Database Testing/ Backend Testing

Till now we have seen how to test the application from the Front-End side(UI side) in
that we have covered Functional and Non Functional part.

Now will see how to test the data which were entered from UI side and that will be
stored in the Data Base.

Data loading into Database-

Data Base-1

Server

Software/Application

Data Base-2

Database:
• A database is an organized collection of data, so that it can be easily accessed and
managed.
• The main purpose of the database is to operate a large amount of information by
storing, retrieving, and managing data.
• We can organize data into tables, rows, columns, and index it to make it easier to
find relevant information. While manipulating the data.
• So for accessing the data we need to understand special language which is known
as SQL that can be easily manipulate the data with the predefine set of syntax.

SQL:
• SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
• It is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of
data from the database. Also it is not a Case Sensitive Language.
• SQL is the standard language for Relational Database System. All the Relational
Database Management Systems (RDMS) like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase,
Informix, Postgres and SQL Server use SQL as their standard database language.
 e

SQL Commands:

• SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is

also used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
• SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the
table, modify the table etc.

Types of SQL Commands-

SQL Commands

DDL (Data Definition Language):

DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a
table, etc.
All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all the
changes in the database.
Some commands that come under DDL:
• CREATE
• ALTER
• DROP
• TRUNCATE

DML(Data Manipulation Language):

DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of
changes in the database.

The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently save all
the changes in the database. They can be rollback.
Some commands that come under DML:
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

DCL(Data Control Language):

DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.
Some commands that come under DCL:
• Grant
• Revoke

TCL(Transaction Control Language)

TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE
only.
These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why they
cannot be used while creating tables or dropping them.
Some commands that come under TCL:
• COMMIT
• ROLLBACK
• SAVEPOINT

DQL(Data Query Language):

DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:
• SELECT
 SQL Queries
1. CREATE- It is a SQL statement used to create new table in database.
SYNTAX-
CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME> (COLUMN1 DATATYPE (DATASIZE) ...... );

Ex- If you want to crate a table for the Students Record.

Table Name= Student
Column in Student tables = ID, FirstName, LastName, MobileNumber.

Syntax- CREATE TABLE Student (ID int, FirstName varchar2(10), LastName

varchar2(10), MobileNumber int );

2. INSERT INTO - It is a SQL statement used to insert records in the table.

SYNTAX-
INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES (‘VALUE 1’, ‘VALUE 2’, ‘VALUE 3’, ‘VALUE4’);
Or
INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> < COLOUMN NAME> (COL-1, COL-2, COL-3, COL-4 )
VALUES (‘VALUE 1’, ‘VALUE 2’, ‘VALUE 3’, ‘VALUE4’);

Ex- If you want to crate a table for the Students Record.

Table Name= Student
Column in Student tables = ID, FirstName, LastName, MobileNumber.
Values = 1, Ashish, Tayade, 1234567890

INSERT INTO Student VALUES (‘1’, ‘Ashish’, ‘Tayade’, ‘1234567890’);

Or
INSERT INTO Student (ID, FirstName, LastName, MobileNumber ) VALUES (‘1’,
‘Ashish’, ‘Tayade’, ‘1234567890’);

Note: If we don’t provide the column name with its value then the value for that
column is set to NULL.

Task : Create your own database which consist of all the student information
from 12Feb 2022 morning batch.
3. DESCRIBE– it is a SQL statement used to describe the structure of the table.
SYNTAX- DESC <TABLE NAME>;
EX- DESC student;

4. SELECT- It is a SQL statement used to fetch a data, columns data/whole table data
from database/table.
SELECT * = Select all data from the table.
SYNTAX- SELECT *FROM <TABLE NAME>;
EX- SELECT * FROM Student;

5. SELECT COLUMN – It is a SQL statement used to fetch data of particular column

data from the table.
SYNTAX-
SELECT <COLUMN NAME> FROM <TABLE NAME>;
Ex- SELECT FirstName FROM Student; SELECT ID, FirstName FROM Student;

