Highly debatable

 What constitutes modern day slavery, are prisons modern day slavery?, antebellum
south: people rented out for a profit to plantations, is this the same as prisons today
selling individuals out, prison should work on retribution (suffer for what they did) vs.
housing someone in prison and working on rehabilitation, high levels of recidivism may
make rehabilitation not cost effective, cross apply child soldiers, maybe only certain
crimes warrant rehabilitation, prisons are new concepts (people were either executed or
not), private vs. public prison, hybrid prisons, the pros and cons, psychological effects of
human trafficking/ child soldiers
 The value chain, all linked to corporate responsibility, cleaner cars results in greater child
labor (artesian mining), cobalt for batteries, child labor and labor servitude for adults,
ethical and moral values associated with labor in developing companies, decoupling of
responsibilities by hotel chains and Apple, CEO or our responsibilities with products that
are sourced from unethical places.
 Smugglers, does smuggling have a positive affect, are you helping people?, smuggled
out of conflict zones, a value surface, how do you build trust when it is a one time
transaction/life threatening system, The typical prisoner's dilemma is set up in such a
way that both parties choose to protect themselves at the expense of the other
participant. As a result, both participants find themselves in a worse state than if they
had cooperated with each other in the decision-making process.,
 NGOs, Ambassador Hunt (Hunt Alternatives) demand side of sex work (embarrassing
the johns) (more Nordic) (hold johns more accountable), faith based NGOs, religious
intervention, role of NGOs, tension between NGOs & Government (liberals: greater
subsidies for gov programs that help prevent/transition away from harmful human
trafficking situations)(conservatives: private sector approach, a market for NGOs with
private funding by charitable commitments) If we want to stop human trafficking what are
some pros & cons from a governmental standpoint, NGOs are more present here then
government intervention, for NGOs can be more nimble in deployment of resources,
public policy intervention never have rigorous evaluation pre vs. post intervention (did
unintentional results occur?), NGOs: are more focus, deliverable, and pre and post
evaluation, Gov.: less nimble, unfunded mandates for human trafficking,
 Look over first week stuff, Professor Patterson’s paper
 Who should be considered refugees?, risks involved in taking in refugees, amount for
US is low, what should that number be?
 Generational debt, lack of financial literacy, people kept prisoners because they were not
sure of financial literature, how do we address when a policy is abolished but it still
informally exists?, Need rigorous enforcement, example: India and bonded labor
 What can we do?: Sport teams can have a human trafficking awareness day/game,
 Slavery, servitude, debt bondage define in answers
Smugglers:
 Effects of anti-smuggling legislation in Syria
o (a) endangered Syrian refugees by shifting risk from smugglers to their clients
o (b) distorted refugees ‘perceptions of risk
o (c) decreased refugees ‘confidence in government representatives while
increasing dependence on smugglers.
 Risk
o Migration for jobs/better opportunities
o Destination country (
o Post migration assimilation (deportation, risk of trafflicking if no good work can be
found, forced labor, debt bondage)
o Young or old
 Refugees may not be forced to engage smugglers, but if smuggling represents their only
route out of harm’s way, it is hardly a voluntary decision (Koser, 2011, p.258).
 Namely, we argue that government anti-smuggler policies and the smugglers’ resulting
adaptations encourage refugees to engage in risky behavior, to misperceive their variety
of options, and to deepen their dependence on criminals both for information and
services. These outcomes are unintended consequences of well-meaning anti-smuggler
policies.
 The catalogue of risk events included: violent incidents, arrests, detentions, deportations, forceful
separations, injuries, theft of urgently needed resources or documents, hospitalizations, and being
involuntarily sent into war or other life-threatening situations. We included all apparent instances of
law breaking, whether by the refugees themselves (e.g. illegal border crossing) or by state officials
(e.g. border police beating respondents). We conservatively excluded events inside Syria itself: hun-
ger, weather-related difficulties, disease, abuse by non-state and non-smuggler actors (e.g. abuse
and fraud by private citizens), inconsequential migration setbacks,
 1) Government-induced risk events, when the experience was primarily due to government pol-
icy, as when a border patrol officer deports refugees to a more dangerous site than where
they previously were, or when a soldier confiscates their money before detaining them.
2) Smuggler-induced risk events, when the experience is primarily due to smuggler acts, as
when a trafficker deceives them over prices or conditions, or coerces them into staying at a
safe house at gunpoint.
3) Shifted risk events, when the experience is a result of government repression or policy
against smugglers which in practice puts the refugees at risk, as when a smuggler puts
migrants on boats without pilots, or when police arrest refugees misidentified as smugglers.
 Frequent examples included: being deported (from Turkey or Jordan) back to Syria for
engaging a smuggler; taking circuitous deadly routes instead of safe ones in order to avoid police
patrols; massive spikes (by factors of 100) in prices due to increased government crackdown on
smugglers, resulting in forced family separations where only one family member could afford to
continue travelling; being arrested for suspected smuggling, including during legal crossings; and
avoidance of urgently-needed medical attention for fear of being misidentified as a smuggler and
detained.
 As government repression of smugglers is
perceived (accurately or not) to increase, smugglers avoid arrest by letting refugees migrate alone,
 or with an untrained driver or guide. Over two dozen respondents had near-death experiences
because smugglers declined to accompany them. This was most notable on the Mediterranean,
where government policies induced smugglers to use cheaper boats and unreliable engines (for
one-way trips), without pilots or guides, late at night via untested routes. This resulted in confusion,
pierced blow-up boats, dead engines, drifting at sea, severe cold and near drowning.
On land, refugees seeking to leave Greece and Serbia were often directed to walk alone for hun-
dreds of kilometres without guidance. Border crossings where smuggler repression was highest
(e.g. Serbia-Hungary) accounted for deadlier risks than crossings where repression was relatively
weaker
 As our findings have demonstrated, border management policies are characterized by
inconsistency.
The resulting volatility of expectations that refugees deal with undermines refugees’confidence in
government representatives while inflating smuggler credibility, and simultaneously increases risk
to migrants. In their understandable rush to persecute traffickers, governments have endangered
refugees and unnecessarily empowered criminals financially and logistically. Anti-smuggler policies
have encouraged abusive practices, raised smuggler prices, made routes deadlier, and increased risk
and cost for vulnerable refugee populations.
 A refugee is a person who has fled their own country because they are at risk of serious
human rights violations and persecution there. The risks to their safety and life were so
great that they felt they had no choice but to leave and seek safety outside their country
because their own government cannot or will not protect them from those dangers.
Refugees have a right to international protection.
 Who is an asylum-seeker?
o An asylum-seeker is a person who has left their country and is seeking protection
from persecution and serious human rights violations in another country, but who
hasn’t yet been legally recognized as a refugee and is waiting to receive a
decision on their asylum claim. Seeking asylum is a human right. This means
everyone should be allowed to enter another country to seek asylum.
 Who is a migrant?
o There is no internationally accepted legal definition of a migrant. Like most
agencies and organizations, we at Amnesty International understand migrants to
be people staying outside their country of origin, who are not asylum-seekers or
refugees.
o Some migrants leave their country because they want to work, study or join
family, for example. Others feel they must leave because of poverty, political
unrest, gang violence, natural disasters or other serious circumstances that exist
there.
o Lots of people don’t fit the legal definition of a refugee but could nevertheless be
in danger if they went home.
o It is important to understand that, just because migrants do not flee persecution,
they are still entitled to have all their human rights protected and respected,
regardless of the status they have in the country they moved to. Governments
must protect all migrants from racist and xenophobic violence, exploitation
and forced labour. Migrants should never be detained or forced to return to their
countries without a legitimate reason.

