Activity 2 - Lymphatic System

2/13/23, 12:48 AM Activity 2: Lymphatic system
Activity 2: Lymphatic system

Due: 11:59pm on Wednesday, February 15, 2023
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
*Building Vocabulary Activity: Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
Part A - Prefixes, Roots and Suffixes

Match these prefixes, suffixes and roots to their meanings.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
The prefix anti- means "against."
The prefix lympho- means "lymph."
The prefix hyper- means "above," "beyond" or "over."
The prefix immuno- means "immune."
The prefix allo- means "different."
Correct
Part B - Vocabulary terms

Match these vocabulary terms to their meanings.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
A molecule that works against a pathogen to protect the body is a(n) antibody .
A tissue graft from another person is a(n) allograft .
When the immune system does not work properly, the patient has a(n) immunodeficiency .
A hypersensitivity results when the immune system is overstimulated.
A blood cell that travels the body in lymphatic fluid is called a(n) lymphocyte .
Correct
Audio Summary: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
Listen to the audio summary of chapter 12 and answer the following questions.
https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=9665732 1/36
Part A
Select the correct statement about adaptive immunity.
Hint 1. There are two types of defense mechanisms in the body: innate and adaptive defenses.
Adaptive immunity is subdivided into two types: humoral immunity (also known as antibody-mediated immunity) and cellular immunity (also known as cell-mediated
immunity).
ANSWER:
Adaptive defense has memory.
B cells participate in the cell-mediate immunity.
Adaptive defense is also referred as the body's second line of defense.
T cells become immunocompetent in the red bone marrow.
Adaptive defense is nonspecific.
Correct
Great job! In the adaptive defense mechanism, some activated cells will remain as a record of the immune response mounted against a particular antigen
(invader). These memory cells can reactivate a quick and vigorous response if we're reinfected with the same antigen in the future.
Part B
Which type of cells produces antibodies?
Hint 1. The crucial cells of the adaptive defense mechanism are lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
There are three types of lymphocytes: NK cells, B cells, and T cells.
ANSWER:
NK cells.
Plasma cells.
Phagocytes.
Cytotoxic T cells.
Helper T cells.
Correct
Great job! Humoral or antibody-mediated immunity is provided by antibodies (immune proteins) present in the body's fluids ("humors"). When a B cell is activated,
it proliferates to form clones. Clones differentiate mostly into antibody-producing plasma cells, but some differentiate into memory cells.
Part C
Select the correct statement about T cells.
Hint 1. There are three types of T cells that play specific roles in the adaptive immune response. They include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells.
T cells fight their antigens directly in "cell-to-cell combat." Immunocompetent T cells are activated to form a clone by binding with a "recognized" antigen.
ANSWER:
Regulatory T cells produce antibodies.
Cytotoxic T cells release chemicals that suppress the activity of B cells.
Helper and cytotoxic T cells become immunocompetent in the thymus while regulatory T cells become immunocompetent in the red bone marrow.
T cells are able to bind with free antigens.
Helper T cells can stimulate clone production of B cells.
Correct
Great job! Helper T cells direct and manage the adaptive cell-mediated response. Cytotoxic T cells kill cells harboring internal antigens. Regulatory T cells turn off
adaptive immune responses.
Part D
Select the correct order of events of the cell-mediated adaptive immune response:
Hint 1. T lymphocytes (T cells) participate in the cell-mediated immune response and fight intracellular antigens.
T cells can recognize and eliminate specific virus-infected or tumor cells. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) do not respond to specific antigens but instead play an
essential role in activating the T lymphocytes that do.
ANSWER:
A cytotoxic T cell is activated; the cytotoxic T cell releases perforins and granzymes to kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells; an APC then presents the antigen
and co-stimulatory molecules.
A cytotoxic T cell releases perforins and granzymes to kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells; a cytotoxic T cell is activated; an APC then presents the antigen and
co-stimulatory molecules.
An APC presents an antigen and co-stimulatory molecules; a cytotoxic T cell releases perforins and granzymes to kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells; a
cytotoxic T cell is then activated.
An APC presents an antigen and co-stimulatory molecules; a cytotoxic T cell is activated; a cytotoxic T cell then releases perforins and granzymes to kill virus-
infected cells or cancer cells.
A cytotoxic T cell is activated; an APC presents an antigen and co-stimulatory molecules; a cytotoxic T cell then releases perforins and granzymes to kill virus-
infected cells or cancer cells.
Correct
Great job! The cell-mediated immune response begins with an antigen-presenting cell ingesting and processing a foreign antigen to display on its surface. A naive
cytotoxic T cell specific for the same antigen binds and recognizes the displayed antigen and a co-stimulatory molecule. Once activated, the cytotoxic T cell locates
cells displaying this foreign antigen and destroys them using perforins and granzymes to induce apoptosis.
Art Labeling Activity: Figure 12.2a,b
Part A
Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Blood capillaries Lymphatic capillaries
Flaplike minivalve Endothelial cell
Answer Requested
Art Labeling Activity: Figure 12.3
Part A
Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Cervical nodes
Right lymphatic duct
Axillary nodes
Thoracic duct
Cisterna chyli
Inguinal nodes
Correct
Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part I, Question 12
Part A
Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the ________.
ANSWER:
immune system
endocrine system
lymphatic system
respiratory system
Answer Requested
Part A
Using the figure, identify the following:
Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by ________.