6. SELECT WITH (WHERE CLAUSE) – It is a SQL statement used to select particular

record from table using where clause.
WHERE CLAUSE- It is SQL statement used to extract those records which fulfil the
condition.
SYNTAX-
SELECT *FROM <TABLE NAME> WHERE <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’;
Ex- SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE FirstName = ‘Ashish’;

7. SELECT COLUMN WITH (WHERE CLAUSE)- It is a SQL statement used to fetch data
of particular column data from the table along with it extract those records which
fulfil the desired condition.
SYNTAX-
SELECT <Column>FROM <TABLE NAME> WHERE <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA
VALUE’;
Ex- SELECT ID, FirstName FROM STUDENT WHERE FirstName = ‘Ashish’;

8. SELECT WITH (WHERE CLAUSE + AND)- It is a SQL statement used to fetch data of
particular data from the table along with it extract those records which fulfil the
desired condition (i.e AND Condition).
 SYNTAX-
SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME> WHERE <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’ AND
<COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’;

SELECT <Column>FROM <TABLE NAME> WHERE <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA

VALUE’ AND <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’;
Ex-
SELECT ID, * FROM STUDENT WHERE FirstName = ‘Test’ AND LastName = ‘Demo’;

SELECT ID, FirstName FROM STUDENT WHERE FirstName = ‘Test’ AND LastName =
‘Demo’;

9. SELECT COLUMN WITH (WHERE CLAUSE + OR)- It is a SQL statement used to fetch
data of particular data from the table along with it extract those records which
fulfil the desired condition. (i.e OR Condition).
SYNTAX-
SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME> WHERE <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’ OR
<COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’;

SELECT <Column>FROM <TABLE NAME> WHERE <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA

VALUE’ OR <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’;

Ex-
SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE FirstName = ‘Test’ OR LastName = ‘Demo’;

SELECT ID, FirstName FROM STUDENT WHERE FirstName = ‘Test’ OR LastName =

‘Demo’;

10. DELETE – It is SQL statement used to delete all records from table. Excluding the
columns.
SYNTAX- DELETE FROM <TABLE NAME>;
EX- DELETE FROM Student;

11. DELETE WITH (WHERE CLAUSE )- – It is a SQL statement used to Delete the data
from the table which fulfil the desired condition.

SYNTAX- DELETE FROM <TABLE NAME>WHERE <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’;

EX- DELETE FROM Student WHERE FirstName = ‘Test’;
12. DELETE WITH (WHERE CLAUSE + AND )- – It is a SQL statement used to Delete the
data from the table which fulfil the desired condition (i.e AND Condition).

SYNTAX- DELETE FROM <TABLE NAME>WHERE <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’

AND <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’;
EX- DELETE FROM Student WHERE FirstName = ‘Test’ AND LastName = ‘Demo’;

13. DELETE WITH (WHERE CLAUSE + OR )- – It is a SQL statement used to Delete the
data from the table which fulfil the desired condition(i.e OR Condition).

SYNTAX- DELETE FROM <TABLE NAME>WHERE <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’

OR <COLUMN NAME>= ‘DATA VALUE’;
EX- DELETE FROM Student WHERE FirstName = ‘Test’ OR LastName = ‘Demo’;

14. TRUNCATE- It is a SQL statement used to deletes the data inside a table, but not
the table itself. (Column remains same/exist).

SYNTAX- TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>;

EX- TRUNCATE TABLE STUDENT;

15. DROP TABLE– It is SQL statement used to delete structure of table with all
records.

SYNTAX- DROP TABLE <TABLE NAME>;

EX- DROP TABLE Student;

16. ALTER- This command use to adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table.
ALTER ADD- This command use to add the columns in a table.

SYNTAX-
ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME>
ADD <COLUMN_NAME> <DATATYPE> <DATASIZE>;
EX-
ALTER TABLE STUDENT
ADD AGE VARCHAR2(30);
17. ALTER MODIFY- This command use to Modify the column Data Type from the
table.

