THERMODYNAMICS ASSIGNMENT

1. One mole of an ideal mono atomic gas under goes a process A  B (a straight line on P-V indicator
diagram of the process as shown in figure). Choose the correct statement (S) of the following.

25 PV
0 0
A) Maximum temperature attained by the gas during the process is
8 R
5
B) Volume of the gas when the process changes from endothermic to exothermic is V0
4
25
C) Volume of the gas when the process changes from endothermic to exothermic is V0
16
25 PV
0 0
D) Temperature of the gas when the process changes from endothermic to exothermic is
8 R
2. A cyclic process is shown in P-T diagram. The maximum pressure in the cycle is two times of the
minimum pressure in the cycle. The heat received by the gas in the process 1-2 is two times of the heat
received in the process 3-4. The process is done for one mole of a mono-atomic gas, and the minimum
pressure achieved during process is ‘P’

9
A) The heat released in the process 2-3 is RT0 B) The heat released in the process 2-3 RT0
8

4P 3P
C) Pressure at point 5 is D) Pressure at point 5 is
3 2
3. Process undergone by an ideal gas sample is described in terms of thermodynamic temperature (T) and
volume occupied by gas (V) by the equation TV x  constant . Unfrozen degrees of freedom of the gas
sample is f. Choose the correct statements.
A) For f  x  2 , the process represents adiabatic.
B) For f  x  1 , temperature of the gas sample should decrease if heat is supplied to the gas
C) For x  1 , coefficient of volumetric expansion of the gas is equal to reciprocal of thermodynamic
temperature.
D) For x  1 , bulk modulus of the sample is zero

4. One mole of an ideal gas goes through a cycle consisting of alternate isothermal and adiabatic curves.
AB, CD, EF are isothermal and BC, DE, FA are adiabatic curves. Temperature of each isothermal
curve is given in the graph. The volume changes two fold in every isothermal expansion. Choose the
 correct options(s)

A) Work done by the gas in the cycle is R T1  T2  2T3  loge 2

B) Work done by the gas in the cycle is R  2T3  T1  T2  loge 2
C) Heat absorbed by the gas is R T1  T2  loge 2
D) Efficiency of cycle is 1  2T3
T1  T2

5. A circular ring of uniform cross section is made up of three different metallic rods AB, BC and
CA(joinedtogether at the points A, B and C) of thermal conductivities 1 ,  2 and  3 , respectively. The junctions
A, B and C are maintained at the temperatures 100°C, 50°C and 0°C, respectively. All therods are of equal
lengths and cross sections. Under steady state conditions, assume that no heat is lost from the sides of the rods.
Let Q1, Q2 and Q3 be the rates of transmission of heat along the three rods AB, BC and CA. Then which of the
following is/are correct

A) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 and all are transmitted in the clockwise sense

B) Q1 and Q2 flow in clockwise sense and Q3 in the anti-clock wise sense
C) Q1 : Q2 : Q3  1 :  2 :2 3
Q Q Q
D) 1  2  3
1 2 3

One mole of an ideal mono-atomic gas of molecular mass M is undergoing a cyclic thermo dynamic process
in different ways as shown in the corresponding P   diagrams in Column-1 of the table. Consider the path
indicated with arrow mark only. In the corresponding paths work done W by the gas are given in column
–2 and heat absorbed by the gas Q are given in Column-3.  is density of gas and P is pressure of the
gas.
 Column1 Column2 Column3
 W   Q

20
2




1
0 3
P0 M P0 M
(i) (P)
0 0
P0 2P0
(I) P

20
2




1
0 3

(ii)  P0 M
2P0 (Q) ln 2
 P0 M
P0
(II) P 0
ln 2
0

(III)

20
2




1
0 3

(iii) 0 3 P0 M
(R)
P0 2P0 2 0
P

5 P0 M 5 P0 M
(iv) (S)
2 0 2 0
6. Which one of the following options correctly represents an isothermal process?
A) (II) (i)(S) B) (I) (ii)(Q) C) (III) (iii)(R) D) (I) (ii)(R)

7. Which one of the following options correctly represents a process in which U  Q  PV ?
A) (I) (ii)(Q) B) (III) (iii)(S) C) (II) (i)(S) D) (II) (iii)(S)

