ztt) AB sin(wtte;))cos(gt+)

zt)= AB
|ein (e; -q) + n(2ut6;t9)
ip to trF
AÐ sin (e;-0,)
tako G -%
AB
sin ,
ofp to PF

At Vco, w)= wt c. e,(t)

Tatoia!
o) Amodalahng sinal mth) is gjien by
a)m cos (oot 5) m)= eos (1oot) t2Cos (30ot) c) m(t) =cosloot. coskot
0n eoch ase sketch the gechum of mt)
i) Find sketch the spectrum of DS8-se sigral 2nt) os looot
ii)Frern Sugpress ISB to get Os8.
que detenine f t usgt) the
eoier eq
bSB-SC

laoo tloo
 1
c) m() cos (yoot) f os6o ot tcostuoo toost6oof
Angk modaldion:
phse
yd
ot)
=Acos(oc) w

-Acos(aot te)
det)
Jnsiantaneos frego;(= t.0)-Jue)de

Phase modulatin, ) =ut+ kmt)

kp:-phae madulation inder
Wit)-do tkom)
fequercy modulation (F)
;(t)=-tk)
kp : Modulation index of FM
anok of Carier toT FM:

Angle moduletion:
phase
modalato.

e t Snc)
tre
moduttoY
Poocar o Argle modlation: e
Bandh of FM wave.
Let alt) =fmGa de

Bandwist modubed wave:

Lel

+.,.+att;
2!

2)

Mo)

’t4) zALcstpot )sivatJsimlar like H

wve
banbidh 18’Nagaw Rard FM
For aide bard FM we, the
bondaij 6

f;-+4Ame)
} inslantenus freq,
ficarier freq
B: H bgaotth of basekind sjqtal.
 -m)

2T MA) foo +0.lm))M

fmay l . |MHz

For PM,
f;=ftkmt)
torr
21

-2000o
'hin9MI
2

52SkeBch ME M ne d te folluing signal

+
tboM
 ---
Tmin-Mt

for M

1)
)

Foueier seies

("od syanehie)
2X)6 -mt=m)
even

In qeneral, kandaildh of M anve is

 M)

. of
.0324

>We
’We dhoald Select the bancbo uch ht i# ould have siqnificant
value
.B (5kH
21J
’FoY FM, B=24f+ 2B &f: deviafion n coier treg
By=2(1o4)+2(15R) =23ok H2
Ea:Repeat the exarope m) is time ez panded by facbr of 2
qeneration Mwve:
- Dnect Methed
Irdirect Meltd
Diveet Method

For hurfy alpitep seillsope he rafuxa frequy is ghenby

JLC
Let ue coreier c is vavied wth mt).
 where kint) c
t t kpsamt) whore kp 2

mosimum euiotion Ac=k m=

H at , le<>Rekode ehention of FM wave

Irdnect mehod (hanstong meda):
Stn ths meltod naraw band FM i_, genevaded by iig
megyatmt)
io wt
Hrequency mafies
Mutfipliey
>Fen insarre, i be inot a n bold
inerease n equency
pth order non-(nas
davice1
ond order
çgd orcks devices n cascode. Tho, the ofp has tond pa

-Gerevay Tequie to y
fq abo by n h thig cas
by a bge clor B th
Can use
sht dasn to
freg
miing fo Carrer
freq. the desi ved value
AA sinplitied digten of anctorg wethd is 28
shon here
feg
teg
nutiplex
-Asimt XG4 kovorr
Acssut crysBal
Gseilodoy
Reqisenent Cyshl (6qMHz
AF-15Rz Oacjllafor
7000
3000

|9MHz
|.6ktz
freq 4f68kHz Pouer
matiler amglfer >WBFM
X48

Demodulaion of FM wave :
’ The ins feg ws tkp mt). Hence, dá freg eleetve otrk
wth tho TE of the fom |Hw=
|H awtb autb over tho FM bond
oald qenerae in eri po prtin to the frst toq:
’ he dingle sgtem is ideal differentiaky with irsBei fineton Ju.

dt
’The amplitesde A af the omrg
Tomng sigral
siqral is asmed to be canst.
F he anplddo is nof ot, there aodd be addiioral terns
on the RES of the abve eg A4 ta tine the vel
deteor ofp srud b picportoral to At)m(). tkrre, sesenta
 mantain corstat Several frS, Such as ehannel noje
oding
be
and So on
A to Vay Tho vattion in Asho!
oeved befeye appean #sind to Mdeyoctor.
Evelop ’.mt).
dtertor

)Shoa ot any seherme that cCan bo used to

can ceoda lte AM uNo .
cemoduote
the conveIse tuet Eplin?
o: Dog-9: mt)eosat
AM :(4+Att) lcsut
Yes y cheme that demaabte Ds-s
also .Bcy
ndfrdy Cmer SAgal to cmobe sB
Q) The pouer eicienay AM for a sinusoi dad mt) uas fourd
Cams out a smilar andysig when mC) is a
random binany
sigral kelouw E:
A

-A

Sketeh AM ae, ind ad pouer Total pouer.

l:
0.5
 wth B-0n Cngy fieg wInoo.

