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LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL FOR A TWO-AREA POWER SYSTEM

Experiment Findings · May 2022

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 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL FOR A TWO-AREA POWER
SYSTEM
Ahmed Mahad Mohamed
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering, Brac University,
Bangladesh.
[email protected]

Abstract performance across a wide range of situations.

The fundamental goal of Automatic Generation To obtain superior dynamic performance, a variety of
Control (AGC) is to maintain the proper frequency To keep system performance around its peak, it's a good
and power exchange with neighboring systems by idea to keep track of the operating conditions and
balancing total system generation against system compute the control using updated parameters. For
load losses. The system frequency deviates from its LFC[7][8] [13,14], adaptive controllers with power-sharing
nominal value when there is a mismatch between gain settings have been proposed.
generation and demand. As a result, a high- The application of a hybrid neuro-fuzzy (HNF)
frequency deviation could lead to the system controller for automatic load frequency regulation for a two-
collapsing. To maintain the normal system area interconnected system is discussed in this study. We
frequency, an extremely rapid and precise controller introduced a family of adaptive networks that are
is required. This project has investigated load functionally comparable to fuzzy inference systems using
frequency control using optimized gain. MATLAB.
Keywords— Automatic Generation Control (AGC),
Two-area Power System, PID Controller. II. SYSTEM MODEL
In this study, the LFC system is a two-region interconnected
I. INTRODUCTION
power system with reheat turbine-type thermal units in each
In the automation of power systems, the study and area. A rapid load perturbation in any of the interconnected
design of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) regions causes the frequencies of all the areas, as well as the
systems of individual generators eventually handling tie line powers, to deviate in an interconnected power
vast interconnections between different control areas system. Because the time constant of the excitation control
are essential. The goal of AGC is to keep system system is smaller than the time constant of the load
frequency very close to a set nominal value, to retain frequency control system, transients in excitation voltage
individual unit generation at the most cost-effective control vanish considerably faster and do not affect the load
level, and to keep the correct line power between frequency control dynamics. faster and do not affect the load
different control zones. Over the last six decades, many frequency control.
investigations in the domain of Load Frequency Control For modest changes in load, excitation control and load
(LFC) on the problem of linked power systems have frequency control are non-interactive, allowing them to be
been documented[1][2][3]. modeled and studied individually. This crucial aspect makes
To obtain superior dynamic performance, a variety of developing the two-area power system model for load
control algorithms have been used in the design of load frequency regulation much easier.
frequency controllers. The typical proportional-integral The system is made up of a two-area thermal system with
(PI) controller [4][5][6] is the most extensively used of supplemental controllers. In area-1, a step load disturbance
the many types of load frequency controllers. of 1% of nominal loading was examined. Fig.1[1][9].
The traditional controller is easy to set up, but it takes shows a two-area non-reheat thermal system with a small
longer and results in a big frequency variation. To perturbation transfer function block diagram. Any place k
obtain improved performance, a variety of state- can be considered to have an additional power disturbance
feedback are controllers based on a linear optimal due to tie-line power variations. The proportional-integral
control controller[10] is used to control the load frequency.
operating settings and do not provide optimized control A. Automatic Controller
The load frequency controller's job is to produce a
 control signal Ui that keeps the system frequency
and tie-line interchange power at specified levels.
III. SIMULATION &
RESULTS
This study will analyze a two-area system connected to a tie
line with a common Base MVA of 1000MVA with other
parameters.
The units run in parallel with a nominal frequency of 60 Hz.
The beginning operating state is used to determine the
synchronization power coefficient, which is Ps = 2.0 per
unit. A load shift of 187.5 MW takes place in Area 1. Due to
this System frequency will vary as well as power plants have
to enhance their generation to meet the increased load
demand. In this situation. For this purpose, we design
fig. 1: Transfer function model of two-area MATLAB/Simulink software. To design the model of two
non-reheat thermal system area power system using the Transfer function. First, we
design a single-area power plant based on the Transfer
function, there the model consists of a transfer function of
ACEi= ∑ΔPtie, ij +BiΔFi Equation 1 governor, turbine, and generator named rotating mass and
load. In the feedback, speed regulation is placed. To model
ACEi is the area control error at the ith area the power plant, we need a transfer function block, gain
ΔFi is the frequency error at the ith area block, sum block, and input signal block.
ΔPtie, ij is the line power flow error between the ith
and the jth area
Bi, it is the frequency bias coefficiency
The block diagram of the PI controller is shown
in Fig. 2[11]. The control input Ui is constructed
as follows:
Ui=- Ki ∫0T (ACEi)dt= Ki ∫0T (∑ΔPtie, ij
+BiΔFi) dt Equation 2
Taking the derivative of equation (2) yields

U i =- K ACE = -K (ΔP + B fig. 3: single-area power plant using transfer

ΔF) Equation 3 function

To model a two-area power system design block diagram

that is similar to the single-area but with different
parameters and add some blocks and ps block to include the
tie-line power flow which is given by the change in
ggenerator1 and generator2. This change in angle occurs due
to a change in frequency.