ANSWER:
Label A
Label B
Label C
Label D
Label E
Answer Requested
Part A
Blood capillaries are indicated by ________.
ANSWER:
Label A
Label B
Label C
Label D
Label E
Answer Requested
Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part II, Question 4
Part A
Which one of the following is not a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?
ANSWER:
Smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels
The pumping action of the heart
Presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels
Pressure changes within the thorax
Milking action of skeletal muscles
Answer Requested
Chapter 12 True/False Question 1
Part A
The two main structures of the lymphatic system are the lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels.
ANSWER:
True
False
Answer Requested
Part A
All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.
ANSWER:
True
False
Answer Requested
Part A
Drag the labels to the appropriate location in the figure.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Afferent lymphatic
vessels Germinal center in
follicle Capsule
Subcapsular sinus
Trabecula
Efferent lymphatic
vessels
Hilum
Cortex
Medullary cord
Medullary sinus
Follicle
Answer Requested
Chapter 12 End of Chapter Review Reading Question 3
Part A
What tissue or organ filters lymph?
ANSWER:
tonsils
spleen
lymph node
Peyer's patches
Answer Requested
Chapter 12 Essay Question 2
Part A
Mona had some axillary lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels removed from her left arm during a recent surgery. Determine why she experiences edema (swelling) in that
arm.
ANSWER:
3785 Character(s) remaining
(none provided)
Answer Requested
Part A
What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?
ANSWER:
thymus
appendix
Peyer's patches
tonsils
spleen
Answer Requested
Part A
Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth?
ANSWER:
tonsils
Peyer's patches
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
Answer Requested
Part A
Which of the following is not a lymphoid organ?
ANSWER:
Thymus gland
Peyer's patches
Appendix
Spleen
Thyroid gland
Answer Requested
Part A
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Tonsils
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Peyer's patches
Appendix
Answer Requested
Part A
The spleen is indicated by ________.

ANSWER:
Label A
Label B
Label C
Label D
Answer Requested
Part A
The tonsils are indicated by ________.

ANSWER:
Label A
Label B
Label C
Label D
Answer Requested
Part A
The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by ________.
ANSWER:
Label A
Label B
Label C
Label D
Answer Requested
Part A
Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as
________.
ANSWER:
germinal centers
MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
lymph nodes
lymphatics
Answer Requested
Part A
What is the function of complement proteins?
ANSWER:
stimulate fever
bind to foreign cells and punch holes in their surfaces
interfere with viral replication
activate antibodies
Answer Requested
Art Labeling Activity: Figure 12.9b
Part A
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Phagocyte adheres to
pathogens.
Phagocyte engulfs the