8. Which one of the following options is the correct combination

A) (III) (iii)(R) B) (I) (ii)(R) C) (II) (iv)(R) D) (II) (iii)(S)

9. A thermally insulated vessel contains 150 g of water at 00C. Then the air from the vessel is pumped out
adiabatically. A fraction of water turns into ice and the rest evaporates at 00C itself. The mass of evaporated
water will be closest to: (Latent heat of vaporization of water  2.10 106 J Kg 1 and Latent heat of fusion of
water  3.36 105 J Kg 1 )
1) 35 g 2) 129.3 g 3) 20.7 g 4) 25 g

10. An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder at a pressure of 2 atm and temperature 300 K. The mean time
between two successive collisions is 6 108 s. If the pressure is doubled and temperature is increased to
500 K, the mean time between two successive collisions will be close to

1) 0.5 108 s 2) 4 108 s 3) 3 106 s 4) 2 107 s

11. Consider a spherical shell of radius R at temperature T. The black body radiation inside it can be
U
considered as an ideal gas of photons with internal energy per unit volume u   T 4 and pressure
V
1U 
p    . If the shell now undergoes an adiabatic expansion the relation between T and R is
3V 
1 1
1) T  2) T  2 3) T  e R 4) T  e3R
R R

12. Consider an ideal gas confined in an isolated closed chamber. As the gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion,
the average time of collision between molecules increases as Vq, where V is the volume of the gas. The
 C 
value of q is:    p 
 Cv 
 1  1 3  5 3  5
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 6 6

13. Two isothermally insulated vessels 1 and 2 are filled with air at temperatures T1 , T2  , volumes V1 , V2  and
pressures  P1, P2  respectively. If the valve joining the two vessels is opened, the temperature inside the
vessel at equilibrium will be
T  T 
1) TT1 2  PV
1 1  PV2 2  /  PVT 2 2T1 
1 1 2  PV 2) 1 2
2
3) T1  T2 1 2  PV
4) TT 2 2  /  PVT
1 1  PV 2 2T2 
1 1 1  PV

14. Three different processes that can occur in an ideal monoatomic gas are shown in the P vs V diagram. The
paths are labeled as A  B, A  C and A  D . The change in internal energies during these process are
taken as EAB, EAC and EAD and the work done as WAB, WAC and WAD. The correct relation between these
parameters are:
 1) EAB  EAC  EAD ,WAB  0, WAC  WAD 2) EAB  EAC  EAD ,WAB  0, WAC  0,WAD  0

3) EAB  EAC  EAD ,WAB  WAC  WAD 4) EAB  EAC  EAD ,WAB  0, WAC  0,WAD  0

15. For an ideal gas the instantaneous change in pressure ‘P’ with volume ‘V’ is given by the equation
dP
  aP. If P = P0 at V = 0 is the given boundary condition, then the maximum temperature one mole of
dV
gas can attain is: (Here R is the gas constant)
P aP
1) 0 2) 0 3) Infinity 4) 00C
aeR eR

16. An insulated cylinder is divided into three parts A,B and C. Pistons 1 and 2 are connected
by a rigid rod and can slide without friction inside the cylinder. Piston 1 is perfectly
conducting while piston 2 is perfectly insulting. Equal quantity of an ideal gas is filled in
three compartments and the state of gas in every part is same  PV 0 0T0  . Adiabatic exponent of

the gas is   1.5 . The compartment B is slowly given heat through a heater H such that the
4V0
final volume of gas in part C becomes . Choose the correct statement(s)
9

A) The heat supplied by the heater is 18PV

0 0

19
B) The amount of heat flow through the piston 1 is PV
0 0
2

C) If heater were is in compartment A instead of B, the heat supplied by the heater is 18PV
0 0

D) If heater were is in compartment A instead of B, The amount of heat flow through the
17
piston 1 is PV
0 0
2
Paragraph

Two bodies (solids) of equal masses are heated at uniform rate under identical conditions. The
changes in temperature are as shown in figure as function of time for which heat is supplied.

