KARUME INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EEU 07624 ELECTRICAL POWER MACHINERY.

GROUP NUMBER 01

To be submitted to: Mr.Sharif.

Submitted by: Wardat John Komesha KIST/BEE/20/0004

Yasini Twaha Omary KIST/BEE/20/0026
Hassan H Yusuf KIST/BEE/20/

Submission Date: 1st April 2023.

QUESTIONS

(a) To describe construction and principle of operation for three phase

induction machines (rotating magnetic field)
(b) To analyse production of torque for three phase induction motors.
INTRODUCTION
Induction machines are also called asynchronous machines this means, the
machines which never run at a synchronous speed. Whenever we say induction
machine we mean to say induction motor.
Induction motors may be single-phase or three-phase. The single phase induction
motors are usually built in small sizes (upto 3 H.P). Three phase induction motors
are the most commonly used AC motors in the industry because they have simple
and rugged construction, low cost, high efficiency, reasonably good power factor,
self-starting and low maintenance cost.
Almost more than 90% of the mechanical power used in industry is provided by
three phase induction motors.In this presentation, we shall deal with all the
important aspects of a three phase induction motor.

CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

A 3-phase induction motor consists of two main parts, namely
 stator and
 rotor.
Stator:
It is the stationary part of the motor. It has three main parts, namely.
(i) Outer frame,
(ii) Stator core and
(iii) Stator winding.

(i) Outer frame:

It is the outer body of the motor. Its function is to support the stator core and to
protect the inner parts of the machine. For small machines the fame is casted but
for large machines it is fabricated.To place the motor on the foundation, feet are
provided in the outer frame as shown in the figure below.
 A Stator

(ii) Stator core:

This holds and supports stator windings.When AC supply is given to the induction
motor, an alternating flux is set -up in the stator core. This alternating field
produces hysteresis and eddy current loss. To minimise these losses, the core is
made of high grade silicon steel stampings. The stampings are assembled under
hydraulic pressure and are keyed to the frame. Each stamping is insulated from
the other with a thin varnish layer. The Slots are punched on the inner periphery
of the stampings, as shown in below to accommodate stator winding.
 A Stator Stamping

(iii) Stator winding:

This consist of three phase winding which is usually supplied from a three phase
supply system. The six terminals of the winding (two of each phase) are
connected in the terminal box of the machine.The three- phase winding may be
connected in star or delta externally through a starter.

Rotor:
This is the rotating part of the motor.We have two types of rotors used for 3-
phase induction motors,which are;
(i) Squirrel cage rotor
(ii) Phase wound rotor.
(i) Squirrel cage rotor:
The motors which uses these rotors are called Squirrel cage induction motors.
Because of simple and rugged construction, the most of the induction motors
employed in the industry are of this type.
A squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core having semi-closed
circular slots at the outer periphery. Copper or aluminium bar conductors are
placed in these slots and short circuited at each end by copper or aluminium
rings, called short circuiting rings, as shown in the figure below;

Squirrel cage rotor

in these rotors, the rotor winding is permanently short-circuited and no external

resistance can be added in the rotor circuit and the slots are not parallel to the
shaft but these are skewed. The skewing provides the following advantages:
(a) Humming is reduced, that ensures quiet running.
(b) At different positions of the rotor, smooth and sufficient torque is obtained.
 (c) It increases the rotor resistance due to the increased length of the rotor bar
conductors.

(ii) Phase wound rotor:

It is also known as slip ring rotor and the motors in which these rotors are
employed are known as phase wound or slipring induction motors. This rotor is
also cylindrical in shape which consists of large number of stampings. A number
of semi-closed slots are punched at its outer periphery. A 3-phase insulated
winding is placed in these slots.
The rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of stator. The rotor
winding is connected in star and its remaining three terminals are connected to
the slip rings. The rotor core is keyed to the shaft. Similarly, slip-rings are also
keyed to the shaft but these are insulated from the shaft as shown below.

A phase wound rotor.

In this case, depending upon the requirement any external resistance can be
added in the rotor circuit.
PRODUCTION OF REVOLVING FIELD
When a 3-phase winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a rotating
magnetic field is produced. This field is such that its poles do no remain in a
fixed position on the stator but go on shifting their positions around the stator.
For this reason, it is called a rotating field.

The three-phase currents flow simultaneously through the windings after

being energized and are displaced from each other by 120° electrical,because
the windings are120° from each . Each alternating phase current produces its
own flux which is sinusoidal.So all three fluxes are sinusoidal and are
separated from each other by 120°.

If the phase sequence of the windings is R-Y-B, then mathematical equations

for the instantaneous values of the three fluxes ΦR , ΦY ,ΦB can be written as,
ΦR = Φmsin(ωt)
ΦY = Φmsin(ωt – 120)
ΦB = Φmsin(ωt – 240)
As windings are identical and supply is balanced, the magnitude of each flux
is Φm .

