1.5 Enzymes

Edexcel (B) Biology A-level - Enzymes
Questions
Q1.
Succinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme found in mitochondria.
Succinate dehydrogenase converts succinate to fumarate.
The diagrams show the structure of succinate, succinate binding to the active site of
succinate dehydrogenase and the structure of fumarate.
(a) The activity of succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate.

The diagram shows the structure of malonate.
(i) Explain why malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase.

(2)
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(ii) On the diagram, draw malonate binding to succinate dehydrogenase.
(1)
(iii) Which of the following graphs represents the effect of this type of inhibitor?
(1)
(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q2.
The activity of enzymes is affected by a number of factors.
Explain why increasing the temperature of an enzyme-controlled reaction changes the rate
of reaction.
(3)
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Q3.
A student investigated the activity of the enzyme catalase in potato.
This enzyme is found in potato cells. It catalyses the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to
oxygen and water.
The diagram shows the apparatus used to collect the data.
(i) Describe how two named variables, other than the potato, can be controlled in order to
obtain valid results.
(4)
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(ii) The graph shows the results of the investigation.

Determine the initial rate of reaction from this graph.

(1)
Answer ...........................................................
(iii) Explain why the rate of reaction decreases over time.

(2)
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Q4.

A student investigated the activity of the enzyme catalase in potato.
This enzyme is found in potato cells. It catalyses the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to
oxygen and water.
The diagram shows the apparatus used to collect the data.
The student used this apparatus to investigate the effect of using increasing numbers of
potato cubes on the rate of reaction.
The potato was cut into 1 cm3 cubes to be used in five trials.
In the first trial, one cube was added to the flask and the volume of oxygen produced in 30
seconds was measured.
The hydrogen peroxide was then replaced.
This was repeated in the other four trials using 2, 3, 4 and 5 cubes of potato.
Explain the results you would expect from this investigation.
(3)
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Q5.
Polyphenol oxidase is an enzyme found in many plant cells.
This enzyme catalyses the following reaction
This reaction causes cut fruit to turn brown when exposed to air.
A student carried out an investigation into the rate at which grape juice produced quinone.
The graph shows the results of this investigation.
(i) Calculate the initial rate of this reaction.

(3)
Answer ...........................................................
(ii) Explain why adding citric acid to cut fruit reduces the rate at which the fruit turns brown.
(2)
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(iii) The diagram shows the structures of monophenol and a molecule called tropolone.
Tropolone can be added to grape juice to slow the rate at which the juice turns brown.
Explain how tropolone affects the rate at which the grape juice turns brown.
(2)
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Q6.
Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides.

The makers of sweet tasting drinks use the enzyme glucose isomerase to convert glucose
into fructose.
Fructose is a monosaccharide that tastes much sweeter than glucose.
(i) Explain a possible health benefit of converting glucose into fructose for use in sweet
tasting drinks.
(2)
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(ii) A student investigated the activity of glucose isomerase.

Determine the initial rate of the reaction.

(1)
Answer ...........................................................
(iii) Cofactors are non-protein molecules that help enzymes to function.

Magnesium ions act as cofactors for some enzymes.
Devise an experiment to investigate the effect of magnesium ions on the initial rate of this
reaction.
(5)
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Q7.
Chymosin is an enzyme used to clot milk for the production of cheese.
A farmer investigated the effect of chymosin concentration on the rate of milk clotting.
1 cm3 of a 0.2% chymosin solution was added to 9 cm3 milk and the time taken for the milk
to clot was recorded. This was repeated using five other concentrations of chymosin.
The results are shown in the table.
The chymosin used for the investigation costs 3.6p to treat 100 cm3 of milk.
Calculate how much it would cost to treat 200 dm3 milk.

(2)
Answer £ ...........................................................

Q8.
* The rate of reaction of succinate dehydrogenase can be measured using a methylene blue
solution.
Methylene blue starts off blue but changes to colourless as succinate is converted to
fumarate.
A student investigated the effect of malonate on the rate of reaction of succinate

dehydrogenase.
The student used the following steps.
The whole procedure was repeated with the addition of 15 cm3 of malonate solution with the
succinate solution in Step 1.
Criticise the method used in this investigation.