particles, forming a
Phagosome phagosome.
(phagocytic vesicle)
Lysosome
Lysosome fuses with
the phagocytic vesicle,
forming a
phagolysosome.
Acid hydrolase
enzymes
Lysosomal enzymes
digest the pathogens,
leaving a residual body.
Exocytosis of the
vesicle removes
indigestible and
residual material.
Answer Requested
"Did You Get It?": Chapter 12 Question 2
Part A
What lymphoid organ produces hormones that direct the maturation of T lymphocytes?
ANSWER:
tonsil
spleen
thymus
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Answer Requested
Part A
What two cell types provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity against specific foreign antigens?
ANSWER:
B and T lymphocytes
antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
Answer Requested
Part A
Which cells stimulate the antibody-secreting cells and cytotoxic T cells?
ANSWER:
memory cells
helper T cells
plasma cells
regulatory cells
Answer Requested
Part A
Which of these is found on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
ANSWER:
self-antigen
cytokines
fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell
antibodies
Answer Requested
Part A
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Antigen-antibody
complex
Complement
Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation
activation
Phagocytosis Inflammation Cell lysis
Chemotaxis
Histamine release
Answer Requested
Part A
What type of T cell directly attacks infected cells?
ANSWER:
helper T cells
regulatory T cells
cytotoxic T cells
plasma cells
Answer Requested
Part A
Why are the elderly more susceptible to infection and cancers?
ANSWER:
because the efficiency of the immune system increases with age
because immune cells proliferate in old age
because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age
because thinning of the skin increases the number of bacteria that breach this barrier
Answer Requested
Part A
What type of immunity do vaccines provide?
ANSWER:
active, artificially acquired immunity
active, naturally acquired immunity
passive, artificially acquired immunity
passive, naturally acquired immunity
Answer Requested
Part A
Where do lymphatic vessels originate during fetal development?
ANSWER:
They grow out from lymph nodes.
They bud from veins of the cardiovascular system.
Cells from the spleen migrate and form tubes that parallel blood vessels.
They bud from arterioles of the cardiovascular system.
Answer Requested
Part A
Which of the following is not a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
ANSWER:
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B lymphocytes
Virus
Answer Requested
Part A
T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered
________.
ANSWER:
self-tolerant
clones
immunocompetent
complement
Answer Requested
Part A
Which of the following is least likely to provoke an immune response?
ANSWER:
Self-antigens
Nonself-antigens
Haptens
Incomplete antigens
Answer Requested
Chapter 12 Matching Question 14-20
Part A
Match the following biological function with its antibody class.
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your
answer.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
1. Memory cell Cell that may exist in the body for years and enable a quick response to subsequent
meetings with the same antigen
2. Regulatory T cell Cell that slows or stops B and T cell activity once infection has been conquered
3. Plasma cell Cell that produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin)
4. Cytotoxic T cell Cell that kills virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and is involved in graft
rejection
5. Antigen-presenting cell (APC) Cells that engulf and present parts of antigens on the membrane
for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen
6. B cell Cell that develops immunocompetence in the bone marrow
7. Helper T cell Cell that directs the adaptive immune response by recruiting other cells to fight the
invaders
Answer Requested
Chapter 12 Matching Question 7-13
Part A
Match the following terms with the correct description.
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your
answer.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
1. Antigen Any substance capable of provoking an immune response
2. Interferon Small protein that binds with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis
and prevent viruses from binding
3. Pyrogen Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body's
temperature
4. Perforins Chemical released by natural killer cells (NK) to cause cell lysis
5. Cytokines Chemical released by macrophages and dendritic cells to activate many other immune
cells
6. Antibody Vaccines stimulate the production of these soluble proteins
7. Keratin Chemical that provides resistance to intact skin against acids, alkalis, and bacterial
enzymes
Answer Requested
Part A
Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________.
ANSWER:
active immunity
cellular or cell-mediated immunity
natural immunity
passive immunity
Answer Requested
Part A
What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody?
ANSWER:
variable or V region
constant or C region
regional or R region
stable or S region
Answer Requested
Part A
Antibody binding that tags an antigen on a cellular target for phagocytosis is known as ________.
ANSWER:
opsonization
agglutination
precipitation
neutralization
Answer Requested
Part A
Which of the following provides active immunity that is artificially acquired?
ANSWER:
Vaccines
Serum
Antivenom
Antitoxin
Answer Requested
Part A
AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________.
ANSWER:
helper T cells
antigen-presenting cells
memory cells
plasma cells
Answer Requested
Part A
Developmentally, what is the origin of lymphatic vessels?
ANSWER:
Veins of the blood vascular system
The glands of the endocrine system
The organs of the digestive system
Arteries of the blood vascular system
Answer Requested
Part A
The development of self-tolerance of ________ is critical for the T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) to function properly.
ANSWER:
Bacteria
Foreign blood cells
Fungi
The body's own cells
Viruses
Answer Requested
Part A
Where do B cells develop immunocompetence?
ANSWER:
thymus gland
lymph nodes
spleen
bone marrow
thyroid gland
Answer Requested
Part A
Which one of the following is not true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?
