P'ent'ay

P'ent'ay (from Ge'ez: ጴንጤ P̣ enṭe) is an originally Amharic–

Tigrinya language term for Pentecostal Christians. Today, the term
P'ent'ay (ጴንጤ)
refers to all Evangelical Protestant denominations and Wenigēlawī (ወንጌላዊ)
organisations in Ethiopian and Eritrean societies. Alternative terms
include Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelicalism or the Ethiopian–
Eritrean Evangelical Church.[1][2][3][4] Sometimes the
denominations and organizations are known as Wenigēlawī (from
Ge'ez: ወንጌላዊ wängelawi "evangelical").

Evangelical Christianity was originally introduced by American Type Eastern

and European Protestant missionary work, which began in the Christianity
19th century among various peoples, including Christians
Classification Eastern
schismed from the Orthodox Tewahedo church,[5] other branches
of Christianity, or converted from non-Christian religions or Protestant
traditional faith practices. Since the creation of P'ent'ay churches Christian
and organisations, prominent movements among them have been Orientation Pentecostal,
Pentecostalism, the Baptist tradition, Lutheranism, Methodism, Lutheran, Baptist,
Presbyterianism, the Mennonites,[6] and the Eastern-oriented Mennonite,
Protestant Christians within Ethiopia and Eritrea and the Ethiopian Anglican,
and Eritrean diaspora.[7][5][8] Adventist,
Holiness,
Etymology Methodist,
Presbyterian
The term was coined in the late 1960s and was used as a pejorative
Polity Congregationalist
for churches that believed in the Pentecostal experience and
and Presbyterian
spiritual gifts of the Holy Spirit,[7] used to describe local Protestant
Christians who are not members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Region Ethiopia, Eritrea,
Tewahedo and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo churches United States,
(collectively known as the Orthodox Tewahedo). Canada, Norway,
Sweden, Finland,
The term P'ent'ay is a shortening of the word "Pentecostal"; Denmark,
however, it is widely used when referring to all Protestant
Germany, United
Christians but especially Evangelical Protestants whether they are
Kingdom, Israel,
actually Pentecostal by denomination or not.[9] Some Oriental
Kenya, Australia,
Orthodox will also apply the term to the small Catholic population
of Ethiopia and Eritrea (but this is rare). and other parts
of the Ethiopian–
Eritrean diaspora
Language Oromo, Amharic,
Sidama, Tigrinya,
and Ethiopian-
The equivalent rendition in many other languages is "Evangelical"; Eritrean diaspora
the term Wenigēlawī means "Evangelical" and has been used vernacular
alongside P'ent'ay. Many of these groups describe their religious languages
practices as culturally Eastern Christian, but Protestant Evangelical
Founder Peter Heyling
by doctrine.[10]
Origin 19th–20th
centuries
Denominations
Members ~16,500,000
The major Protestant denominations in Ethiopia and Eritrea are a Other name(s) Ethiopian
group of indigenous, closely linked (part of the Amharic: አብያተ Evangelical
ክርስቲያናት, romanized: 'Abiate kristianat' – 'ābiyate kirisitīyanati' or Church, Eritrean
community of churches) Baptist, Lutheran, Pentecostal, and Evangelical
Mennonite denominations.[11] Church,
Ethiopian
Primary denominations Evangelicalism,
Eritrean
The Ethiopian Kale Heywet (Word of Life) Church, a Evangelicalism
charismatic Evangelical Protestant denomination with
Pentecostal and Baptist roots. It is associated with the Official website Official ECFE
Sudan Interior Mission, an interdenominational website (english)
organization, and has an Eritrean branch. (http://www.ecfet
The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus hiopia.org/index.
(Place of Jesus), a Lutheran denomination which htm)
includes a Presbyterian-leaning synod. The Eritrean
Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus is the Eritrean Lutheran branch of this Evangelical
Protestant denomination. The Ethiopian Lutheran denomination is the largest non-united
Lutheran Christian denomination in the world (see list of Christian denominations by number
of members).
The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea, a Lutheran denomination which joined the
Lutheran World Federation in 1963.
The Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church, a Pentecostal denomination with Mennonite
influence.
The Meserete Kristos (Christ Foundation) Church, a Mennonite denomination with
Pentecostal influence.
Christian Brethren