17. Ratio of specific latent heats of fusion in graph (I) to graph (II) is

A) 2 3 B) 4 5 C) 3 2 D) 5 4

18. The ratio of the specific heats in solid state of the substances in graph (I) to graph (II) is

A) 3 1 B) 2 3 C) 3 2 D) 1 3

19. Two adiabatic vessels each containing a mass m of water at different temperatures. A metal
rod of length l , cross-sectional area A and the thermal conductivity K , is inserted in the
vessels such that it just connect the vessels. Find the time taken for the difference between
the temperatures in the vessels to become half of the original value. The specific heat
capacity of water is s . Neglect the heat capacity of the rod and the container and any loss of
heat to the atmosphere
lms 2 lms 1 lms lms
A) e B) C) D) ln 2
KA KAln2 2 KA 2 KA

KEY& SOLUTIONS
 1) AC 2) AC 3) ABCD 4) ACD 5) BCD

6) B 7) C 8) A 9) C 10) B

11) A 12) A 13) A 14) B 15) A

16) ABCD 17) B 18) A 19) D 20)

1. KEY: AC
 2P   2P0 
Sol. P   0 V  C and 3P0    V0  C  C  5P0
 V0   V0 
 2P 
 P    0 V  5P0 ..................(i )
 V0 
RT  2P  2P
   0 V  5P0  RT   0 V 2  5PV 0
V  V0  V0
 2P   4PV  dV
RdT    0  2VdV  5P0 dV  R   0
 5P0  ...................... ii 
 V0   V0  dT
 dT  4 P0V
R   5P0 
 dV  V0
dT
 0 When temperature becomes maximum
dV
4 PV 5V
 5P0  0  0  V  0  Volume of the gas when temperature reaches maximum
V0 4
1  2 P0 2  1  2 P0 25V0 2 5V  25 PV
Tmax   V  5 0 
PV  Tmax     5P0  0   0 0

R  V0  R  V0 16 4  8 R
3 dQ 3  dV 
dQ  dU  dW  dQ  CV dT  PdV  dQ  RdT  PdV   R  P 
2 dT 2  dT 
dQ
When process changes from endothermic to exothermic changes from positive to negative. i.e. just
dT
dQ
before turning to exothermic 0
dT
3 PdV   2P   RV0  3
 R  0     0  V  5P0    R [ from (ii)]
2 dT   V0  0 0  4 PV
  5PV 0  2
0 0  2 PV 3
5PV 25V0
0
  10 PV
0 0  4 PV  15 PV
0 0  12 PV V 
0 0  4 PV
0 0
5PV 0 2 16
25V0
i.e. Process changes from endothermic to exothermic at V 
16
1  2PV 2

At this volume temperature of the gas is T   0
 5PV
0 
R  V0 
 1  2 P0 625V0 2 25V0  750 PV
T    5P0  
0 0

R  V0 256 16  256 R

2. KEY: A, C

Sol:

P  P 2 P  P  P  P 2 P  P 4P
    2 P  2 P  2 P  P   P  
T0  T1 T2  T0 T0  T1 2 T0  T1  3

4P
3  P  T  3 T ( 2  3 Volume is constant)
1 0
T0 T1 4

2 P T2 3
  T2  2T1  T0
P T1 2
3 3 3 3 
U 23  1 R T2  T1   R  T0  T0 
2 2 2 4 
33 9
 RT0  T0 R  dQ  Heat released by the gas  dw  0 
24 8
3. Key: ABCD
Sol: TV x  constant
PV x
V  constant  PV x 1 is constant
nR
 x  1 is polytrophic co-efficient
2 2
1) For adiabatic process,   x  1  x    1 . We know that   1   f 
f  1
 fx  2
1  1
2) fx  1  x  
f 2
 1
 Polytrophic coefficient n  x  1 
2
Specific heat in the polytrophic process
R R R   n 
C  CV     R
1 n  1 1 n  1  n   1 
 