SYNTAX-
ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME>
MODIFY <COLUMN_NAME> <DATA TYPE> <SIZE>;
EX-
ALTER TABLE STUDENT
MODIFY RollNo VARCHAR2(20);

ALTER TABLE STUDENT

MODIFY RollNo INT;

18. ALTER RENAME- This command use to RENAME the columns from the table.

SYNTAX-
ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME>
RENAME COLUMN <COLUMN_NAME> TO <COLUMN_NAME>;
EX-
ALTER TABLE STUDENT
RENAME COLUMN RollNo TO STUDENT_ROLLNO;

19. UPDATE – It is a SQL statement used to update the data values of particular
record in the table.

SYNTAX- UPDATE <TABLE NAME> SET <COLUMN NAME> = ‘DATA VALUE’

WHERE <COLUMN NAME> = ‘DATA VALUE’;

EX : UPDATE STUDENT SET FNAME='TEST' WHERE FIRSTNAME='DEMO';

 AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
In database, an aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows
are grouped together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more
significant meaning.

SQL allows different aggregate function

• Sum() == This fun() calculate the sum of the values from the mentioned
column.
Syntax - SELECT SUM <COLUMN_NAME> FROM <TABLE_NAME>;

• Avg() == This fun()calculate the average value from the mentioned column.
Syntax- SELECT AVG <COLUMN_NAME> FROM <TABLE_NAME>;

• Min() == This fun() fetch the minimum value from the mentioned column.
Syntax - SELECT MIN <COLUMN_NAME> FROM <TABLE_NAME>;

• Max() == This fun() fetch the maximum value from the mentioned column.
Syntax- SELECT MAX <COLUMN_NAME> FROM <TABLE_NAME>;

• Count() == This function shows the count of values.

SELECT COUNT <COLUMN_NAME> FROM <TABLE_NAME>;

ORDER BY
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.
ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort the
records in descending order, use the DESC keyword.

ASC == Sort result in Ascending order .

SYNTAX- SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME > ORDER BY <COLUM NAME> ASC;
• SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY ID ASC;
• SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY FIRSTNAME ASC;

DESC == Sort result in Descending order.

SYNTAX- SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME > ORDER BY <COLUM NAME> DESC;
• SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY ID DESC;
• SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY FIRSTNAME DESC;
 OPERATORS
AND: TRUE if all the conditions separated by AND is TRUE
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRST ID = ‘1’ AND SALARY = ‘25000’;

OR: TRUE if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRST ID = ‘1’ OR SALARY = ‘25000’;

BETWEEN: TRUE if the operand is within the range of comparisons

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY BETWEEN ‘35000’ AND ‘60000’;

IN: TRUE if the operand is equal to one of a list of expressions

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ID IN (1,2,3,8);
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRSTNAME in (‘RAM’, ‘KIRAN’, ‘RISHI’, ‘VIVEK’);

LIKE: TRUE if the operand matches a pattern

It is a Wildcard Characters used in SQL, A wildcard character is used to substitute one
or more characters in a string.

LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that starts with "a"

LIKE '%a' Finds any values that ends with "a"
LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any position

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRSTNAME LIKE ‘K%’;

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRSTNAME LIKE ‘%K’;
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRSTNAME LIKE ‘%K%’;

NOT: Displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE FIRSTNAME NOT LIKE '%AR%';

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE FIRSTNAME NOT LIKE 'K%';
= : Equal to
Syntax - SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY = 45000;

< : Less than-

Syntax - SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY < 45000;

> : Greater than-

Syntax - SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY > 45000;

>= : Greater than or equal to

Syntax - SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY >= 45000;

<= : Less than or equal to

Syntax - SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY <= 45000;

<>or != : Not equal to

Syntax -
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY <> 45000;
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY!= 45000;

SQL ALIAS
SQL aliases are used provide temporary name to give a table or a column in a table.
TIME SPAN - only exists for the duration of that query.
HOW TO USE – It is created with the AS keyword.