(6)
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Q9.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change
your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .
The photographs show a black cat and a Siamese cat.
The pigment melanin causes the fur to turn black.

This pigment is produced by tyrosinase, an enzyme coded by the TYR gene.
Siamese cats have a mutation in their TYR gene.

This changes the secondary and tertiary structures of tyrosinase.
(i) Which of the following shows the type of bonding involved in both the
secondary and tertiary structures of a protein?
(1)
A hydrogen only
B hydrogen and ionic
C ionic and disulfide
D ionic only
(ii) Explain why the cooler regions of a Siamese cat have dark coloured fur and the
warmer regions have lighter coloured fur.
(3)
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Q10.
Chymosin is an enzyme used to clot milk for the production of cheese.
A farmer investigated the effect of chymosin concentration on the rate of milk clotting.
1 cm3 of a 0.2% chymosin solution was added to 9 cm3 milk and the time taken for the milk
to clot was recorded. This was repeated using five other concentrations of chymosin.
The results are shown in the table.
(i) Calculate the mean rate of milk clotting at a chymosin concentration of 0.5%.
(3)
Answer ........................................................... min−1
(ii) Give one reason why the information in the table is insufficient to conclude which
concentration of chymosin would be best for cheese production.
(1)
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Q11.
Enzymes are catalysts that are sensitive to changes in temperature.

The effect of temperature on the activity of a mammalian enzyme was investigated.
The enzyme was added to a known concentration of the substrate.
The time taken for all of the substrate to be used up was recorded at several temperatures.
(i) Which graph shows the results of this investigation?

(1)
(ii) The graph shows the energy changes during a reaction with and without an enzyme.
Which of the following represents the decrease in the activation energy of this reaction?
(1)
A X
B X+Y
C Z
D Z−Y

Q12.
The photograph shows an adult mayfly.
Mayflies lay their eggs in water.

The graph shows the effect of water temperature on the percentage of mayfly eggs that
hatch.
Explain the effect of temperature on the percentage of mayfly eggs that hatch.
(4)
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Q13.
Enzymes are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates.

Some plants produce amylase inhibitors.
A student investigated the effects of two inhibitors, A and B, on the activity of amylase.
The same concentration of amylase and the same concentrations of the inhibitors A and B
were used.
The rate of maltose production was measured at different concentrations of amylose with
each inhibitor and without an inhibitor.
The results are shown in the graph.
(i) Compare and contrast the effects of these two inhibitors on amylase activity.
(2)
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(ii) Explain which of the two inhibitors is non-competitive.

(3)
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Q14.
Catalase is an enzyme found in potato cells.
It catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.
In an investigation, cylinders of potato were cut with a cork borer.
The cylinders were then sliced into discs with the same thickness and put into a
small beaker containing 50 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide.
The mass of the beaker and its contents was recorded over a period of 15 minutes.
The graph shows the results of the experiment.
Explain the relationship shown in the graph.

(4)
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Q15.
The photograph shows sweet red peppers growing on a plant.
Unripe sweet red peppers contain the enzyme catalase. As these peppers ripen, the activity
of catalase decreases.
The equation summarises the reaction catalysed by catalase.
The activity of catalase can be measured by collecting the oxygen produced during the
reaction.
The diagram shows apparatus that can be used to collect the oxygen produced.
(i) When measuring the activity of enzymes, the initial rate of reaction should be measured.
Explain why the initial rate of reaction should be measured.
(2)
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*(ii) Devise an investigation, using this apparatus, to show that as sweet red peppers ripen
the activity of catalase decreases.
(6)
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Q16.
A scientist investigated the effect of temperature on the time it takes for blood to clot.
Explain how these results show that enzymes are involved in blood clotting.
(3)
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Q17.
Explain the role of the active site in the conversion of succinate to fumarate.
(3)
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Q18.
When apples are cut, the enzyme polyphenol oxidase is released from the cells.
This enzyme converts colourless phenols into a brown pigment called melanin.
Citric acid or a protease enzyme can be added to apple slices to prevent this browning.
(i) Explain why the addition of citric acid prevents the browning of apple slices.
(2)
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(ii) Explain why the addition of a protease enzyme prevents the browning of apple slices.
(2)
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Q19.
Liver cells contain an enzyme called catalase.
This enzyme changes hydrogen peroxide in the liver cells into water and oxygen.
A group of students used the apparatus shown to compare the activity of catalase in
raw liver tissue and in boiled liver tissue.
The students used the following method.
• a burette filled with water is placed in a beaker containing water