 1
As   1 always 1  n   (from n  )
2
 Specific heat in this process is negative.
 dQ  nC  dT  . When ‘C’ is –ve, dT will be –ve with dQ  ve  temperature decreases as heat is
added to the system.
3) x  1  x  1  0  P is constant
PV  nRT ........1
PdV  nRdT ........ 2
 2  dV 
dT

dV 1
  
1
1 V T VdT T T
dp
4) From ‘C’, P is constant when x  1  dp  0  B  0
 dV 
 
 V 

4. Key: ACD
Solution:

Let V1  V  V2  2V
V 
W1  RT1 ln  2   RT1 ln 2  AB
 V1 
R
W2  T  T   BC
 1 1 2
V 
CD  W3  RT2 ln  4   RT2 ln 2  V4  2V3 
 V3 
 1
T V 
BC  TV
1 2
 1  1
 T2V3  1  3   1
T2  2V1 
R
DE  W4  T  T 
 1 2 3
 1
T V 
 T2  2V3    2
r 1 r 1  1  1
TV
2 4 TV3 5  T3V5  2  5 
T3  2V3 
 1  1  1
T T V  V  T V 
1   2   1  2   3   5   1  5    3
T2 T3  2V1   2V3  T3  4V1 
V 
EF  W5  RT3 ln  6 
 V5 
R
FA  W6  T  T 
 1 3 1
 1
T V 
TV
1 1
 1
 T3V6 1
 1  6    4
T3  V1 
  1  1
V  V  V6 1
From (3) & (4)  5   6   
 4V1   V1  V5 4
V  1 1
W5  RT3 ln  6   RT3 ln    RT3  2ln
 V5  4 2
W5  2 RT3 ln 2
Wnet  W1  W2  W3  W4  W5  W6
R R R
Wnet  RT1 ln 2  T1  T2   RT2 ln 2  T2  T3   2RT3 ln 2  T  T 
 1  1  1 3 1
 R T1  T2  2T3  ln 2
Wnet R ln 2 T1  T2  2T3  R ln 2 T1  T2  2T3  2T3
Efficiency      1 .
Q1  Q3 W1  W3 R ln 2 T1  T2  T1  T2

5. The flow of heat will always be in the direction of the temperature gradient from higher to lower
temperature. Hence Q1 in rod AB, Q2 in rod BC will both be in clockwise sense while Q3 in CA will
be in anti- clockwise sense. If L is the length of each rod and A its area of cross section
 A 100  50  A  A 100  50  A  A 100  0  A
Q1  1   501  , Q2  2   50 2  , Q3  3  1003 
L L L L L L
Q1 Q2  A   A   A  Q3
 Q1 : Q2 : Q3  1 :  2 :23 . Also   50  50  100  
1  2  L   L   L  3

Sol. for QNo.s 6, 7, 8

The line 1-2 passes through origin if extended. It means   P . The process must be isothermal.
P 1 M 1 PM PM
W12  nRT ln 1  PV1 1 ln  P0 ln     0 ln 2 , U12  0 ; Q12   0 ln 2 .
P2 2 0  2  0 0
PM
 heat rejected = 0 ln 2
0
M M   1 1  P0 M
Process 2-3 is isobaric W23  2 P0 V3  V2   2P0     2 P0 M   
 3  2   0 2 0  0
3 3 3  M M  3 P0 M
U 23  n Cv T  1 R T3  T2    PV 2 2 
3 3  PV 2P0   
2 2 2  0 2 0  2 0
5 P0 M
Q23  W23  U 23  .
2 0
3
Process 3-1 is isochoric  W31  0 and U 31  nCv T  n. R T1  T3 
2
3 3  P0 M 2 P0 M  3 P0 M 3 PM
  PV 3 3 
1 1  PV     .  Q31   0
2 2  0 0  2 0 2 0
9. Let x grams of water is evaporated

According to the principle of calorimetry,

Heat lost by freezing water (that turns into ice) = Heat gained by evaporated water

Given, mass of water = 150 g

 150
 150  x  103  3.36 105  x 103  2.1106  150  x   3.36  21x  x   20.689 g
7.25

 1 1
10. t   t  where ‘n’ is no. of molecules per unit volume and ‘d’ is diameter
vrms 3RT n T
2 d 2 n 
M

N N RT nRT P
of a molecule PV  n' RT  RT  P    n
NA V NA NA T

1 T t T P
Therefore t  t   2 2 1
P P t1 T1 P2
 T
T

t2 500 P
8
   t2  3.87 108 s 4 108
6 10 2P 300

1U  U 1
11. As, P    and V  KT So P  3 KT As PV  nRT
4 4

3V 

nRT 1
 KT 4  VT 3  constant
V 3

4 1
 R 3T 3  constant  T 
3 R

 1 1 V
12.       (as N the total no.moleculesis constant)
Vrms 2 d 2 nv 2  N  3RT T
2 d  
V  M
 1 1
V 1
As TV  K   
 1
 V 2
 V 2
K
V  1
 1
Therefore q 
2

