The General Syntax is: variable name:= value;
– Assign values to variables directly from the database columns by
using a SELECT.. INTO statement.
– The General Syntax is:
SELECT column_name INTO variable_name FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

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Example 1. The below program will get the salary of an employee with ssn
‘888665555’ and display it on the screen.

DECLARE
var_salary number(10,2);
var_ssn char(9):= ’888665555’;
BEGIN
SELECT salary INTO var_salary
FROM employee
WHERE ssn=var_ssn;
dbms_output.put_line(var_salary);
dbms_output.put_line(var_ssn);
dbms_output.put_line(’The employee ’
|| var_ssn || ’ has salary ’ || var_salary);
END;
/

4.10 PL/SQL Constants

• A constant is a value used in a PL/SQL Block that remains unchanged
throughout the program. A constant is a user-defined literal value.

• General Syntax to declare a constant is: constant name CONSTANT

datatype := VALUE;
– constant name is the name of the constant i.e. similar to a variable
name.
– The word CONSTANT is a reserved word and ensures that the value
does not change.
– VALUE - It is a value which must be assigned to a constant when
it is declared. You cannot assign a value later.

Valid
DECLARE salary increase CONSTANT number (3) := 10;

Invalid

DECLARE
salary_increase CONSTANT number(3);
BEGIN
salary_increase := 100;
dbms_output.put_line (salary_increase);
END;
/

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4.11 PL/SQL Scalar Data Types

DataType Description
Numeric Numeric Values on which arithmetic operations are performed.
Character Alphanumeric values that represent single characters or strings of characters
Boolean Logical values on which logical operations are performed
Datetinme Dates and Times

• PL/SQL provides subtypes of data types. For example, the data type
NUMBER has a subtype called INTEGER.

Example 2. Example
DECLARE
num1 INTEGER;
num2 REAL;
num3 DOUBLE PRECISION;
BEGIN
null;
END;
/

4.12 PL/SQL Boolean Data Types

• PL/SQL NULL values represent missing or unknown data and they are
not an integer, a character, or any other specific data type.
• NULL is not the same as an empty data string or the null character value
”.
• A null can be assigned but it cannot be equated with anything, including
itself.

4.13 NULLs in PL/SQL

• The BOOLEAN data type stores logical values that are used in logical
operations.
• The logical values are the Boolean values TRUE and FALSE and the value
NULL.

4.14 PL/SQL Control Structure

• PL/SQL has a number of control structures which includes:
– Conditional controls
– Iterative or loop controls
– Exception or error controls
• It is these controls, used singly or together, that allow the PL/SQL devel-
oper to direct the flow of execution through the program.

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4.15 Conditional Controls

• IF....THEN....END IF;

• IF....THEN...ELSE....END IF;
• IF....THEN...ELSIF....THEN....ELSE....END IF;
• The CASE statement selects one sequence of statements to execute.

• However, to select the sequence, the CASE statement uses a selector rather
than multiple Boolean expressions.
• A selector is an expression, whose value is used to select one of several
alternatives.

The syntax for case statement in PL/SQL is:

CASE selector
WHEN ’value1’ THEN S1;
WHEN ’value2’ THEN S2;
WHEN ’value3’ THEN S3;
...
ELSE Sn; -- default case
END CASE;

Example 3. Example for Case

DECLARE
grade char(1);
BEGIN
grade := :g;
CASE grade
when ’A’ then dbms_output.put_line(’Excellent’);
when ’B’ then dbms_output.put_line(’Very good’);
when ’C’ then dbms_output.put_line(’Well done’);
when ’D’ then dbms_output.put_line(’You passed’);
when ’F’ then dbms_output.put_line(’Better try again’);
else dbms_output.put_line(’No such grade’);
END CASE;
END;
/

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4.16 PL/SQL Control Structure

Loop

LOOP
...SQL Statements...
EXIT;
END LOOP;

WHILE loops
WHILE condition LOOP
...SQL Statements...
END LOOP;
FOR loops

FOR <variable(numeric)> IN [REVERSE] <lowerbound>..<upperbound>

LOOP .... .....
END LOOP;

5 Stored Procedures
• A stored procedure or in simple a proc is a named PL/SQL block which
performs one or more specific task. This is similar to a procedure in other
programming languages.

• A procedure has a header and a body.

– The header consists of the name of the procedure and the parameters
or variables passed to the procedure.
– The body consists of declaration section, execution section and ex-
ception section similar to a general PL/SQL Block.

• A procedure is similar to an anonymous PL/SQL Block but it is named

for repeated usage.

5.1 Creating a Procedure

• A procedure is created with the CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
statement.
• The simplified syntax for the CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
statement is as follows:

– CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name

[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
{IS | AS} BEGIN < procedure_body > END procedure_name;

– procedure-name specifies the name of the procedure.

– [OR REPLACE]
option allows modifying an existing procedure.

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– The optional parameter list contains name, mode and types of the
parameters. IN represents that value will be passed from outside and
OUT represents that this parameter will be used to return a value
outside of the procedure.
– procedure-body contains the executable part.
– The AS keyword is used instead of the IS keyword for creating a
standalone procedure.

Example 1. Example for Creating a Procedure

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greetings
AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(’Hello World!’);
END;
/

Output Procedure created.

