GE 4: Mathematics in the

Modern World
Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
Example
Evaluate 𝒙 + 𝟑 if x = 7.

Solution:
𝑥+3
7+3
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓: 𝟏𝟎
Evaluate 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟓 if x = 2.

Solution:
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 5
2
(2) +2 − 5
4−3
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓: 𝟏
 𝒂(𝒂+𝟏)(𝒂+𝟐)
Evaluate if 𝒂 = −𝟒.
𝟑

Solution:
𝑎(𝑎 + 1)(𝑎 + 2)
3

−4(−4 + 1)(−4 + 2)
3

−4(−3)(−2) −24
= = 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓: −𝟖
3 3
 𝒛𝟐 𝒛+𝟏 𝟐
Evaluate if 𝐳 = 𝟑.
𝟒

Solution:
𝑧2 𝑧 + 1 2

4
(3)2 3 + 1 2

(9) 4 2 (9)(16) 144

4
= = = 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓: 𝟑𝟔
4 4
 𝒙(𝒙+𝟏)
Evaluate if 𝐱 = 𝒂 + 𝟏.
𝟐

Solution:
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
2

(𝑎 + 1)(𝑎 + 1 + 1)
2

(𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒂 + 𝟐)
Answer
𝟐
 𝒌(𝒌+𝟏)(𝟐𝒌+𝟏)
Evaluate if 𝐤 = 𝒙 + 𝟏.
𝟔

Solution:
𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 1)
6
𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1 + 1 [2(𝑥 + 1) + 1]
6
𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 2 (2𝑥 + 2 + 1)
6
𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)
𝟔 Answer
GE 4: Mathematics in the
Modern World
POLYA’S FOUR-STEP APPROACH TO
PROBLEM SOLVING
POLYA’S FOUR-STEP APPROACH TO PROBLEM SOLVING
1. UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM
- “preparation”
- “what is the problem all about”
- “what is being asked”

2. DEVISE A PLAN
- “thinking time”
- choosing helpful names for variables or
unknowns
- draw/drawing pictures
POLYA’S FOUR-STEP APPROACH TO PROBLEM SOLVING
3. CARRY OUT THE PLAN
- “insight”
- solving

4. LOOK BACK
- verification/checking
GE 4: Mathematics in the
Modern World
BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
 PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS
The following terms are used frequently in this chapter:

• POPULATION – the totality of the observations,

individuals, or objects in which the investigator is
interested.

• SAMPLE – a subset/portion of a population.

• VARIABLE – a characteristic of interest about an object
under investigation that can be on different values.

• QUALITATIVE VARIABLE – can be placed into distinct

categories; categorial variable not placed on a meaningful
number scale. (“not numerical”, “cannot be
ordered/ranked”)

• QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE – one that is measurable using

a meaningful number scale. (“numerical”, “can be
ordered/ranked”)
 LEVELS OF DATA MEASUREMENT
• NOMINAL LEVEL – lowest level of data measurement.
This data is used only for identification or
classification, and serves as labels. (ex: ID number of a
student, plate number of vehicles)

• ORDINAL LEVEL – consists of discrete categories that

has and order or rank.
 LEVELS OF DATA MEASUREMENT
• INTERVAL LEVEL – zero does not mean an absence.
(ex: temperature reading in Celsius scale)

• RATIO LEVEL – the highest level of data measurement.

Zero value represents and absence of the
characteristics being considered. (ex: height, weight)
GE 4: Mathematics in the
Modern World
PRESENTATION OF DATA
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
• Presents data in a paragraph form which combines text and
figures.

EXAMPLE :

Among the 150 sample interviewed about the school facilities

of Maria State University, the following complaints were
noted: 27 for lack of books in the library, 25 for a dirty
cafeteria, 20 for lack of laboratory equipments, and 17 for a
not well maintained university buildings.
TABULAR PRESENTATION
• Presenting data in tables.
• A symmetric organization of data in columns and
rows.
EXAMPLE:
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
• Presents a statistical results into a clear pictures of
data.

KINDS OF GRAPHS:
1. BAR GRAPH
2. LINE GRAPH
3. PIE CHART
BAR GRAPH
• Consists of bars either vertically or horizontally and
usually constructed for comparative purposes.
EXAMPLE:
LINE GRAPH
• Shows two or more sets of quantities.
• Most useful in displaying data that changes
continuously over time.
EXAMPLE:
PIE CHART
•Used to represent EXAMPLE:
quantities that make
up a whole.

