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Class 10 Biology Chapter 3 Revision Notes

Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants and established three laws of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. Mendel's work laid the foundation for genetics and our understanding of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

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2K views4 pages

Class 10 Biology Chapter 3 Revision Notes

Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants and established three laws of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. Mendel's work laid the foundation for genetics and our understanding of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

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Genetics – Summary Notes

 Genetics is the branch of science which deals with the study of inheritance and variations.
 Heredity is the transmission of characters from one generation to the next generation.
 Gregor Johan Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics. He was an Austrian who carried a
systematic study of genetics. He carried out extensive and exhaustive experiments for seven
years on the garden pea. He chose seven pairs of contrasting characters and carried his
experiments on them. The results of Mendel’s experiments, his explanations and
generalisations of those results have been summarized into three laws, known as Mendel’s
laws of Inheritance.

 Law of dominance: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together in an offspring,


one dominates over the other or one character is expressed while the other remains masked.
For example, the red colour of a pea flower (RR) is dominant while the white colour (rr) is
recessive.
 Law of segregation: The contrasting factors or characters segregate or separate during gamete
formation (i.e., gametes are always pure for a character) and the paired condition is restored in
the next generation after fertilisation. It is also known as the law of purity of gametes.

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 Law of independent assortment: The inheritance of each contrasting character is independent
of the other contrasting character present together, i.e., the presence of more than one pair of
contrasting characters do not interfere in the inheritance of one another.
 Dominant character is the character which is fully expressed in an offspring.
 Recessive character is an out of a pair of contrasting characters which remains masked in an
offspring. The recessive character express itself only in homozygous condition.
 Allele is a gene out of a pair of genes controlling a character. They are the alternative forms of
genes occupying same position on homologous chromosomes and affecting the same
characteristics but in different ways.
 Homozygous is the condition in which both the alleles are identical or same, e.g. homozygous
for red colour flower is RR (dominant) and for white colour flower is rr (recessive).
 Heterozygous is the condition in which the alleles are different or dissimilar, i.e., one allele of
the pair is dominant and the other is recessive, e.g. heterozygous for red colour flower is Rr.
 Phenotype: The observable character which is genetically controlled is called the phenotype.
 Genotype: The combination of genes in an organism is called the genotype.
 Chromosomes are thread-like gene carrying structures made of chromatin material which
transfer genetic information from one generation to the next.
 Genes are basic unit of heredity and are found on the chromosomes. Each character or trait is
controlled by one gene.
 Genome is a full complement of DNA including all genes and intergenic regions of an
organism.
 Monohybrid cross: A cross between two parents taking the alternative traits of one single
character is a monohybrid cross. For example, a cross between tall and dwarf pea plants.

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 Dihybrid cross: A cross between two parents taking into consideration alternative traits of
two different characters is a dihybrid cross. For example, a cross between a tall, purple flower
bearing pea plant with dwarf and white flower bearing pea plant.

 Each chromosome consists of two chromatids joint at a point called the centromere. The
chromosome is a grand molecule of DNA and contains genes on it which control characters
and are responsible or the transmission of hereditary characters from one generation to the
next.
 The number of chromosomes is fixed in a species. In man; there are 23 pairs (46) of
chromosomes. The fixed number of chromosomes is maintained through meiotic division.
 The homologous pair of chromosomes splits during meiosis and exactly corresponding genes
are passed onto the gametes. But in some cases, a homologous pair of chromosomes do not
always split to form gametes with exactly half the number of chromosomes. Such cases lead
to non-disjunction in meiosis I and gametes have abnormal number of chromosomes. As a
result, such an individual suffers from genetic abnormality such as Down’s syndrome or
Mongolism.
 The tendency of genes to stay together in hereditary transmission is called linkage and the
genes are called linked genes.

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 Mutation: Sudden changes in one or more genes in the progeny, which normally may not have
existed in the parents, grandparents or even great-grandparents are called mutations, e.g.,
albinism, sickle cell anaemia.
 Variation is the difference of characters between individuals of the same species.

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