ANSWER:
The constant regions form the "stem" of an antibody.
The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.
The constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed.
The constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role.
The constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies of a given class.
Answer Requested
Part A
Which antibody class is found in the secretions that bathe body surfaces, such as tears and mucus?
ANSWER:
IgG
IgM
IgE
IgD
IgA
Answer Requested
Part A
Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?
ANSWER:
disulfide bonds
heavy chain
constant region
variable region
light chain
Answer Requested
Part A
Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________.
ANSWER:
artificially acquired passive immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
passively acquired natural immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
artificially acquired active immunity
Answer Requested
Part A
Cedric needs a kidney transplant. Which type of graft is least likely to be successful?
ANSWER:
A graft from a sibling
A graft from a friend
A graft from a recently deceased individual
A xenograft
An allograft
Answer Requested
Part A
The constant region of the antibody joins heavy and light chains to form an antigen-binding site specifically made to fit an antigen.
ANSWER:
True
False
Answer Requested
Part A
Antibodies can inactivate an antigen in many ways, including complement fixation, neutralization, and opsonization.
ANSWER:
True
False
Answer Requested
Part A
Macrophages and dendritic cells release interferons to trigger an immune response from T cells.
ANSWER:
True
False
Answer Requested
Part A
The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination.
ANSWER:
True
False
Answer Requested
IP: Overview of Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
Click on the link or the image below to view an animation on the innate and adaptive body defenses from Interactive Physiology (IP), then answer the questions to the right.
IP: Overview of Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
Part A
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
Hint 1.
The skin would also be considered to be in this defense system.
ANSWER:
adaptive defenses
innate internal defenses
innate external defenses
Correct
Yes, innate external defenses (surface barriers) are the first line of defense and include tears, mucus membranes, and the skin.
Part B
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense
system?
Hint 1.
They recognize more than one specific marker. This would be considered a nonspecific defense mechanism.
ANSWER:
adaptive defenses
innate external defenses
innate internal defenses
Correct
Yes, the macrophage recognizes many molecules found on pathogens that are not present on normal body cells.
Part C
What cells make antibodies?
Hint 1.
This cell would be part of humoral immunity.
ANSWER:
memory B cells
plasma B cells
memory T cells
cytotoxic T cells
Correct
Yes, the plasma B cells make antibodies in response to specific antigens.
Part D
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
Hint 1.
This area is also called an epitope.
ANSWER:
antigen
pathogen
antibody
an antigenic determinant
Correct
Yes, also called an epitope, the antigenic determinant is the specific part of an antigen that the antibody or lymphocyte antigenic determinant receptor binds to.
Part E
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
Hint 1.
This immunity is directed against pathogens in the extracellular fluid.
ANSWER:
humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity
cellular immunity
Correct
Yes, humoral immunity involves antibodies that can be transferred from one person to another.
Part F
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
Hint 1.
The attacking virus would be considered an intracellular pathogen.
ANSWER:
humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
antibody-mediated immunity
Correct
Yes, cell-mediated immunity involves an intracellular pathogen such as a virus.
Part G
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
Hint 1.
This pathogen would be inside the cell.
ANSWER:
Cytotoxic T cells
B cells
macrophages
Correct
Yes, cytotoxic T cells attack cancer cells, since they are part of cell-mediated immunity.
IP: Class I and Class II MHC Proteins
Click on the link or the image below to view an animation on class I and class II MHC proteins from Interactive Physiology (IP), then answer the questions to the right.
IP: Class I and Class II MHC Proteins
Part A
Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
Hint 1.
MHC proteins are "self-proteins" that cradle antigens for presentation to T cells.
ANSWER:
antigen-presenting cells
all nucleated cells
Correct
Yes, class II MHC proteins are found only on antigen-presenting cells.
Part B
Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
Hint 1.
Exogenous antigens are those antigens that originated outside the cell.
ANSWER:
class I MHC proteins
class II MHC proteins
Correct
Yes, class II MHC proteins present antigens that originated from outside the cell (phagocytized extracellular pathogens).
Part C
Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
ANSWER:
CD8
CD4
Correct
Yes, class I MHC proteins are recognized by CD8 cells.
Part D
Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
Hint 1.
These protein fragments are considered endogenous proteins.
ANSWER:
macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells
all nucleated cells
Correct
Yes, nucleated body cells bring pieces of endogenous proteins to the surface to display on the MHC protein.
Part E
Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
Hint 1.
There are two major populations of T cells named by the glycoproteins expressed on the cell membrane.
ANSWER:
CD6 cells
CD4 cells
CD8 cells
Correct
Yes, CD8 cells become cytotoxic T cells.
Reading Question: Antibodies
Part A - Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies are commercial preparations of a pure antibody that reacts to a single antigen. Which of these are examples of current uses of monoclonal
antibodies?
Select all that apply.
ANSWER:
diagnosis pregnancy
treat hepatitis
treat rabies
deliver drugs to fight cancer
early cancer diagnosis
Answer Requested
Reading Question: Effects of Aging on Immunity
Part A - Effects of Aging on Immunity