•Shows percentage
effectively.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Mean, Median, Mode
MEAN
• Also called as “arithmetic mean”, denoted as .
• It is the sum of all values in a data set divided by the
number of values that are summed.
• It is written mathematically as:

where x = individual value

n = total number of values
EXAMPLE:
The following are the scores of the students on the GE 4
final exam. Calculate the mean?
42 47 39 57 55 31 46 24 18 23
SOLUTION:
n = 10
FORMULA: 42 + 47 + 39 + 57 + 55 + 31 + 46 + 24 + 18 + 23
=
10

= 38.2
EXAMPLE:
The following are the grades of Timmy for the 1st quarter:
English = 93, Math = 89, Science = 91, Values = 76. What is
his average for the 1st quarter?
SOLUTION:
n=4
FORMULA: 93 + 89 + 91 + 76
=
4
= 87.25
MEDIAN
• Denoted as .
• The middlemost value in the data set.
• It is used to know whether the individual values fall
within the upper halves or the lower halves of the
distribution.
EXAMPLE:
1. Find the median of the following set of measurements.

61 28 58 76 16 50 65 25 39

SOLUTION: Arrange the data first in ascending order.

16 25 28 39 50 58 61 65 76

= 50
2. Find the median of the given data set.

3.3 6.6 3.0 9.8 3.7 2.9 5.5 8.0

SOLUTION: Arrange it in ascending order.

2.9 3.0 3.3 3.7 5.5 6.6 8.0 9.8

3.7+5.5
= = 4.6
2
MODE
• Denoted as .
• The value that occurs most frequently, or has the
highest frequency in the data set.
EXAMPLE:

1. Find the mode of the following data set.

11 14 12 11 15 16 18 11 10 17

= 11
2. Find the mode of the following data sets.

2.6 4.2 3.5 2.6 4.2 3.6 2.1 4.9 4.2 2.6

= 2.6 & 4.2

3. Find the mode of the following data sets.

105 200 159 110 225 170 115 250 285 190

Since there is no value that occurs most frequently, then

the mode is zero.

= 0
MEASURES OF
DISPERSION/VARIABILITY
RANGE, VARIANCE, STANDARD DEVIATION
Measure of Variability/Dispersion
Range
• The most unstable and unreliable measure because
it can easily be affected by the extreme values.
• It is the difference of the highest and the lowest
values in the distribution.

FORMULA: R = H - L
Measure of Variability/Dispersion

Variance
• Measures the dispersion of a set of data points
around their mean.
• The variance measures the average degree to
which each point differs from the mean—the
average of all data points.
Measure of Variability/Dispersion
Standard Deviation
• The square root of variance.
• The most reliable measure of variability.
• Standard deviation looks at how spread out a
group of numbers is from the mean, by looking
at the square root of the variance.
MEASURES OF
RELATIVE POSITION
PERCENTILES, QUARTILES, Z-SCORE
PERCENTILES
• Divides the data into 100 equal parts.
• A student’s scores are being compared with those of the
other students using percentile ranks.
• It indicates the percentage of scores that a given value is
higher or greater than the others.
• To get the percentile rank of the value x in the given data,
then:

𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓

𝑷= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
EXAMPLE:
1. A 30-point quiz was given to 10 students and the scores are
shown below. What is the percentile rank of 27?
23 25 19 21 28 15 20 24 22 27
SOLUTION: Arrange the data in ascending order.
15 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28
There are eight values below 27. Then:
8+0.5
𝑃= ∗ 100 85th PERCENTILE
10

This means that a student with a score of 27 did better than

85% of the class.
EXAMPLE:
2. A 30-point quiz was given to 10 students and the scores are
shown below. What is the percentile rank of 20?
23 25 19 21 28 15 20 24 22 27
SOLUTION: Arrange the data in ascending order.
15 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28
There are two values below 20. Then:
𝟐+𝟎.𝟓
𝑷= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 25th PERCENTILE
𝟏𝟎

This means that a student with a score of 20 did better than

25% of the class.
QUARTILE
• Divides the data into four equal parts such as 1st
quartile (𝑸𝟏 ), 2nd quartile (𝑸𝟐 ), and 3rd quartile (𝑸𝟑 ).

