#_ important GIT Operations [ +100 ]

Basic Local Operations

● git init - Initialize a new git repository.

● git clone [url] - Clone a repository into a new directory.
● git add [file] - Add a file to the staging area.
● git add . - Add all new and changed files to the staging area.
● git commit -m "[commit message]" - Commit changes with a message.
● git status - Check the status of changes as untracked, modified, or
staged.
● git diff - Show file differences not yet staged.
● git diff --staged - Show file differences between staging and the
last file version.
● git reset [file] - Unstage the file to the last commit.
● git log - Display the entire commit history using the default
format.
● git log --oneline - Display the commit history in a short oneline
format.
● git log --graph - Display an ASCII graph of the branch and merge
history.
● git checkout [branch-name] - Switch to the specified branch and
update the working directory.
● git checkout -b [branch-name] - Create and check out a new branch.
● git merge [branch] - Merge the specified branch’s history into the
current one.
● git branch - List all of the branches in your repo.
● git branch -d [branch-name] - Delete the specified branch.
● git push [alias] [branch] - Transmit local branch commits to the
remote repository branch.
● git pull [alias] [branch] - Fetch and merge any commits from the
tracking remote branch.
● git stash - Stash changes in a dirty working directory.
● git stash apply - Apply stashed changes back to the working
directory.

By: Waleed Mousa

Branching and Merging

● git branch [branch-name] - Create a new branch.

● git branch -m [old-branch-name] [new-branch-name] - Rename a local
branch.
● git branch -a - List all local and remote branches.
● git branch -d [branch-name] - Safely delete a branch.
● git branch -D [branch-name] - Force delete a branch.
● git merge [branch] - Merge another branch into your active branch.
● git merge --no-ff [branch] - Merge with a commit even if the merge
resolves as a fast-forward.
● git merge --abort - Abort the merge.
● git tag [tag-name] - Tag a specific commit with a simple,
human-readable handle that never moves.

Sharing & Updating Projects

● git remote add [alias] [url] - Add a git URL as an alias.

● git fetch [alias] - Fetch down all the branches from that Git
remote.
● git push [alias] [branch] - Transmit local branch commits to the
remote repository branch.
● git pull - Fetch and merge any commits from the tracking remote
branch.
● git pull --rebase [alias] [branch] - Rebase the current branch onto
[alias]/[branch] after fetching.
● git push --tags - Push all tags to remote repository.

Inspection & Comparison

● git log - Show the commit logs.

● git log --summary - Show the commit logs with details about each
commit.
● git log --oneline - Show the commit logs with each commit on a
single line.

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● git diff [source-branch] [target-branch] - Preview changes before
merging.

Tracking Path Changes

● git rm [file] - Delete the file from the project and stage the
removal for commit.
● git mv [existing-path] [new-path] - Change an existing file path
and stage the move.
● git log --stat -M - Show all commit logs with indication of any
paths that moved.

Rewriting History

● git rebase [branch] - Reapply commits on top of another base tip.

● git rebase --interactive [branch] - Interactively rebase current
branch onto [branch].
● git commit --amend - Modify the most recent commit.
● git rebase -i HEAD~[number] - Interactively rebase the last
[number] commits.

Temporary Commits

● git stash - Save modified and staged changes.

● git stash list - List stack-order of stashed file changes.
● git stash pop - Write working from top of stash stack.
● git stash drop - Discard the changes from top of stash stack.

Advanced Features

● git cherry-pick [commit] - Apply the changes introduced by some

existing commits.
● git rebase --continue - Continue the rebase after resolving
conflicts.
● git rebase --abort - Abort a rebase.
● git bisect start - Find the commit that introduced a bug by binary
search.

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● git bisect bad - Mark the current commit as bad in bisect mode.
● git bisect good [commit] - Mark commit as good during bisect
search.
● git bisect reset - Exit bisect mode.

Collaborating

● git remote add [alias] [url] - Add a remote repository.

● git fetch [alias] - Fetch branches from a remote repository.
● git push [alias] [branch] - Push a branch to your remote
repository.
● git pull - Pull changes from a remote repository.
● git push --all [alias] - Push all branches to your remote
repository.
● git push --force [alias] [branch] - Force push a branch to your
remote repository, overwriting.
● git push --set-upstream [alias] [branch] - Push a branch and set
the remote as upstream.
● git fetch --prune - Delete local branches that have been removed
on the remote.

Tagging

● git tag [tag-name] - Create a tag on the current commit.

● git tag -a [tag-name] -m [message] - Create a tagged commit.
● git push --tags - Push tags to the remote repository.

Git Configurations

● git config --global user.name [name] - Define the author name to be

used for all commits by the current user.
● git config --global user.email [email address] - Define the author
email to be used for all commits by the current user.
● git config --global color.ui auto - Enable helpful colorization of
command line output.

Git Hooks

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● pre-commit - Hook script to run before each commit.
● post-commit - Hook script to run after each commit.
● pre-push - Hook script to run before each push.
● post-checkout - Hook script to run when checking out a new branch
or commit.