As with many other body systems, immune system function decreases with age. Which of the following statements describe(s) the effects of aging on immunity?
Select all correct answers.
ANSWER:
Antibody production increases.
The chance of developing an autoimmune disease increases.
Immunodeficiency disease is less likely to occur.
Cancer becomes more common.
Answer Requested
Reading Question: Origin of Lymphatic System
Part A - Origin of Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system includes vessels and organs to transport fluids and defense elements. Which of the following statements describe(s) its development?
Select all correct statements.
ANSWER:
Lymph organs are all formed from lymph nodes.
Lymphatic vessels are formed from veins beginning before the fifth week of development.
Lymphocytes populate lymphatic tissues and organs by the fifth week of development.
Shortly after birth, lymphocytes are common in lymphoid organs.
The thymus and spleen are the first lymph organs to appear in the embryo.
Answer Requested
Interactive Activity: Types of Adaptive Immunity
Part A - Arms of the Adaptive Defense System

Adaptive immunity comprises two branches: humoral immunity and cellular immunity. What are the characteristics of each of the two arms of the adaptive defense system?
Sort the listed characteristics of adaptive immunity into the correct bin.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Cellular immunity Humoral immunity Both cellular and humoral immunity
Responds to specific antigens

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Produces antibodies B lymphocytes
Originates from hemocytoblasts in red
Immunocompetency develops in
marrow
thymus Immunocompetency develops in bone
marrow
Immunocompetent cells found in
Activated by exposure to APCs
lymphoid tissues
Answer Requested
IP: Innate Internal Defenses
Click on the link or the image below to view an animation on innate internal defenses from Interactive Physiology (IP), then answer the questions to the right.
IP: Innate Internal Defenses
Part A
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
Hint 1.
NK cells are part of the innate internal defense system.
ANSWER:
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells.
NK cells induce the target cell to undergo “apoptosis” (cell suicide).
NK cells attack transplanted organs.
Correct
Correct answer. NK cells do not recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane. NK cells to do not have specific antigen receptors
– like T cells do. NK cells look for the absence of normally occurring “self” proteins on infected or cancerous cells.
Part B
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
Hint 1.
These are classified as antimicrobial proteins.
ANSWER:
T lymphocytes
interferons
phagocytes
complement proteins
Correct
Yes, interferons are antimicrobial proteins that interfere with viral replication. They are produced by a virus-infected cell. Although the infected cell will die, it sends
out interferons that protect the neighboring cells from the virus.
Part C
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
Hint 1.
The foreign cells or bacteria do not “look” like normal body cells.
ANSWER:
Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface.
The phagocytes look for the absence of “self” proteins.
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.
All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize.
Correct
Yes, they use mannose and Toll-like receptors to bind to the molecules found on pathogens.
Part D
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
Hint 1.
This defense mechanism is classified as an antimicrobial protein.
ANSWER:
natural killer (NK) cells
cytokines
interferons
complement proteins
Correct
Yes, the complement proteins can lyse microorganisms using the MAC (membrane attack complex) system to form pores, mark cells for phagocytosis
(opsonization), and promote inflammation.
Part E
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
Hint 1.
This process is called opsonization. The opsonins mark the target cell for destruction.
ANSWER:
natural killer (NK) cells
antibodies and complement proteins
T cells
interferons
Correct
Yes, both antibodies and complement proteins can act as opsonins on bacteria.
IP: Lymphatic Organs
Click on the link or the image below to view an animation on lymphatic organs from Interactive Physiology (IP), then answer the questions to the right.
IP: Lymphatic Organs
Part A
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
Hint 1.
Primary lymphoid organs are sites where lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent.
ANSWER:
bone marrow and thymus
spleen and thymus
lymph nodes and tonsils
appendix and spleen
Correct
The B lymphocytes are named B cells because they mature in the Bursa of Fabricus (a lymphoid organ of birds, where they were first discovered) and the T