SYNTAX-
1. FOR COLUMN –
SELECT <COLUMN NAME> AS ALIAS_NAME FROM <TABLE NAME>
EX- SELECT SALARY AS EMP_SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE;

2. FOR TABLE-
SELECT <COLUMN NAME> FROM <TABLE NAME> AS ALIAS_NAME
EX- SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE AS ALIAS_NAME;
 GROUP BY
GROUP BY clause is used with SELECT statement to arrange identical d ata into groups.
This GROUP BY clause follows the WHERE clause in a SELECT statement.

GROUP BY statement is used with aggregate functions (COUNT(), MAX(),

MIN(), SUM(), AVG()) to group the result-set by one or more columns.

Syntax-
SELECT A.F. (*) FROM <TABLE NAME> GROUP BY <COLUMN NAME>

Ex- Employee table

Que 1: FIND COUNT OF EMPLOYEE WHICH ARE WORKING IN THE SAME DEPARTMENT
ALONG WITH THE DEPARTMENT NAME? (EX- HR-2, Admin- 1, Dev -3 etc..)

ANS : SELECT COUNT(*) AS EMP_COUNT , department AS DEPT_NAME FROM

employee GROUP BY DEPARTMENT;

O/P:
Que 2: Find MINIMUM SALARY FROM EACH DEPARTMENT?

ANS: SELECT MIN(SALARY) AS MIN_SALARY, DEPARTMENT AS DEPT_NAME FROM

EMPLOYEE GROUP BY DEPARTMENT;

O/P:

TASK - Que 3: Find MAXIMUM SALARY FROM EACH DEPARTMENT ?

TASK - Que 4: Find AVRAGE SALARY FROM EACH DEPARTMENT?

TASK - Que 5: Find SUM OF TH ESALARY FROM EACH DEPARTMENT?

TASK - Que 6: Find MINIMUM SALARY WITH EMPLOYEE COUNT FROM HR

DEPARTMENT?

TASK - Que 7: Find MAXIMUM SALARY WITH EMPLOYEE COUNT FROM DEV
DEPARTMENT?

HINT FOR QUE- 6 : DESIERED O/P -

HINT FOR QUE- 7 : DESIERED O/P -

DISTINCT
DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values. Which means it
hide repeated or duplicate records from table.

SYNTAX – SELECT DISTINCT<COLUMN NAME> FROM <TABLE NAME>;

EX- SELECT DISTINCT DEPARTMENT FROM EMPLOYEE;

SELECT DISTINCT FIRSTNAME FROM EMPLOYEE;

TASK: FIND COUNT OF NON-REPETATING DEPARTMENT FROM THE TABLE?

 SQL CONSTRAINTS
CONSTRAINT: CONSTRAINTS ARE USED TO SPECIFY RULES FOR DATA IN A TABLE.
CONSTRAINTS CAN BE USED WHEN THE TABLE IS CREATED WITH CREATE TABLE
STATEMENT.

• NOT NULL
• UNIQUE
• PRIMARY KEY
• FOREIGN KEY
• CHECK - Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific condition
• DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if no value is specified
• CREATE INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly

NOT NULL: Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value.

SYNTAX - CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME> (COLUMN1 DATATYPE(DATASIZE) NOT NULL,

COLUMN2 DATATYPE(DATASIZE), COLUMN3 DATATYPE(DATASIZE) NOT NULL, ………);

EX- CREATE TABLE TEMP_TABLE (ID INT NOT NULL, F_NAME VARCHAR2(10), L_NAME
VARCHAR2(10));

UNIQUE: Ensures that all values in a column are different.

SYNTAX- CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>(COLUMN1 DATATYPE(DATASIZE) UNIQUE,

COLUMN2 DATATYPE(DATASIZE),………)

EX- CREATE TABLE TEMP_TABLE (ID INT UNIQUE, F_NAME VARCHAR2(10), L_NAME
VARCHAR2(10));

PRIMARY KEY: WHICH CONTAINS UNIQUELY IDENTIFIES EACH RECORD IN A TABLE.