Some P'ent'ay communities—especially the Mekane Yesus Lutheran Church for example—have been
influenced by the Orthodox Tewahedo churches, which represents the dominant traditional Ethiopian and
Eritrean Christian demographic, but for the most part are very Pentecostal in their worship and theology.

Other denominations
Ammanuel Baptist Church
Misgana Church of Ethiopia
Assemblies of God – Pentecostal
Hiwot Berhan Church (Light of Life Church)
Emnet Kristos
Berhane Wongel – Gospel Light
Ethiopian Addis Kidan Baptist Church
 Evangelical Church of Eritrea
Lutheran Church of Eritrea
Middle East General Mission
Seventh-day Adventist Church[12]
Anglicanism is represented in Ethiopia and Eritrea by the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem
and the Middle East and Episcopal Anglican Province of Alexandria; Ethiopia and Eritrea
are both part of the Diocese of Egypt, which also includes other countries in the Horn of
Africa as well as the North Africa region. There are two Episcopal churches in Ethiopia, one
is in Addis Ababa and the other in Gambela, while in Eritrea there are no officially operated
congregations at this time.[13]

Unity and the ECFE

The ECFE, or Evangelical Church Fellowship of Ethiopia, is a consortium of born-again, Trinitarian

Christians.[14] The ECFE has 22 member churches, and based on 2004 statistics, 11.5 million members
with an increase of 4 million annually.[15] All P'ent'ay churches, regardless of denomination, are
domestically known as አብያተ ክርስቲያናት (Abiate kristianat' or ābiyate kirisitīyanati') meaning 'churches' in
the senses of a 'community of Christians' in Amharic, the official working federal language of Ethiopia.[16]
Most of these denominations also operate ministries, colleges and bible societies like the Ethiopian
Graduate School of Theology, Golden Oil Ministries, Evangelical Theological College, the Ethiopian Bible
Society and Meserete Kristos College.[17] These churches often work together by exchanging preachers
and organizing church conferences.

Statistics

According to the 2005 statistics from the World Christian Database, Ethiopian Pentecostal/Charismatic
members cover a bit over 16 percent of the country as P'ent'ays of Ethiopia. The individual groups are the
Word of Life Church (Kale Heywet) Church, Mekane Yesus, Churches of Christ, Misgana Church of
Ethiopia, Assembly of God, Hiwot Berhan Church, Emnet Kristos, Meserete Kristos, Light of Life Church,
Mulu Wongel (Full Gospel Believers Church) and other churches constituting slightly over 12 million
P'ent'ays in Ethiopia.[18] However, according to World Christian Encyclopedia, the Evangelical Protestant
community is down to only 13.6% of Ethiopian population.[19][20] According to the 1994 government
census, Protestant Christians comprise 10% of the population (about 7–8 million today).[21] According to
membership and adherent records provided by the various churches and denominations, Ethiopian
Protestants claim as high as 18.59% of the country's population which is inline with the recent data from the
US Department of State.[22][23]

Beliefs
Evangelicals in Ethiopia and Eritrea believe that one is saved by believing in Jesus as Lord and Saviour for
the forgiveness of sins. They believe in the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, the one essence of the
Trinity. Like all other Christian groups that accept the canonical gospels, P'ent'ays also believe in being
"born again" (dagem meweled), as it is written numerous times in the Gospel of John, and demonstrated by
one's baptism in the Holy Spirit as well as water baptism. Speaking in tongues is seen as one of the signs,
but not the only sign, of "receiving Christ", which should include a new lifestyle and social behavior.
Although almost all Evangelical Protestant branches in Ethiopia and Eritrea have one or two theological
differences or different approaches in the interpretation of the Bible, all of the four major branches follow
the beliefs common to born-again Christians. The four major denominations also exchange pastors
(megabi) and allow the preachers to serve in different churches when invited (full communion). All of the
four main churches and others also share and listen to various gospel singers, mezmur (gospel music or
hymn) producers and choirs.