lymphocytes are named T cells because they mature in the Thymus. This is also where they become immunocompetent.
Part B
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
Hint 1.
This is the largest secondary lymphoid organ that also acts to cleanse the blood.
ANSWER:
Hassall’s corpuscles of the thymus
red pulp of the spleen
germinal centers of the lymph nodes
white pulp of the spleen
Correct
Yes, the white pulp is where lymphocytes are concentrated and the immune functions take place in the spleen.
Part C
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
Hint 1.
This would be in the outer area of the organ.
ANSWER:
germinal centers of the cortex
medullary cords in the medulla
lymphoid follicles of the outer cortex
deep in the cortex
Correct
Yes, the T cells encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells in the deeper part of the cortex. The cortex is the outer area of the lymph node.
Part D
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the
end of the small intestine?
Hint 1.
These collections of lymphoid tissue are located in the plicae circularis of the ileum.
ANSWER:
appendix
tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Correct
Yes, Peyer’s patches are located in the small intestine, and they guard against bacteria from the large intestine.
Part E
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
Hint 1.
This organ atrophies as we age.
ANSWER:
spleen
lymph nodes
thymus
Correct
Yes, the relative size of the thymus as well as its function decreases with age. Thymic atrophy may be one reason the elderly are more susceptible to infection.
Part A
What is the function of histamine?
ANSWER:
activates complement
triggers inflammatory response
enzymatically destroys bacteria
triggers fever
Answer Requested
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 8.0%.
You received 5.01 out of a possible total of 63 points.

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2/13/23, 12:48 AM Activity 2: Lymphatic system

Activity 2: Lymphatic system

*Building Vocabulary Activity: Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

Part A - Prefixes, Roots and Suffixes

The prefix anti- means "against."

The prefix lympho- means "lymph."

The prefix hyper- means "above," "beyond" or "over."

The prefix immuno- means "immune."

The prefix allo- means "different."

Part B - Vocabulary terms

A tissue graft from another person is a(n) allograft .

A hypersensitivity results when the immune system is overstimulated.

Audio Summary: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

Adaptive defense has memory.

B cells participate in the cell-mediate immunity.

Adaptive defense is also referred as the body's second line of defense.

T cells become immunocompetent in the red bone marrow.

Adaptive defense is nonspecific.

Regulatory T cells produce antibodies.

Cytotoxic T cells release chemicals that suppress the activity of B cells.

T cells are able to bind with free antigens.

Helper T cells can stimulate clone production of B cells.

Art Labeling Activity: Figure 12.2a,b

Blood capillaries Lymphatic capillaries

Flaplike minivalve Endothelial cell

Art Labeling Activity: Figure 12.3

Right lymphatic duct

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part I, Question 12

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part I, Question 5

Using the figure, identify the following:

Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by ________.

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part I, Question 4

Using the figure, identify the following:

Blood capillaries are indicated by ________.

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part II, Question 4

Smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels

The pumping action of the heart

Presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels

Pressure changes within the thorax

Milking action of skeletal muscles

Chapter 12 True/False Question 1

Chapter 12 True/False Question 2

Art Labeling Activity: Figure 12.4

Chapter 12 End of Chapter Review Reading Question 3

Chapter 12 Essay Question 2

3785 Character(s) remaining

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part II, Question 9

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part II, Question 8

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part II, Question 6

Art Labeling Activity: Figure 12.5

Red bone marrow

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part I, Question 6

Using the figure, identify the following:

The spleen is indicated by ________.

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part I, Question 7

Using the figure, identify the following:

The tonsils are indicated by ________.

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice, Part I, Question 11

Using the figure, identify the following: