MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL:
DATA MANAGEMENT
NAME OF LECTURER JULIETO COMENDADOR
DATE OF LECTURE

OUTLINE a) Nominal– classifies elements into two or more

I. Statistics V. Population & categories or classes, the numbers indicating that
II. Statistical Data Sample the elements are different but not according to order
III. Types of Variable VI. Parameter & or magnitude
IV. Scale of Statistic b) Ordinal –a scale that ranks individual in terms of
Measurement VII. Measure of Central the degree to which they possess a characteristic of
Tendency interest
VIII. Methods of Data c) Interval – in addition to ordering scores from high
Organization to low, it also establishes a uniform unit in the scale
so that any equal distance between two scores is of
STATISTIC equal magnitude. There is no absolute zero in this
scale.
STATISTIC
d) Ratio – in addition to being an interval scale, it
 Statistics itself came from the Latin word “status” which
also has an absolute zero.
means state.
 From the ancient times, statistics was used by state leaders
to know how much tax to levy their subjects and how POPULATION AND SAMPLE
many soldiers are needed in an expected war.  Population– defined as groups of people, animals, places,
 In capitalism, no also the leaders of the state but also things or ideas to which any conclusions based on
capitalists are interested in statistical surveys resulting to characteristics of a sample will be applied.
increased demand for data processing for their increasing  Sample – a subgroup of the population
benefits such as insurance.
PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
STATISTICAL DATA  Parameter – a numerical measure that describes a
 Data in statistics is always a result of experiment, characteristic of the population.
observation, investigation and other means and often  Statistic – numerical measure that is used to describe a
appears as a numerical figure and then evaluated to make it characteristic of a sample.
into useful knowledge.
 For most people, “statistics” is a scary thing that must be MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
avoided as much as possible because they think that it is a
 To describe a whole set of data with a single value that
collection of numbers and vague formulas.
represents the middle or centre of its distribution is the
 Statisticians develop and apply appropriate methods in
purpose of measure of central tendency (measures of centre
collecting and analyzing data.
or central location).
 They guide the design of the research study and then
 To put in other words, it is a way to describe the center of a
analyze the results.
data set.
 The interpretation of the result is the basis of the statistician
in making inferences about the population
WHY CENTRAL TENDENCY IS IMPORTANT?
 It lets us know what is normal or 'average' for a set of data.
DIVISION OF STATISTIC
 It also condenses the data set down to one representative
 Descriptive Statistics – deals with the collection and
value, which is useful when you are working with large
presentation of data and collection of summarizing values to
amounts of data.
describe its group characteristics.
 Central tendency also allows the comparison of one data
- The most common summarizing values are the measure
set to another, as well as one piece of data to the entire data
of central tendency and variation
set.
 Inferential Statistic -deals with the predictions and
 For example, you could easily draw comparisons between
inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the
the girls’ and boys’ heights by calculating the average
results of the information gathered by the statistician.
height for each sample group.
- Some of the common statistical tools of inferential
statistics are the t-test, z-test, analysis of variance,
chi-square, and Pearson r. THREE MAIN MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

TYPES OF VARIABLE MEAN OR ARITHMETIC MEAN

 Variable – a numerical characteristic or attribute associated  The mean by definition is the sum of all the values in the
with the population being studied. They are further classified observation or a dataset divided by the total number of
as categorical or qualitative and numerical or quantitative. observations. This is also known as the arithmetic average.
 Discrete variables – values obtained by counting.  The mean can be used for both continuous and discrete
 Continuous variables – values obtained by measuring, all numeric data as well as for categorical data, as the values
of which cannot be put into a list because they can have any cannot be summed.
value in some interval of real numbers.  As the mean includes every value in the distribution the mean
is influenced by outliers (which are numbers that are much
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT higher or much lower than the rest of the data set) and
skewed (asymmetric) distributions.
 Scales of Measurement – subdivided into four categories
 This measurement is applicable to use for ratio and interval
and upon drawing inferences on a random sample, the
data.
type of measurement scale must be carefully chosen.

