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Dav Kapildev Public School: ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24

The document is Shivam Kumar's 12th grade physics project on a step-down transformer for DAV Kapildev Public School. It includes an introduction on transformers, the construction and working principle of a step-down transformer, and discusses energy losses in transformers. The project was guided by Mr. V.K. Pathak and certifies that Shivam successfully completed the research on step-down transformers.

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kumarshivamshoundik
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446 views12 pages

Dav Kapildev Public School: ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24

The document is Shivam Kumar's 12th grade physics project on a step-down transformer for DAV Kapildev Public School. It includes an introduction on transformers, the construction and working principle of a step-down transformer, and discusses energy losses in transformers. The project was guided by Mr. V.K. Pathak and certifies that Shivam successfully completed the research on step-down transformers.

Uploaded by

kumarshivamshoundik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DAV KAPILDEV PUBLIC SCHOOL

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2023-24

PHYSICS PROJECT
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

NAME : SHIVAM KUMAR


ROLL : 47
CLASS : XII 'E'
BOARD ROLL :
SUBJECT : PHYSICS (042)

PROJECT GUIDE: Mr. V.K. PATHAK


D.A.V KAPILDEV PUBLIC SCHOOL
RANCHI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that SHIVAM KUMAR , a student of class ‘XII‘
has successfully completed the research on the project “step down
transformer“ under the guidance of
Mr. V.K. PATHAK sir during the academic year 2023-2024 in partial
fulfilment of physics practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New
Delhi.

Signature of external examiner signature of subject teacher


INDEX

• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Principle
• Step-Down Transformer
• Construction
• Theory
• Energy loss
• Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics teacher


“Mr. V.K. PATHAK” sir for his vital support, guidance and
encouragement, without which this project would have come forth.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to the principal sir “Mr


M.K.Sinha ” for providing me all the facility that was required.

I would also like to express my gratitude to the supporting staff of


physics at DAV KAPILDEV PUBLIC SCHOOL for their support
during the making of this project .
At the end, I want to thank my friends who displayed appreciations
to my work and motivated me to continue my work.
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low AC voltage
into high AC voltage or high AC voltage to a low AC voltage or
high AC voltage (transfer energy between two or more circuits )
through electromagnetic induction.
A wide range of Transformers designs is encountered in
electronic and electric power application. Since the invention in
1885 of the first constant potential transformer, Transformers
have become essential for the AC transmission distribution and
utilisation of electrical energy.
Transformers range in size from small RF Transformers a
cubic centimeter in volume to large units interconnecting the
power grid weighing hundreds of tons.
Transformers are categorized into two types, namely, electronic
and power transformers. Electronic transformers operating
voltages are very low and are rated at low power levels. These are
used in consumer electronic equipment like television, personal
computers, CD/DVD players, and other devices.
Principle :

It is based on the principle of mutual induction. A varying current


In the transformer’s winding coil creates a varying magnetic flux
in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the
secondary winding induces a varying electromagnetic force (EMF)
or voltage in the secondary windings are wrapped around a core
of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all the magnetic
flux passes through both primary and secondary winding. With
voltage source connected to the primary winding and load
impendence connected to the secondary winding , thee
transformer current flows in the indicated directions.
Step down transformer

This transformer converts high voltage alternating current into a


low voltage alternating current. In step down transformers the
number of coils in primary coil remains large as compared to
secondary coil. Step down transformers are Designed to reduce
electrical voltage. Their primary voltage is greater than their
secondary voltage.
Step down transformers converts electrical voltage from one level
or phase configuration usually down to a lower level. They can
include features of electrical isolation power distribution and
control and instrumental applications. step down transformers
typically rely on the principle of magnetic induction between the
coils to convert Voltage and/ or current levels.
Construction

The Transformers consists of two coils They are insulated with


each other by a insulating material and wound on a common care.
For operation at low frequency we may have a soft iron. The soft
iron core is insulating by joining the iron strips coated with
varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy current.
The input circuit is called primary and the output circuit is called
secondary.
THEORY
Suppose the number of turns in primary coil is ' Np’ and that in the
secondary coil is ‘Ns’. The resistance of the coil is assumed to be zero.
Let dq/dt be the rate of change of flux in each turn of the primary coil.
If Ep be the EMF in the primary circuit then :-
Ep = -Np -------- (1)
We suppose that there is no loss of fluc between primary and secondary
coils then the induced EMF in the secondary coil will be:-
Ts = - Ns ---------(2)
From equation 1 and 2 we find that Ns/Np=k is called transformers
ratio or turns ratio.
For step up transformers K >1
For step down transformers K<1
That is for step up transformer Ns > Np
Therefore, Es > Ep
For the step down transformer Ns < Np therefore Es < Ep

𝜼 = output power / 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎


Efficiency →
The efficiency of transformer is given by :

𝜼 = Es Ls / 𝑬p 𝑳𝒑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

If Lp and Ls be the currents In the primary and secondary circuits

𝜼 for ideal transformer = 1 = 100%


Therefore, EsLs = EpLp or
𝑳𝒔 𝑵𝒑 𝟏

𝑳𝒑 = 𝑵𝒔 = 𝑲

Therefore, for step-up transformer current in the secondary is less than


in the primary (Ls<Lp) and in a step down transformer we have
(Ls>Lp).
Energy loss in transformers

1. Loss of magnetic flux– The coupling between the coils is


seldom perfect so whole of magnetic flux produced by
primary coil is no linked up with the secondary coil.

2. Eddy current loss- In actual iron core, in spite of lamination,


Eddy current are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. A part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.

3. Heat loss – In practice, the coils of the transformer possess


resistance, so a part of energy is lost due to the heat produced
in the resistance of the coil
Bibliography
1. NCERT Textbook
2. Wikipedia
3. Google

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