PRIMARY KEY MUST CONTAINS UNIQUE VALUE AND CAN NOT CONTAIN NULL
VALUE. ALSO WE CAN SAY IT IS COMBINATION OF UNIQUE AND NOT NULL.

SYNTAX- CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>(COLUMN1 DATATYPE(DATASIZE), COLUMN2

DATATYPE(DATASIZE), COLUMN3 DATATYPE(DATASIZE), PRIMARY KEY(COLUMN1));

Ex- CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME(ID INT , FN VARCHAR2(20), LN VARCHAR2(20),

PRIMARY KEY (ID)):
FOREIGN KEY: IT IS USED TO LINK TWO TABLES TOGETHER. FOREIGN KEY IS A FIELD IN
ONE TABLE THAT REFFERS TO THE PRIMARY KEY IN ANOTHER TABLE.

The table with the foreign key is called the child table, and the table with the primary
key is called the referenced or parent table.

*IMP*

Primary key cannot be null on the other hand foreign key can be null.
Primary key is always unique while foreign key can be duplicated.

SYNTAX-
CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME> (COLUMN1 DATATYPE(DATASIZE), COLUMN2
DATATYPE(DATASIZE), COLUMN3 DATATYPE(DATASIZE), FOREIGN KEY(COLUMN1)
REFERENCES TABLENAME1 (COLUMN1));

EX-
PRIMARY KEY-
CREATE TABLE TEMP_TB(ID INT , FN VARCHAR2(20), LN VARCHAR2(20), PRIMARY KEY
(ID)):

FOREIGN KEY-
CREATE TABLE TEMP_TB1 (CO1 INT, CO2 INT, CO3 INT, FOREIGN KEY(CO1)
REFERENCES <TABLE_NAME>(ID));

TASK- FIND OUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY.
 SQL- JOINS
As the name shows, JOIN means to combine something. In case of SQL, JOIN means
"to combine two or more tables".

The SQL JOIN clause takes records from two or more tables in a database and
combines it together.

TYPES OF JOINS USED IN SQL:

• INNER JOIN
• RIGHT JOIN
• LEFT JOIN
• FULL JOIN
• RIGHT OUTER JOIN
• LEFT OUTER JOIN
• FULL OUTER JOIN
• ANTISEMI JOIN

INNER JOIN: Inner Joins Combine Records From Two Tables Whenever There Are
Matching Values In A Field Co mmon To Both Tables.

SYNTAX: EX:

SELECT * FROM <TABLE_1> SELECT * FROM S_INFO

INNER JOIN <TABLE_2> INNER JOIN S_LOCATION
ON TABLE_1.ID = TABLE_2.ID; ON S_INFO.ID = S_LOCATION.ID;
RIGHT JOIN: Right join returns all rows from the right table, and the matching rows
from the left table. The result is NULL from the right side, if there is no match.

SYNTAX: EX:
SELECT * FROM <TABLE_1> SELECT * FROM S_I NFO
RIGHT JOIN <TABLE_2> RIGHT JOIN S_LOCATION
ON TABLE_1.ID = TABLE_2.ID; ON S_INFO.ID = S_LOCATION.ID;

LEFT JOIN: Left join returns all rows from the left table, and the matching rows from
the right table. The result is N ULL from the right side, if there is no match.

SYNTAX: EX:
SELECT * FROM <TABLE_1> SELECT * FROM S_INFO
LEFT JOIN <TABLE_2> LEFT JOIN S_LOCATION
ON TABLE_1.ID = TABLE_2.ID; ON S_INFO.ID = S_LOC ATION.ID;
FULL JOIN: Full join returns all records from right and left table. The result is NULL
from the both table, if there is no match.

SYNTAX: EX:
SELECT * FROM <TABLE_1> SELECT * FROM S_INFO
FULL JOIN <TABLE_2> FULL JOIN S_LOCATION
ON TABLE_1.ID = TABLE_2.ID; ON S_INFO.ID = S_LOCATION.ID;