EXAMPLE:
𝑸 𝟕+𝟖
𝟐=
𝟐

𝑸𝟐=𝟕.𝟓
EXAMPLE:
1. Find the 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , and 𝑄3 of the following scores of
students in a class.
11 14 25 30 27 18 13 28 17 26
SOLUTION: Arrange the data in ascending order.
11 13 14 17 18 25 26 27 28 30
Determine first the 𝑸𝟐 or the median.

𝑸 𝟏𝟖+𝟐𝟓 𝑸𝟐=𝟐𝟏.𝟓
𝟐=
𝟐
For 𝑸𝟏 and 𝑸𝟑

11 13 14 17 18 25 26 27 28 30

𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐=𝟐𝟏.𝟓 𝑸𝟑

𝑸𝟏=𝟏𝟒 𝑸𝟐=𝟐𝟏.𝟓 𝑸𝟑=𝟐𝟕

2. Find the 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , and 𝑄3 of the following scores of students
in a class.

10 17 9 7 11 13 5 6 3 12 14 2 4

SOLUTION: Arrange first in ascending order and determine the

𝑄2 or the median.
2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 17

𝑸𝟐
For 𝐐𝟏 and 𝐐𝟑

2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 17

𝟒+𝟓 𝑸𝟐 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟑 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓

𝑸𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝑸𝟐 = 𝟗 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
Z-SCORE
• Also called as standard score.
• It is the number of standard deviations that a value is
above or below the mean of the data set.
• Observed values above the mean have positive z-
scores while values below the mean have negative z-
scores.
FORMULA FOR Z-SCORE

POPULATION SAMPLE
EXAMPLE
June scored 83 in a quiz in Geometry for which the
average score of the class was 78 with a standard
deviation is 7. He also took a quiz in Calculus and
scored 67 for which the average score of the class was
49, and the standard deviation was 11. Relative to
other students in the class, did June do better in
Geometry or Calculus?
 SOLUTION:
GEOMETRY CALCULUS
83 − 78 67 − 49
𝑧= 𝑧=
7 11

z = 0.714 z = 1.63

June scored 0.714 standard deviation above the mean in

Geometry and 1.63 standard deviations above the mean in
Calculus. Therefore, June performs better in Calculus.
Listed below are the scores of Ruda in English, Science, Math,
and Filipino with its mean and sd in every subject.
SUBJECT SCORE MEAN sd
English 35 29 4
Science 34 29 5
Math 30 22 7
Filipino 31 27 6

On what subject did Ruda performed best?

a. English c. Math
b. Science d. Filipino
SOLUTION:
ENGLISH MATH
35 − 29 30 − 22
𝑧= 𝑧=
4 7
z = 1.5 z = 1.1

SCIENCE FILIPINO
34 − 29 31 − 27
𝑧= 𝑧=
5 6
z=1 z = 0.7
Listed below are the scores of Ruda in English, Science, Math,
and Filipino with its mean and sd in every subject.
SUBJECT SCORE MEAN sd
English 35 29 4
Science 34 29 5
Math 30 22 7
Filipino 31 27 6

On what subject did Ruda performed best?

a. English Z-score = 1.5 c. Math Z-score = 1.1

b. Science Z-score = 1 d. Filipino Z-score = 0.7
GE 4: Mathematics in the
Modern World
Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
•It shows a typical pattern that seems to be a part
of many real-life phenomena.
•Normal distribution has a bell-shaped curve and
is symmetric.
•It is symmetric around the mean: Two halves of
the curve are the same in size. (mirror image)
Normal Distribution
•Because of the exact symmetry of a normal
curve, the center of a normal distribution is
located at the highest point of the distribution
and therefore, the mean, median, and mode are
all equal.
•The total area under the curve is 1 or 100%.
Normal Distribution

LOWER 50% OF DATA UPPER 50% OF DATA

Using the empirical rule of a normal distribution,
approximately
• 68% of the data lie within 1 sd’s of the mean.
• 95% of the data lie within 2 sd’s of the mean.
• 99.7% of the data lie within 3sd’s of the mean.

0.15%
0.15%
Normal Distribution
Standard Normal Distribution
Correlation
•It is a statistical method used to determine
whether a linear relationship or association
between variables exist.
•Scatter plot is used to describe the nature of
the relationship between the variables.
•Scatter plot is a graph of the ordered pairs (x, y)
of numbers consisting of the independent
variable “x” along the x-axis and the dependent
variable “y” along the y-axis.
Correlation