Ynah (Genbio)

OCCURS WHERE?
-the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix due to the compartmentalization of cellular
processes, enzyme localization, protection against reactive intermediates, optimal conditions for enzyme
activity, and its proximity to the electron transport chain. These factors collectively contribute to the
efficiency and regulation of energy production in eukaryotic cells.
STEPS:
Step 5: Succinyl CoA forms succinate. The enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase catalyses the reaction. This is
coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of GDP to get GTP. GTP transfers its phosphate to ADP
forming ATP. It's important to note that the ATP produced in this step is considered a "high-energy"
phosphate bond, and the energy stored in this ATP molecule will be utilized in subsequent cellular
processes, providing the cell with the necessary energy currency for various activities.
Step 6: Succinate is oxidised by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate. In the process, FAD is
converted to FADH2. The electrons carried by FADH2 will be further utilized in the electron transport
chain to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. This step in the Krebs cycle is essential for both
the generation of reduced coenzymes (FADH2) and the continuation of the cycle by producing the next
intermediate, fumarate.
Step 7: During step 7 of the Krebs cycle, fumarate is converted to malate through the addition of water,
and this reaction is facilitated by the enzyme fumarase. This step is crucial for maintaining the cycle and
generating intermediates that carry high-energy electrons for subsequent energy production.
Step 8: In Step 8 of the Krebs cycle, malate is dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate. The enzyme malate
dehydrogenase facilitates this reaction, and the high-energy electrons released during this process are
transferred to NAD+, producing NADH. The oxaloacetate generated combines with acetyl CoA to initiate
a new cycle of the Krebs cycle, ensuring the continuous flow of metabolic reactions in cellular
respiration.
KREBS CYCLE SUMMARY
Location: Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Krebs cycle reactants: Acetyl CoA, which is produced from the end product of glycolysis, i.e. pyruvate
and it condenses with 4 carbon oxaloacetate, which is generated back in the Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle products
Each citric acid cycle forms the following products:
• 2 molecules of CO2 are released. Removal of CO2 or decarboxylation of citric acid takes place at
two places:
1. In the conversion of isocitrate (6C) to 𝝰-ketoglutarate (5C)
2. In the conversion of 𝝰-ketoglutarate (5C) to succinyl CoA (4C)
• 1 ATP is produced in the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate
• 3 NAD+ are reduced to NADH and 1 FAD+ is converted to FADH2 in the following reactions:
1. Isocitrate to 𝝰-ketoglutarate → NADH
2. 𝝰-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA → NADH
3. Succinate to fumarate → FADH2
4. Malate to Oxaloacetate → NADH
Note that 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA are produced from oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvates so two
cycles are required per glucose molecule.
To summarize, for complete oxidation of a glucose molecule, Krebs cycle yields 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2
FADH2 and 2 ATPs.
Each molecule of NADH can form 2-3 ATPs and each FADH2 gives 2 ATPs on oxidation in the electron
transport chain.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON KREBS CYCLE

What is the Krebs Cycle?
Also known as the citric acid cycle, the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle is a chain of reactions occurring in the
mitochondria, through which almost all living cells produce energy in aerobic respiration. It uses oxygen
and gives out water and carbon dioxide as products. Here, ADP is converted into ATP. This cycle renders
electrons and hydrogen required for electron chain transport.
How Many ATPs are Produced In the Krebs Cycle?

2 ATPs are produced in one Krebs Cycle.
For complete oxidation of a glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle yields 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATPs.
Where Does Krebs Cycle or TCA cycle Occur?
Mitochondrial matrix.
In all eukaryotes, mitochondria are the site where the Krebs cycle takes place. The cycle takes place in a
mitochondrial matrix producing chemical energy in the form of NADH, ATP, FADH2. These are produced
as a result of oxidation of the end product of glycolysis – pyruvate.
How The Krebs Cycle Works?
It is an eight-step process
1) Condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate (4C) forming citrate (6C), coenzyme A is released. 2)
Conversion of Citrate to its isomer, isocitrate. 3) Isocitrate is subjected to dehydrogenation and
decarboxylation forming 𝝰-ketoglutarate (5C). 4) 𝝰-ketoglutarate (5C) experiences oxidative
decarboxylation forming succinyl CoA (4C). 5) Conversion of Succinyl CoA to succinate by succinyl CoA
synthetase enzyme along with substrate-level phosphorylation of GDP forming GTP. 6) Oxidation of
Succinate to fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. 7) Fumarate gets converted to malate by
the addition of one H2O. 8) Malate is dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate, which combines with
another molecule of acetyl CoA and starts the new cycle.
Why Is Krebs Cycle Called As Amphibolic Pathway?
It is called amphibolic as in the Krebs cycle both catabolism and anabolism take place. The amphibolic
pathway indicates the one involving both catabolic and anabolic procedures.
How Many NADH are Produced In The Krebs Cycle?
3 NADH molecules
In one turn of the Krebs cycle, 3 molecules of NADH are produced.

For complete oxidation of a glucose molecule, Krebs cycle yields 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATPs.
What Is The Krebs Cycle Also Known As?
Krebs cycle is also known as Citric acid cycle (CAC) or TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Why Krebs Cycle Is Called the Citric Acid Cycle?
Krebs cycle is also referred to as the Citric Acid Cycle. Citric acid is the first product formed in the cycle.

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OCCURS WHERE?

Krebs cycle products

Each citric acid cycle forms the following products:

1. In the conversion of isocitrate (6C) to 𝝰-ketoglutarate (5C)

2. In the conversion of 𝝰-ketoglutarate (5C) to succinyl CoA (4C)

• 1 ATP is produced in the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate

1. Isocitrate to 𝝰-ketoglutarate → NADH

2. 𝝰-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA → NADH

3. Succinate to fumarate → FADH2

4. Malate to Oxaloacetate → NADH

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON KREBS CYCLE

How Many ATPs are Produced In the Krebs Cycle?

Where Does Krebs Cycle or TCA cycle Occur?

How The Krebs Cycle Works?

Why Is Krebs Cycle Called As Amphibolic Pathway?

How Many NADH are Produced In The Krebs Cycle?

In one turn of the Krebs cycle, 3 molecules of NADH are produced.

What Is The Krebs Cycle Also Known As?

Why Krebs Cycle Is Called the Citric Acid Cycle?

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