Git Attributes

● .gitattributes - File to define attributes per path.

● git check-attr [attributes] [path] - Check git attributes for a
path.

Git LFS (Large File Storage)

● git lfs track - Track large files within your repository.

● git lfs untrack - Untrack large files from your repository.

Submodules

● git submodule add [url] [path] - Add a submodule.

● git submodule init - Initialize a submodule.
● git submodule update - Update the submodules.

Advanced Merging

● git mergetool - Use a GUI merge tool to resolve conflicts.

● git add [file] - Mark file as resolved after conflicts are fixed.
● git merge --strategy-option theirs - Use their changes for
conflicts.

Patching

● git format-patch [commit] - Create a series of patch files.

● git apply [patch] - Apply a patch to the current branch.

Searching

● git grep [string] - Search the working directory for a string.

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● git log -S[string] - Search the commit history for changes that
introduce or remove a string.

Rebasing

● git rebase [branch] - Reapply commits on top of another base.

● git rebase -i - Interactive rebase.

Working with Remotes

● git remote show [alias] - Show information about a remote.

● git remote prune [alias] - Delete all stale tracking branches
under .
● git remote rename [old-alias] [new-alias] - Rename a remote.

Advanced Inspection

● git log -p - Show the patch representing each commit.

● git show [commit] - Show the metadata and content changes of the
specified commit.
● git blame [file] - Show what revision and author last modified each
line of a file.

Working with Tags

● git tag - List all tags.

● git tag -d [tag-name] - Delete a tag in your local repository.
● git push [alias] :refs/tags/[tag-name] - Delete a tag from the
remote repository.

Advanced Branching

● git branch --merged - List branches that have been merged into the
current branch.
● git branch --no-merged - List branches that have not been merged.
● git branch --track [branch] [remote-branch] - Set up a local branch
that tracks a remote branch.
● git branch -vv - List all branches with their upstream branches.

By: Waleed Mousa

Ignoring Patterns

● .gitignore - The file where you define which files and patterns
should be ignored by Git.
● git check-ignore [path] - Check which .gitignore file line matches
a given path.
● git check-ignore -v [path] - Show verbose output of check-ignore.

Workflows

● git flow init - Initialize a repository with the Git Flow

structure.
● git flow feature start [feature-name] - Start a new feature.
● git flow feature finish [feature-name] - Finish a feature.
● git flow release start [release-name] - Start a new release.
● git flow release finish [release-name] - Finish a release.
● git flow hotfix start [hotfix-name] - Start a new hotfix.
● git flow hotfix finish [hotfix-name] - Finish a hotfix.

Reflog

● git reflog - Show a log of changes to the local repository’s HEAD.

● git reflog show [branch] - Show a log of changes to the specified
branch’s HEAD.
● git reflog expire --expire=[time] [ref] - Purge older reflog
entries.

Housekeeping

● git gc - Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local

repository.
● git fsck - Check the file system for errors and inconsistencies.
● git clean -fd - Remove untracked files and directories.

Archive

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● git archive --format=zip HEAD > [archive-name].zip - Archive the
HEAD, or any other commit, to a ZIP file.

Advanced Git

● git filter-branch - Rewrite branches for complex history

alterations.
● git replace - Replace a commit with another one.
● git cherry - Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.

Server-Side Git

● git daemon - Start a Git daemon, allowing connections.

● git update-server-info - Update info files for dumb servers.
● git instaweb - Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.

Git Internals

● git cat-file -p [SHA] - View the contents of an object by its SHA

hash.
● git ls-tree [branch-name] - List the contents of a tree object.
● git show-ref - List references in a local repository, including
all heads and tags.

Scripting and Automation

● git bisect run [script] - Use binary search to run a script on

each commit to find the introduction of a bug.
● git shortlog - Summarize git log output.
● git describe --tags - Give an object a human-readable name based
on an available ref.

Configuration & Setup

● git config --list - List all variables set in config file, along
with their values.
● git config [key] - Get the value of a configuration entry.

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● git config --global [key] [value] - Set a global configuration
value.
● git config --system [key] [value] - Set a system-wide configuration
value.

Patch Management

● git am [patch] - Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.

● git format-patch -n - Prepare patches for e-mail submission.

Bundling

● git bundle create [file] [branch] - Package objects and references

for transfer.
● git bundle verify [file] - Check that a bundle is valid and will
apply cleanly to the current repo.
● git bundle unbundle [file] - Unpack bundle into the repository.

Debugging

● git bisect - Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a
bug.
● git blame -L [line-range] [file] - Show what revision and author
last modified each line of a file, within a given line range.

Plumbing Commands

● git hash-object [file] - Compute object ID and optionally creates

a blob from a file.
● git merge-base [commit1] [commit2] - Find a common ancestor of two
commits.
● git rev-parse - Parse revision (or other objects) specifications.

By: Waleed Mousa