History
Peter Heyling was the first Protestant missionary in Ethiopia,[24] and is regarded as the founding father of
the P'ent'ay or Wenigēlawī movement.

For the most part, Ethiopian and Eritrean Protestants state that their form of Christianity is both the
reformation of the current Orthodox Tewahedo churches as well as the restoration of it to the original
Ethiopian Christianity. They believe Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity was paganized after the 960s, during
the reign of queen Gudit, who destroyed and burned most of the church's possessions and scriptures.[25]
They claim those events have led to the gradual paganization of the Oriental Orthodox Churches which
they say is now merely dominated by rituals, hearsay and fables.[26] P'ent'ay Christians use the alleged
"secularized teaching" of the current Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox churches, the alleged inability of
most Orthodox followers to live according to the instructions of the Bible and the deuterocanonical books
used by rural priests, as a proof to their belief in the Orthodox Tewahedo teaching is also mainly
syncretized. P'ent'ay Christians use the history of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity prior to the 1960s as
their own history, despite lacking historical continuity.

It was only during the early 20th century that American and European missionaries spread Protestantism
with Mennonite and Pentecostal churches through the Sudan Interior Mission (SIM).[27] When the SIM
continued its movement after a brief ban during Ethiopia's war with Italy, it is written that the missionaries
were taken aback by the fruits of their initial mission. Protestant Christians still face persecution in rural
regions and are assisted by the Voice of the Martyrs;[5][28] however, there is a growing tolerance between
the Ethiopian Orthodox, Muslims and the growing population of P'en'tay Christians in the urban areas of
the country. With the dominance of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo and the growing Muslim
population, the population of P'en'tay Christians was estimated around 16.15 million (19 percent of total
population), according to the information released by the U.S. Department of State.[22]

Obstacles

Confusion with non-affiliates

Recent misidentification of certain groups as P'ent'ay has caused confusion. One controversy involves
Oneness Pentecostalism and Jehovah's Witnesses, which are strictly opposed by the other Protestant
denominations.

The metropolitan sui iuris Eastern Catholic particular churches of the Eritrean Catholic Church and
Ethiopian Catholic Church are not P'ent'ay (Evangelical Protestant) churches but some Orthodox
Tewahedo adherents have used the term P'ent'ay as a pejorative by conflating and 'othering' them with
P'ent'ay (Evangelical Protestants).[9]

Persecution
According to Voice of the Martyrs there have been brutal killings of P'ent'ay Christians in rural areas that
tend to be overlooked by the Ethiopian rural officials and stay undisclosed to international organizations.
Some Oriental Orthodox families expel children out of their house if the children convert to Protestantism.
Since the majority population is Orthodox, Voice of the Martyrs claims no criminal investigations are
carried out against Oriental Orthodox mobs who burn Evangelical churches, destroy houses and even
murder P'ent'ay Christians.

Voice of the Martyrs also states that Evangelical Christians have been murdered by Islamic militants
because they wouldn't renounce their faith in Christ. Islamic militants have stopped at least one bus (near
Jijiga, a rural area) and demanded Christians recite the Islamic creed, killing those who refuse. The mostly
rural churches like Kale Heywet have historically faced persecution with aggressors often doing so with
impunity. During the previous 1970s and 1980s government, persecution was equally severe in the urban
cities as well, with the likes of Mulu Wongel church (Full Gospel) and Mesereke Kristos Church facing
widespread persecution and mass imprisonments and killings. Lacking western ties, the Mulu Wongel
church was outlawed by the Derg Ethiopian government.