• add hydrogen peroxide to the conical flask
• open the conical flask and drop 0.1g of raw liver into the hydrogen peroxide
• replace the bung on the conical flask
• after 10 seconds pinch the rubber tube to stop any more oxygen entering the burette
• measure the volume of oxygen collected in the burette
• repeat this method for boiled liver
The table shows the results obtained by each student.

Explain why it was important to measure the volume of oxygen in the first 10 seconds.
(2)
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Q20.


Explain why no oxygen was produced when boiled liver was added to the
hydrogen peroxide.
(3)
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Q21.


The results for the volume of oxygen collected by each student using raw liver
were different.
Give four possible improvements to the method used by these students that
would reduce the variability of the results.
(4)
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Q22.
Leeches are parasites that feed by sucking blood. When they bite, they secrete saliva into
the wound. The saliva contains a globular protein called hirudin.
Hirudin is an inhibitor that forms hydrogen bonds with an enzyme.
Explain how hirudin would inhibit the activity of the enzyme.

(3)
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Q23.
Some chemical pesticides, such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), affect the activity of
synapses.
This pesticide acts by binding irreversibly to the R group of an amino acid in the active site of
acetylcholinesterase.
(i) Explain why DFP inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase.

(2)
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(ii) Explain why a person poisoned with DFP has a slower heart rate.
(3)
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Q24.
White clover plants provide a rich source of nitrogen for cattle when grown with grass plants
in fields.
The photograph shows a clover plant growing in a field of grass.
Clover plants have bacteria living in root nodules.

These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) using the enzyme
nitrogenase.
(i) State one organic molecule containing nitrogen atoms which is found in plant cells.
(1)
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(ii) Nitrogen is a relatively unreactive gas that forms 80% of the atmosphere.
The enzyme nitrogenase catalyses the reaction shown:
N2 + 8H+ + 16 ATP → 2NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi
The activation energy for this reaction is very high.
Analyse the information to explain how the enzyme nitrogenase is involved in the energy
changes required for this reaction.
(4)
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Q25.
Cysteine proteases are enzymes found in fruits such as pineapples.
When a protease enzyme is added to fat-free skimmed milk, the milk turns from cloudy to
clear.
Devise an investigation to find the optimum temperature for the activity of the enzyme
cysteine protease found in pineapples.
(6)
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Q26.
Cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) have microscopic holes in their brain
tissue.
This disease involves the misfolding of proteins which then form clumps.
Clumps of misfolded proteins can be seen with an electron microscope.
The misfolded proteins have a changed secondary structure. Therefore they cannot be
digested by some protease enzymes.
(i) Describe what is meant by the secondary structure of a protein.

(2)
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(ii) Explain why the misfolded protein cannot be digested by some protease enzymes.
(3)
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Q27.
The graph shows the results of an experiment investigating the effect of temperature on the
hydrolysis of starch using the enzyme amylase.
Calculate the initial rate of reaction at 55 °C in mmol dm–3 min–1.

(2)
Answer ...........................................................