fig. 2: Conventional PI Controller

Installed on ith Area

B. Optimization of the integral controller gain, Ki and

frequency bias factors, Bi

The proper selection of frequency bias factors, B1 &

B2, and integral controller gains, Ki1 & Ki2, is
necessary because the AGC system's dynamic
performance is heavily reliant on these values. fig. 4: Two-area power plant using transfer
function
The result for deviation frequency of both areas shows
below. Where both areas’ frequencies are the same

fig. 8: changing Mechanical power for area 2

all these deviation frequencies and mechanical powers are

fig. 5: deviation frequency in area 1
per unit. To obtain Hz for frequency and MW in power
multiply these results into base frequency and base MVA.
Additionally, changing tie-line power flows from area1 to
area2 shows.
The results will be shown below respectively

fig. 6: deviation frequency in area 2

now for changing mechanical power in per unit for

fig. 9: Actual frequency in area 1 (F1 in Hz)
areas 1 and areas2 shows below respectively.

fig. 7: changing Mechanical power for area 1 fig. 10: Actual frequency in area 2 (F2 in Hz)
 ACEi= ΔPi+Bi* Δꭣ

Equation 6

As a result, the ACE for a two-area system is

ACEi= ∑ΔPtie, ij +Ki*Δꭣ Equation 4

fig. 11: changing tie-line power flow

fig. 12: Automatic generation control of two-area

It should be noted that the load in Area 1 power system power system using transfer function
has changed by 187.5 MW. However, both generators
have raised their generation to match the increasing The frequency deviation of both areas and changing tie-line
load demand, according to the data. power flow in both areas become zero due to control
In reality, this is not true. In practice, if the load in any techniques. On the other hand, the nominal frequency and
area changes suddenly, each area must absorb its changing mechanical power reach their desired values.
changes, or in other words, it must be supplied only by
the generator of that area.
This means that for a load variation of 187.5 MW, the
mechanical power change in region 1 should only be
increased to 187.5 MW. Area 2's mechanical power
must not vary. Changes in tie-line power should be kept
to a minimum as well.
As a result, despite a load change of 187.5 MW, both
generators have only delivered 180 MW of load. 7.5
MW is still missing. Both generators will be able to
supply the entire 187.5 MW when the frequency returns
to 60 Hz.
To do this, we must make certain adjustments to the
model such that a change in load in any area can result
in a change in generation in that area exclusively. fig. 13: deviation frequency in area 1(after using
In addition, the system's frequency has risen to 59.7 Hz. control technique)
It still isn't at 60 Hz.
To restore the frequency to its nominal value of 60 Hz,
we'll have to apply some control techniques.
It's also worth noting that the mechanical power of
generator 2 has changed by 80 MW. This means that 80
MW of electricity is delivered from Area 2 to Area 1.

Conventional LFC relies on tie-line power bias control,

in which each area aims to accomplish a zero-area
control error (ACE). The control error for each area is
given below
Bi= 1/Ri+Di Equation 5
The biases in the area During a disruption in the
surrounding areas, Ki affects the amount of interaction. fig. 14: deviation frequency in area 2(after using
When Ki is set equal to the frequency bias factor of that control technique)
area, a suitable overall performance is achieved.
 fig. 18: Actual frequency in area 1 (F1 in Hz after
fig. 15: changing Mechanical power for area using control technique)
1(after using the control method)

fig. 19: Actual frequency in area 1 (F1 in Hz after

fig. 16: changing Mechanical power area using control technique)
1(after using control techniques)

IV. CONCLUSION
The AGC is designed to keep the electrical system's
frequency consistent (within a specified range of deviation
at least). The AGC in the initial single region has proven to
be effective and responsive. The primary loop only gives an
acceptable steady-state error with an acceptable offset in
reaction to a disturbance. The responsiveness was enhanced
and the steady-state error offset was minimized once the
secondary loop was implemented.
The ACE is utilized as the control signal in the AGC of a
two-area linked power system to actuate the system in
response to a change in tie-line power. To control both the
transient and steady-state responses, different controllers are
fig. 17: Actual frequency in area 1 (F1 in Hz
after using control technique) employed to control the reference signal ACE. The
frequency deviation response of both systems drops for a
few seconds when a traditional integral is employed before
the ACE changes the setpoint and recovers the deviation to
exactly zero error.
 APPENDIX [10] S. A. H. Almetwally, M. K. Hassan, and M. H. Mourad, “Real-
Time Internet of Things (IoT) Based Water Quality Management
System,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 91, pp. 478–485, 2020, DOI:
Two area system which has a common 1000 MVA as
10.1016/j.procir.2020.03.107.
base MVA, [11] A. Swarup, “AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL OF
Ps=0.2, nominal frequency =60Hz achieved load TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT
change=187.5MW, and other parameters are listed SMES: FROM CONVENTIONAL TO MODERN AND
below the table INTELLIGENT CONTROL.”
Area 1 2
Speed R1=0.05 R2=0.0625
Regulation
Frequency D1=0.6 D2=0.9
sensitive load
coefficient
Inertia constant H1=5 H2=4
Base Power 1000MVA 1000MVA
Governor Time Tg1=0.2 Tg2=0.3 sec
constant sec
Turbine Time Tt1=0.5 sec Tt2= 0.6
constant

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