13. Here Q  0 and W  0 . Therefore from first law of thermodynamics U  Q  W  0

Internal energy of the system with partition = Internal energy of the system without partition
n1CvT1  n2CvT2   n1  n2  CvT
n1T1  n2T2
T 
n1  n2
PV PV
But n1  1 1 and n2  2 2
RT1 RT2
 PV PV
1 1
 T1  2 2  T2
RT RT2 T T  PV  PV 
T  1  1 2 1 1 2 2
1 1T2  PV
PV PV PV 2 2T1
1 1
 2 2
RT1 RT2

14. For all processes, EAB  EAC  EAD (Changein temperatureis same for all processes)
WAB  0 as volume increases
WAC  0 as volume constant
WAD  0 as volume decreases

P
dP
V
P
15.   a  dV  ln    aV  P  P0 e  aV
P0
P 0  P0 
dT
For temperature maximum 0
dV
 aV
 0  0 e  aV  Ve  aV   a   0
PV PVe dT P
T  0 
nR R dV R
 aV
Pe 1
 0 1  aV   0  V 
R a
P1 P
T 0  0
Rae Rae

16. Gases in A and B are always at equal temperature. Process for gas in C is adiabatic
32
 4V0  27
PV
0 0
32
 PC   PC  P0
 9  8
For mechanical equilibrium PA  PC
3 21
 4V   5V 
3
1
3 21
 T0V0  TC  T0 and For A : PA V0  0   nRTA  TA  TB  T0
2
Again for C : Tc  0 
 9  2  9  4
Work done on gas in C=work done by gas in A
27 4V0
0 0 
PV P0
WA  8 9  PV and work done by gas in B is zero
0 0
0.5
Change in internal energy of A  B is U A B  2nCv T  17 PV
0 0

Heat supplied by heater  U A B  Wby A  18PV

0 0.

17 19
Heat flow through piston 1 is H  U A  WbyA  0 0  PV
PV 0 0  PV
0 0
2 2
If heater were is in compartment A instead of B, the heat supplied by the heater is 18PV
0 0

If heater were is in compartment A instead of B, the amount of heat flow through the piston 1 is
17
PV
0 0
2

17. Heat absorbed without change in temperature for flat part of curves refers to latent heat.
If r is constant rate of supply of heat then
 
mL1  r t2  t1   r  24 12  12r and mL2  r t 2'  t1'  r  21  6   15r
 L1 12 4
  
L2 15 5

80 T1 r 120 T2 r


18. Slope of part of curve OA is  , Slope of part of curve OD is  
12 t1 mC1 6 t2 mC2
Slope of OD C1 120 12 3
   
Slope of OA C2 6 80 1

19. Let  0 be the initial temperature difference (at t=0) between the liquids and  be the temperature
difference between the liquids at time t . Let 1 and  2 be the temperatures of the liquids at time t (let
1   2 ) i.e.,   1   2 and d  d1  d 2 .
Let dQ be the heat lost by hot liquid in time dt and this is the heat gained by cold liquid in time dt .
i.e., dQ  m1s1d1 and dQ  m2 s2d 2 where d1 , d 2 are fall and rise of temperatures of hot and cold
liquid respectively in the time dt .
Rate of loss of heat of hot liquid = Rate of transmission of heat through the rod = Rate of gain of heat
dQ KA dQ dQ  1 1 
by cold liquid. i.e.,  . d  d1  d2     dQ   
dt l m1s1 m2 s2  m1s1 m2 s2 

KA  1 1  d
t
KA  1 1 
d   dt          dt
l  m1s1 m2 s2  0  0
l  m1s1 m2 s2 
KA  1 1  KA 2
 
  KA  1 1   t  t
 ln            0e l  m1s1 m2 s2 
    0e l ms

 0  l  m1s1 m2 s2 
0 
KA 2
t msl
 0e l ms  t  ln 2
2 2 KA