Child labor:
  Child soldiers
o The research suggests that most children do not so much “opt” into conflict as
“grow” into it. Conflict structures the information they see and the choices they
make. It pulls and pushes them in many directions. Conflict erodes their
relationships. It exacerbates their needs and exposes them to untold risks.
Conflict shapes their identity and heightens their need to find meaning in their
lives. Ultimately, the forces of conflict narrow the paths available to children, and
tragically, for many, lead to exploitation, violence, and trauma.
o unrealistic notions of how children leave armed groups and their prospects for
reintegration in unstable contexts. And if they leave, what does reintergration
look like. Think about how hard it is for adults to intergrate after war but children
who are more impressionable will forever be influence/affected by this trauma.
o more effective international efforts to prevent and respond to child recruitment
and use by armed groups: (1) avoid programs focused primarily on ideological
factors; (2) only incorporate ideological components where individually necessary
and where they can be embedded into larger, holistic efforts to address the
needs and risks of children; (3) ensure all interventions are empirically based; (4)
rigorously assess interventions over the long term; and (5) engage children not
just as beneficiaries, but as partners.
o When armed groups are the only employer and exert physical control over the
populace, joining an armed group may be the only realistic survival strategy. In
parts of Syria, where unemployment is rampant, there are few options for
children to support themselves and their families other than to turn to the armed
groups who control the area.
o What are the benefits of neutrality? People may already associate these children
with a certain group because

Prisons
 13th amendment:
o Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United
States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