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 MEDIAN TYPES OF GRAPH
 The median is considered as the physical middle point in a  Bar Graph–bar graphs are usually presented to compare
distribution because it is located at the center position when data or to determine which class or interval is common or
the values are arranged in ascending or descending order, appears frequently in the next.
which in turn divides the distribution in half (there are 50% of - Rectangular figures or bars are used to show
observations on either side of the median value). variations in the frequencies of observations.
 If a distribution has an odd number of observations, the - The bar graph consist of bars of equal width either all
median value is the middle value.
vertical or all horizontal.
 If it is an even number, the median value is the mean or
- A bar graph is more appropriate for comparing data at
average of the two middle values.
 The median is usually the preferred measure of central a particular time.
tendency when the distribution is not symmetrical because it
is less affected by outliers and skewed data than the mean.  Line Graph–The line graph is appropriate for showing the
 The median cannot be identified for categorical nominal tendencies or trends of a variable over a period of time.
data, as it cannot be logically ordered. - The line graph indicates the relationship between two or
 This is widely used for ordinal type of information. more sets of qualities. (Increase or decrease in sales,
scores, body temperature, of patients, enrolment of
MODE students in certain courses, or population per year)
 The mode can be found for both numerical and categorical
(non-numerical) data. It is the most commonly occurring  Pie Chart–It is useful when presenting the sizes of
value in a distribution. components that make up a certain whole entity.
 There can be more than one mode for the same - It may be constructed using percent on the actual
distribution of data, (bi-modal, or multi-modal), thus figure.
limiting the ability of the mode in describing the center of the - Remember that a circle is 360°circumfrence which
distribution. represents the total items (that is 100%).
 In some particular cases, the distribution may have no
- The sector of the graph must be drawn in proportion of
mode at all (i.e. if all values are different).In such case, it may
be better to consider using the median or mean, or group the the different values of each item or category.
data in to appropriate intervals, and find the modal class.
 Frequency Histogram–Graphical representation of a
TRUTH VALUE AND TRUTH TABLE grouped frequency distribution for discrete or continuous
The Truth Table data.
 A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a - It consists of rectangles having the bases on a
compound statement for all possible truth values of its horizontal axis which center on the class marks.
simple statements. - The base widths correspond to the class size and the
 Truth Value of a simple statement is either true (T) or false heights of the rectangles corresponds to the class
(F). frequencies.
 Truth Value of compound statement depends on the truth
values of its simple statements and its connectives.  Frequency Polygon–Unlike in the frequency histogram
 Truth Table is a table that shows the truth value of the where bars are drawn side by side are used, points
compound statement for all possible truth values of its connected by line segments are utilized.
simple statement - It looks like a usual line graph except for the labels in
the horizontal axis which are class intervals.
Methods of Data Organization - Is a line graph constructed by plotting the class marks
 Textual Method (paragraph form) at height equal to the frequency corresponding to the
 Tabular Method (frequency distribution table of FDT) class mark.
 Graphical Method (chart) - The points are connected a line (or line segment) to
form the polygon.
 Frequency Distribution Table– is a device for organizing
and presenting grouped data.
 Cumulative Frequency Ogive– is a line graph where the
- If the data contains 30 cases or more, a frequency
distribution table may be constructed to make the task cumulative frequency of each class is plotted against the
more manageable and to save time in calculating corresponding boundaries
different statistics.
 Class Mark- midpoint of the class interval  Relative Frequency–It is also known as percentage
 Class Boundaries–They are often described as the true frequencies.
limits because these are more precise expressions of class - Given the relative frequency of a certain class interval,
limits. The lower boundary of a class is 0.5 less than its one can easily see how many percent of the total
lower limit, and its upper boundary is 0.5 more than its population belong to that interval.
upper limit.
 Less than CF (<CF)–adding successively the frequency of
the class starting from the frequency of the lowest class
interval.
 Greater than CF (>CF)-adding successively the frequency of
the class starting from the frequency of the highest class
interval.

a. Correlated Data–is a table where two or

more frequencies are shown for easy
comparison.
b. Time Series Data–Changes in variable
over a period of time
c. Graphs- pictorial presentation of
numerical data.
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