More persecution followed Ethiopian Protestants for more than a decade. However, after a change of
government, religious equality including the right to worship, build churches and evangelize were restored.
Minor and rural issues still exist. Despite these issues, compared to the past, the 1990s have brought the
most freedom of religion in Ethiopia. Most of the Evangelical churches, especially Mulu Wongel,
Assemblies of God, and Kale Heywet, faced persecution and detentions by previous governments.[29] The
state sponsored persecution of Protestants by the 1980s government created what some scholars call an
"invisible church" and an underground evangelism where the membership of these churches drastically
increased despite this era of persecution.[30][31]

Since the early 1990s, persecution has mostly ceased, particularly in the cities and areas near the cities, and
there is a growing level of tolerance between Evangelical Christians and other religious groups. The ruling
party however established a Faith and Religious Affairs Directorate (similar to those in China) to issue
licenses, to demand loyalty, and to infiltrate hierarchies of Christian and Islamic institutions. Even though it
is not comparable to the state sponsored persecution of the past, P'ent'ay Christians in Ethiopia still face
persecution from private citizens in Muslim dominated rural areas.[32] Despite Ethiopia's well-known
religious tolerance, culture related acceptance issues and the growth of some Evangelical churches have
also led to some violence, especially as non-Orthodox Christians and Muslims seek to gain equal economic
and social status as the traditionally privileged Orthodox Christians.

New challenges Christians face in Ethiopia include the Islamic fundamentalism movement mostly coming
from radical Islamist organizations or followers of an extreme form of Wahhabist Islam coming from Saudi
Arabia-linked Muslim Non-governmental organizations and projects.[33] In Eritrea, torture is used against
Protestant Christians, more than 2000 Christians are subject to arrest (2006).[34] The U. S. state department
names it a Country of Particular Concern due to its violation of religious liberty.[34] It has been reported that
entire families are thrown into jail.[35] According to the Barnabas Fund, in April 2010 a 28-year-old student
died after she was held in a metal shipping container for 2 years, after being arrested for attending a Bible
study.

Hymns
Music, more technically speaking "hymns" or "psalms" (Mezmur — መዝሙር – in Amharic, the official
language of Ethiopia, and also in other Ethiopian-Eritrean languages as well) plays a big role in preaching
and the daily life of P'ent'ay/Evangelical Christians. With the belief that music should be for God, and him
alone, Ethiopian mezmur does not have ethnic or cultural boundaries, nor restriction on what style or
instruments to use. However, there are apparent influences from American evangelicals that have led to
commercialization and cross-overs. CD, cassette and DVD sales are now one of the rare Ethiopian
industries on the rise.

History of P'ent'ay music

Even though some of the older generation of singers didn't have the financial means to make cassettes, they
have influenced Ethiopian music in various ways while singing in local churches. Some of the early singers
are Addisu Worku, Leggesse Watro, the Araya Family who used to sing on Misrach Dimts Radio.

Mekane Yesus Church led the way in translating hymnals from the Swedish and adapting from Ethiopian
Orthodox Tewahedo Church. In the early 1970s the Meserete Kristos Church Choir was established. Some
from Tsion Choir from Mulu Wongel joined the newly established choir and Meserete Kristos continued
developing songs in Ethiopian languages. During these early years, other groups like Bethel singers also
produced Ethiopian gospel songs.

Early comers

Some of the early comers were Mulu Wongel and Meserete Kristos choirs, which now have up to Choir E
and F, with each having 8, 9 albums. Some of these churches in other branch cities have stopped using
single letters for choir names, and applied names instead. Other early comers Mekane Yesus church choir,
Mulu Wengel church choir, Meserete Kristos church (MKC) choir arrived around the 1970s. Solo vocalists
developed fast in these and other churches. Addisu Worku, Dereje Kebede, Tamrat Walba, Tesfaye
Gabisso, Eyerusalem Teshome, Tamerate Haile, Tadesse Eshete, Gizachew Worku, Atalay Alem and
Shewaye Damte fill in some of this list that started early.