 Immigrants
o In the United States, immigration detainees, including refugees, asylum seekers,
and migrants, are especially vulnerable because they are often held by private
prisons. Whereas over 90 percent of the American prison population is held in
state-run facilities, more than 70 percent of people in immigration
detention are held in private detention centers.
o Because they are for-profit and receive a fixed income from the government,
these facilities are incentivized to cut costs and rely on detainees for much of
their operation—paying them as little as a dollar a day.
o subjecting detainees who have not been charged with any crimes to forced
labor, sometimes even under the threat of being sent to solitary confinement.
  Penal labor should only be used for individuals who have been convicted
of a crime, via the 13th amendment
 Discrimination and torture or human treatment does violate basic human
rights, and in a private sector where rights can be diminished/neglected
some form of modern slavery may be infringed on; It would be more then
a political gain but
o Amid the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, state governments in the U.S. have
relied on prison labor for the production of essential medical supplies,
including hand sanitizer and face masks. Those incarcerated face
consequences for refusing to participate and typically earn less than a dollar a
day, and are at high risk of infection given the low levels of sanitation and
overcrowding in American prisons that makes social distancing impossible. The
exploitative practices have been decried by critics as “nothing less than slave
labor.”
 I would consider this forced labor but not modern-day slavery
 Modern slavery: as that condition in which one or more individuals or organizations
exercise complete control and possession of a person’s body, labor, capabilities and
movement through the overt or threatened use of violence or other forms of coercion
 Forced labor: all those forms of servitude in which the exploitation of labor, sexual and
nonsexual, for profit is the primary motivation of the exploiter.

Second, the shortcomings and weaknesses of your exam include: * too often descriptive (i.e., simply
describing issues), instead of providing a more penetrating and detailed analysis (such as critically
evaluating the evidence) * please try to develop a more compelling thesis statement * conclusion should
be more persuasive * some of your terms should be clearly defined and labeled (maybe use a few
footnotes to accomplish this)
Third, I suggest the following improvements for your future pursuits: * feel free to attempt to better
redefine definitions of the issues that you seek to address * the complexity within the topics that you
attempted to address are rich and ripe for critical analysis. Next time, push your own assumptions a bit
further. Again, I would suggest that you work on laying out a clearer thesis statement for each exam
question that you respond to and then connect it in a more transparent manner to your conclusion - using
the body of your text to draw a compelling, linear trail of evidence-based arguments. Nevertheless,
despite these remarks (which are simply meant to be helpful suggestions), your efforts are substantive and
sound. While 70 minutes is not a lot of time, please use more of your time to try to address the above
suggestions. For the final exam, please be mindful of this above advice. While you did very well on this
exam, there is still room to grow and improve. I would be delighted to talk with you one-on-one about
any aspect of this exam.
o Child soldiers once they are done being used for war after a certain age may be

seen as useless/outlive their effectiveness, are sent on deadly missions, seen as

replaceable, lower then cattle which is similar to how slaves were few, after the

end of a war they no longer serve a purpose, slaves always had a job (it was an

infinitely demanding job)

 Modern day forms of slavery are arguably worse, while not valued slaves were

valuable. They could be traded, exchange, bought, sold; while told they were

replaceable to diminish their self-worth; thee ability to reproduce and their longevity

actually mattered and because of this original slaves were not given a choice to

choose life or death; often some would have as their accounts from slaves jumping

off ships; (not sure about this because technically same coercion technics and same)

 Unlike child soldiers who are replacebale

o If someone owed you 10k dollars that you let them borrow and when you came to collect hey

did not have it, even though it is the date you all agree that they should pay you back, if you

were to threaten them in order to get them pay up people would argue that was justifiable

depending on the threat used, if you were to act out violent people would potentially justify

that as well depending on what type of violence was used; it is understandable that coercion

may need to be used and is justifiable because this person took from society and now they

must make for what they took in the best way they can;

o Also prisoners receiving any form of pay could give actually give them some

form of financially freedom from prion dependency further contributing to the

idea that modern slav People justify in prison slavery as a thing because people are paid

low wages; getting paid at all may negate that argument all together, money is finicial

freedom that allows for an opportunity for indivduals to make their own decision
 Therefore, the private sector businesses that may use private prisons as a labor resource

can use the funds, they save by not having to pay above minimal wage and from not

having to pay for benefits to self-police their value chain. By monitoring and auditing

their suppliers they can ensure that human rights of workers detained/incarcerated or not

are being met. Even if these companies could push for a certain standard to be set

addressing all forms of prison labor, it would provide a protective measure for individuals

within the prison system.