And graphically the rotating magnet field can be drawn as it can seen in the
figure below.

Phasor diagram of three phase supply(rotating magnetic field)

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION FOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding of a 3-phase wound induction
motor, a revolving field is set up in the stator core.And those revolving fields
revolve at synchronous speed.
The revolving field is cut by the stationary rotor conductors and an emf is induced
in the rotor conductors. Since the rotor conductors are short circuited, current
flows through them ,which sets up field around them.A resultant field is set up,
which exerts force on the rotor conductors.Thus, the rotor starts rotating in the
same direction in which stator field is revolving.
The rotor picks up speed and tries to attain the synchronous speed but fails to do
so. It is because if the rotor attains the synchronous speed then the relative speed
between revolving stator field and rotor will be zero, no emf will be induced in
rotor conductors.
No emf means no current, no rotor field and hence no torque is produced. Thus,
an induction motor can never run at synchronous speed. It always runs at a speed
less than synchronous speed.
Since, the principle of operation of this motor depends upon electromagnetic
induction, hence the name induction motor.And that is the simple operation of a
three phase induction motor.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INDUCTION MOTORS

Squirrel Cage Induction Motors
Advantages
I. Cost of construction is low comparatively.
II. These motors are rugged in construction and mechanically robust.
III. Copper losses in cage rotor are low hence, their efficiency in high.
IV. Slip-rungs and brushes are not used, therefore, their maintenance cost is
low and there is no risk of sparking.
V. These motors have almost constant speed, high over-load capacity and
starting arrangement.
Disadvantages
I. These motors have low starting torque (1.5 to 2 times the full-load torque)
with large starting current (5 to 9 times the full-load current). Their power
factor is also low.
II. Speed cannot be controlled comfortably.
III. These motor are very sensitive to supply voltage fluctuations.
IV. During starting, there is more energy loss in comparison to slip-ring
induction motors. Therefore these motors are not used where frequent
starting is required.

Slip-ring Induction Motors

Advantages
I. In these motors, external resistance can be added in the rotor circuit at
start. Hence heavy starting torque at low starting current can be obtained.
The maximum torque can be obtained at the start by making rotor
resistance equal to standstill rotor reactance (i.e., R2= X2S).
II. Speed of the motor can be controlled or adjusted as per need by simply
inserting external resistance in the rotor circuit.

Disadvantages
I. Cost of construction is high comparatively.
II. Rotor copper losses are more in these motors and hence the efficiency is
low in comparison to squirrel cage induction motors.
III. The size of these motors is larger due to overhang or rotor winding and
slip-rings.
IV. Repair and maintenance charges of these motors are more because of slip-
rings and brushes.
THE APPLICATIONS OF SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS AND SLIP-RING
(PHASE WOUND) INDUCTION MOTORS
Squirrel cage induction motors:
These motors are mechanically robust and are operated almost at constant
speed. These motors operate at high power factor and have high over load
capacity. But, these motors have low starting torque,hence these motors cannot
pick-up heavy loads and they draw heavy current at start. On the bases of these
characteristics, these motors are best suited for:

(i) Printing machinery (ii) Flour mills

(iii) Saw mills (iv) Shaft drives of small industries
(v) Pumps (vi) Prime-movers with small generators etc.

Slip-ring (or phase-wound) induction motors:

These motors have all the important characteristics (advantage) of squirrel cage
induction motors and at the same time have the ability to pick-up heavy loads at
start drawing smaller current from the mains. Accordingly these motors are best
suited for;

(i) Rolling mills (ii) Lifts and hoists

(iii) Big flour mills (iv) Large pumps
(iv) Line shafts of heavy industries
(vi) Prime-moves with medium and large generators.
TORQUE DEVELOPED BY AN INDUCTION MOTOR
We have already seen that the electrical power of 3-phase induction motor
converted into mechanical.That mechanical power can be given by the following
formulae.(Note,this formulae requires the concepts from the forward parts that
will be represenred).
power is given by the relation;
P0 = 3I22R22(1 − 𝑆/𝑆) …(i)
also, P0= ωT ……..(ii)
Where,
ω = angular speed of the rotor in rad/sec. and
T = torque developed by an induction motor in Nm.
Equating eq. (i) and (ii), we get
3I22R22(1 − 𝑆/𝑆)= ωT
T=(3I22R22)/ ωsS
Since,
ω=ωs(1 − 𝑆)
where,
ωs =angular synchronous speed in rad/sec.
As,
I2=(SE2s)/⟌(R22+(SX2s)2)

Hence,full load torque is given as;

T=(3 SE2s2 R2)/ ωs[R22+(SX2s)2]
REFERENCES
1. S. K. Sahdev (2017): Electrical Machines, Cambridge University Press
2. https://studyelectrical.com,production of rotating magnetic field.