Modern

Some of the late 20th century singers include Kalkidan Tilahun (Lily) of Qale Hiywet Church, Ahavah
Gospel Singers, Dagmawi Tilahun (Dagi) of Mulu Wongel Church and Elias Abebe of the Assemblies of
God church. Others are Awtaru Kebede, Sophia Shibabaw, Mesfin Gutu, Mihiret Itefa, Lealem Tilahun
(Lali), Gezahegn Muse, Azeb Hailu and many more.[36] There are also singers who are pastors, some of
them are Dawit Molalign, Kasshaun Lemma and Yohannes Girma. Oromo language singers like Kabaa
Fidoo, Abbabaa Tamesgeen, Iyoob Yaadataa, Baacaa Bayyanaa, Magarsaa Baqqalaa, Dastaa Insarmuu,
Bilisee Karrasaa, and others have also served Evangelical Churches in southwestern Ethiopia. In the
Tigrinya language, there are singers like Yonas Haile, Mihret Gebretatios, Selam Hagos, Ruth Mekuria,
Yemane Habte, and Adhanom Teklemariam and duos like Yonatan and Sosuna. Introducing new styles are
young performers like Dawit "Danny" Wolde who studied at Berklee College of Music.[37]

Classical and instrumental gospel songs have also flourished with Fikru Aligaz and Bethel Music Ministry.
Also, Fikru Aligaz has been providing a three-day praise and worship service with the Bethel Praise &
Worship Choir to reach local Christian and Non-Christian members of the community twice a year since
1998. Duos like Aster & Endalkachewu or Geta Yawkal & Berektawit bring more variety. Also, formerly
secular singers like Hirut Bekele, Solomon Disasa and Muluken have produced gospel songs after they
convert and become born-again Christians. There are many music composers in P'ent'ay church like
Christian Girma (currently living in Denver, Colorado), Ebenezer Girma, Enku Girma, Nathanael
Befikadu, Biruk Bedru, Daniel Ewnetu, Bereket Tesfaye, Samson Tamrat, Yabets Tesema, Ameha
Mekonen, Endalkachew Hawaz, Estifanos Mengistu, and there are countless church music players. Digital
music composition is used and there are more than twenty Christian music studios in Ethiopia, including
CMM, TDS, COMNS, Sami, Nati, Langanoo, Begena, Kinnei, Albastor, Shalom, Exodus, and Bethlehem.
There are also gospel singers who sing in Wolayta, Hadiya-Kambata, Sidama, and other areas of the South.

Modern musical controversy within the Church

Some of the most famous music players in Ethiopia like Elias Melka, played in Evangelical churches has
subsequently converted to secular music. Some modern singers often mimic American Evangelical artists,
allegedly including other lifestyles that are not genuine depictions of traditional Ethiopian Evangelicalism.
The tradition of local church group choirs, has to an extent been supplanted by individual solo singers who
have controversially gained celebrity status with their lifestyles often resembling secular celebrities.

See also
Christianity in Eritrea
Protestantism in Ethiopia
Religion in Eritrea
Religion in Ethiopia

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37. Mezmur 91,Psalm 91 Productions (http://www.mezmur91.com/index.html)

Further reading
Haustein, Jörg (2011). Writing Religious History: The Historiography of Ethiopian
Pentecostalism, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Hege, Nathan B. (1998). Beyond Our Prayers: An Amazing Half Century of Church Growth in
Ethiopia, 1948–1998. Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press.
Tibebe Eshete (2009). The Evangelical Movement in Ethiopia: Resistance and Resilience.
Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.

External links
Evangelical Christian Fellowship of Ethiopia (https://ecfe.org.et/)

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