Q28.
The graph shows the results of an experiment investigating the effect of temperature
on the hydrolysis of starch using the enzyme amylase.
Explain the difference between the two curves from 4 and 6 hours.
(2)
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Q29.
In this experiment:
• two beakers were prepared containing 1cm3 of amylase and 100 cm3 of starch solution
at room temperature
• these beakers were then placed in the water baths at two different temperatures, 55 °C
and 65 °C
• every 30 minutes a sample of the mixture was extracted and the concentration of
maltose was measured.
(i) Analyse the information to explain why the initial rate of this reaction was faster at 65 °C
than it was at 55 °C.
(3)
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Q30.
In this experiment:
• two beakers were prepared containing 1cm3 of amylase and 100 cm3 of starch solution
at room temperature
• these beakers were then placed in the water baths at two different temperatures, 55 °C
and 65 °C
• every 30 minutes a sample of the mixture was extracted, and the concentration of
maltose was measured.
*Evaluate the method used in this investigation and suggest improvements.

Q31.
The venom from some species of snake contains enzymes that affect the blood clotting
process.
(i) Which is a correct statement about enzymes?

(1)
A enzymes decrease the activation energy of metabolic reactions and decrease
reaction time
B enzymes decrease the activation energy of metabolic reactions and increase
reaction time
C enzymes increase the activation energy of metabolic reactions and decrease
reaction time
D enzymes increase the activation energy of metabolic reactions and increase
reaction time
(ii) Which components of the blood clotting process are active enzymes?
(1)
A fibrin and thrombin
B fibrinogen and thrombin
C fibrinogen and thromboplastin
D thrombin and thromboplastin

Mark Scheme
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.
Q9.
Q10.
Q11.
Q12.
Q13.
Q14.
Q15.
Q16.
Q17.
Q18.
Q19.
Q20.
Q21.
Q22.
Q23.
Q24.
Q25.
Q26.
Q27.
Q28.
Q29.
Q30.
Q31.
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Edexcel (B) Biology A-level - Enzymes

Succinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme found in mitochondria.

Succinate dehydrogenase converts succinate to fumarate.

(a) The activity of succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate.

(i) Explain why malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase.

(Total for question = 4 marks)

The activity of enzymes is affected by a number of factors.

(Total for question = 3 marks)

The activity of enzymes is affected by a number of factors.

A student investigated the activity of the enzyme catalase in potato.

The diagram shows the apparatus used to collect the data.

(ii) The graph shows the results of the investigation.

Determine the initial rate of reaction from this graph.

(iii) Explain why the rate of reaction decreases over time.

(Total for question = 7 marks)

The activity of enzymes is affected by a number of factors.

(Total for question = 3 marks)

Polyphenol oxidase is an enzyme found in many plant cells.

This enzyme catalyses the following reaction

The graph shows the results of this investigation.

(i) Calculate the initial rate of this reaction.

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides.

(ii) A student investigated the activity of glucose isomerase.

Determine the initial rate of the reaction.

(iii) Cofactors are non-protein molecules that help enzymes to function.

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Chymosin is an enzyme used to clot milk for the production of cheese.

The results are shown in the table.

Calculate how much it would cost to treat 200 dm3 milk.

(Total for question = 2 marks)

Succinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme found in mitochondria.

Succinate dehydrogenase converts succinate to fumarate.

A student investigated the effect of malonate on the rate of reaction of succinate

The student used the following steps.

Criticise the method used in this investigation.

(Total for question = 6 marks)

The photographs show a black cat and a Siamese cat.

The pigment melanin causes the fur to turn black.

Siamese cats have a mutation in their TYR gene.

Chymosin is an enzyme used to clot milk for the production of cheese.

The results are shown in the table.

Answer ........................................................... min−1

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Enzymes are catalysts that are sensitive to changes in temperature.

(i) Which graph shows the results of this investigation?

(Total for question = 2 marks)

The photograph shows an adult mayfly.

Mayflies lay their eggs in water.

Enzymes are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates.

(ii) Explain which of the two inhibitors is non-competitive.

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Catalase is an enzyme found in potato cells.

It catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

In an investigation, cylinders of potato were cut with a cork borer.

The graph shows the results of the experiment.

Explain the relationship shown in the graph.

The photograph shows sweet red peppers growing on a plant.

(Total for question = 8 marks)

The graph shows the results of this investigation.