5.2 Executing a Standalone Procedure

• A standalone procedure can be called in two ways:

– Using the EXECUTE keyword (sql* plus)

– Calling the name of the procedure from a PL/SQL block

The above procedure named ’greetings’ can be called with the EXECUTE key-
word as:
EXECUTE greetings;
The above call would display:
Hello World
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
The procedure can also be called from another PL/SQL block:

BEGIN greetings;
END;
/
The above call would display:
Hello World
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

5.3 Deleting a Standalone Procedure

• A standalone procedure is deleted with the DROP PROCEDURE state-
ment.
• Syntax for deleting a procedure is:

DROP PROCEDURE procedure-name;

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• The greetings procedure can be dropped by using the following statement:

Example 2.
BEGIN
DROP PROCEDURE greetings;
END; /

6 PL/SQL Function
• A PL/SQL function is same as a procedure except that it returns a value.

6.1 Creating a Function

• A standalone function is created using the CREATE FUNCTION state-
ment. Syntax is:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name [(parameter_name [IN

| OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])] RETURN return_datatype {IS | AS}
BEGIN < function_body > END [function_name];

• function-name specifies the name of the function.

• OR REPLACE option allows modifying an existing function.
• The optional parameter list contains name, mode and types of the pa-
rameters. IN represents that value will be passed from outside and OUT
represents that this parameter will be used to return a value outside of
the procedure.
• The function must contain a return statement.
• RETURN clause specifies that data type you are going to return from the
function.
• Function-body contains the executable part.
• The AS keyword is used instead of the IS keyword for creating a standalone
function.

Example 1. This function returns the total number of CUSTOMERS in the

customers table.
Select * from customers;

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 20000.00
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1515000.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 20000.00
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 65000.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 85000.00
6 Komal 22 MP 45000.00

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CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION totalCustomers RETURN number IS

total number(2) := 0;
BEGIN
SELECT count(*) into total
FROM customers;
RETURN total;
END;
/

Output Function created.

6.2 Calling a Function

• Creating a function - what the function has to do
• To use a function - call that function to perform the defined task.
– When a program calls a function, program control is transferred to
the called function.
– A called function performs defined task and when its return state-
ment is executed or when it last end statement is reached, it returns
program control back to the main program.
– To call a function , pass the required parameters along with function
name and if function returns a value then you can store returned
value.

DECLARE c number(2);
BEGIN c := totalCustomers();
dbms_output.put_line(’Total no. of Customers: ’ || c);
END;
/
When the above code is executed at SQL prompt, it produces the following result:

Total no. of Customers: 6

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Example 2. Calling a Function: Example

DECLARE
a number;
b number;
c number;
FUNCTION findMax(x IN number, y IN number) RETURN number IS
z number;
BEGIN
IF x > y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
z:= y;
END IF;

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RETURN z;
END;
BEGIN a:= 23;
b:= 45;
c := findMax(a, b);
dbms_output.put_line(’ Maximum of (23,45): ’ || c);
END;
/
When the above code is executed at SQL prompt, it produces the following result:

Maximum of (23,45): 45 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

6.3 Specifying Constraints as Assertions

• via declarative assertions, using the

• CREATE ASSERTION statement of the DDL.

• To specify the constraint that the salary of an employee must not be
greater than the salary of the manager of the department that the em-
ployee works for

Example 3.
CREATE ASSERTION
SALARY_CONSTRAINT
CHECK (NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE E, EMPLOYEE M,
DEPARTMENT D
WHERE E.Salary>M.Salary
AND E.Dno=D.Dnumber
AND D.Mgr_ssn=M.Ssn ) );

This SQL statement creates an assertion to

demand that there’s no more than a single president among the employees:

create assertion AT_MOST_ONE_PRESIDENT as CHECK

((select count(*) from EMP e where e.JOB = ’PRESIDENT’) <= 1)

7 SQL Triggers
• Objective: to monitor a database and take action when a condition
occurs
• A typical trigger has three components
– Event
– Condition

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– action (to be taken when the condition is satisfied)

• A typical trigger has three components

– event (e.g., an update operation)

– usually database update operations that are explicitly applied to the
database
• Condition

– determines whether the rule action should be executed

• action (to be taken when the condition is satisfied)
– The action is usually a sequence of SQL statements
– also be a database transaction or an external program that will be
automatically executed

7.1 Trigger syntax

CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name
{BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF}
{INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE}
[OF col_name]
ON table_name
[REFERENCING OLD AS o NEW AS n]
[FOR EACH ROW]
WHEN (condition)
BEGIN
--- sql statements
END;

Example 1. SQL Triggers: An Example

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER age_violation
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF
age ON employee
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (new.age>60)
BEGIN
inform_supervisor;
END;

Example 2. A trigger to compare an employee’s age during insert or

update operations
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE INFORM_SUPERVISOR
AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(’AGE VIOLATION!’);
END;

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Example 3.

• the Total sal attribute is a derived attribute, whose value should be the
sum of the salaries of all employees who are assigned to the particular
department.

• Maintaining the correct value of such a derived attribute can be done via
an active rule.

CREATE TRIGGER Total_sal3

AFTER UPDATE OF Dno ON EMPLOYEE
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
UPDATE DEPARTMENT
SET Total_sal = Total_sal + NEW.Salary
WHERE Dno = NEW.Dno;
UPDATE DEPARTMENT
SET Total_sal = Total_sal { OLD.Salary
WHERE Dno = OLD.Dno;
END;

CREATE TRIGGER Total_sal4

AFTER DELETE ON EMPLOYEE
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN ( OLD.Dno IS NOT NULL )
UPDATE DEPARTMENT
SET Total_sal = Total_sal { OLD.Salary
WHERE Dno = OLD.Dno;

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