2m(E)cosst
b) o nd LS8 speclum,apes the vsB in t8- in a)
c) Find the LB giznal ) wtih thohe ines fouver torslo

Popoqgatin o Nes:
wves
-Ground ave iailain G e)
Sky Wave
fon kray hok ('ie'au)
span
Sky wgre

oiticd feg for Jven layer b he

Telutp d dhun to euh after bael shot up in
roimal chech
Dernodulodn of fM

difeenigk Mwave

eavalop coelors ‘3

TF- (a:j,bco)
 d it posibk to mointoinA etant for all fr tn FM)

A: N i

’ lo emo dule usirg prev mellbds, ue

heed to ensae

-sain(ot) Au sintet)
Bangpas linter
Have
Iimtesr
Brduss
fiHey

V;t} =A) cos et)

hore

coS tt) <0

(tny ponodhe signal

t ean be Teregefted
Cos(t\<o sino
 ;1pm)
W8FM onscby wethenhenioned IS
ade l0t 10ot4 c0
m)= modulaing
sigra afor Q)
atorial
olpach aother Sèe
tohove we
into banpas hect amate coslbly Is
SO
is pocial
if -In
) cevey Ye
the
FM of
bortuidth
cetecenler
-rey ith JAandposs
itbr
5
 21| 4 20,0001
loktz
mesnge sipal 0 we have to consider
Ihe Bacbond from
200
gen)

4f a bubled b for me)l. ado hae is a

A of (o so Oeall Af
becner gok.

Af
4) t+kqmt)

hn

ay of no he
for both PM M)

) )= 6cos (s¢t t tosin loTt + losin t40 BIt)

st) =t +20 sn(oolt.+1o sirgooelt
de4)
 BIA 2(B+04)
= 2(ooo4 20,0) 49ke

phse enoY wl nd to, diotrtioh

erToT wll la to attenution

-Phase loked loop (PLL)

Loop For Veo,
Asin(¢to,
O/P,
Vco
Bcos (wgt +e,4))
Bes(4tt e)) heq =+at)
equate
get, t)-=ce,t)

nie
set at carier Reg
The ofp of mipler is ABsin (at te@)cs(t-to,e)
A8 in (d +ofltae)+ sin(e,e)-e, e:)
9
tagh Ary fler Comonent
le the hop fiHer is having impule Yesporg h(t) bw

The eMective olp of the loop fHer ig cormporent

e,t) = h(t) * ttih frey component + ht)x bs fht AB sin (a4)-9,4)
 e,) AB
h(t-) sin (o,)-o,0)d

e, 0;)-e,4) 4,-consort
where
very small

Nuo, (4)=k,mtl

m(t)

e eny smal
sin() lop filer
O)
AkH(S)

,(t)
Non-linay odel f PLL
ener
Stmall erot analyis Se,(s) AkMesl
, (s)
,(s) Ak HGl/
o,(6)
AkH(s)
StAkHS)
6. ()= O;6) - 0,6)
0,6)
 if H =l, a(l = O;(s)
S tAK

We kngw hat eroy of ov dey

sysem l have constant eor tkp S the

erYor can t be o this is hy e N chane... HG)=t

Find order lop onolyois:

`(t)= Aksn qt)
a,(t)= , () - Aksino,E)
o,@)= Q,-jt+,
,)=(,a)-AksnQA
Sampling Theovem:
AMCe)

111
 RocBangalor oine
sag sine s a idel ndeypalsbr
Ruse anob modulaion Tecniques
) Pubse arnplitude modubtion (MM)
2) Rilae uidth modubtion (PNM)
3) Rulse postin moduleion (PPM)
At <T,
PAM:
mt)

).
PArA

2) PWM:

44m))
o) An 8-bit RM System honsmity Cok sordy at te ote o IM bits
maninum
Ale b the sanplirg Honem,ohd should he the
mozimun me_soge

soal freq br he use of he PcM

IXo
Sampe
’h och ample tee bBs
Nbu beo ech brt

&22B

)A mossop signal having be tors

mte d by o pem system- F the bit afe of this pCM
aslem is sk bits forefnd the apovik vabe of samplng
feency
Sol. fven B=sstt,Ry =36 7btsbec (ops)
Ry =nts

bd fom, Nypest ezatjon s2B >$>qkt

)4 messzqe signal is mpled o 6kbg lok anmpks fae qunised
into k -leves . No elermine the Tme duoaBion TA of the
enodod siood
Sal Hene s=lole2
-251S
 m)acosaçt
tn() 9,l=
ost) (m) 2
(ncosqt
(m) - Rrs S,=
2
Yecievey k-echanl
) 9.
No
So,
m)
20030 n)Tccsut DSB-SC:
ratio. roise sianal
ng(m41)
censity
gpechal power noise sicALtoo
ed
B
S;A S
Reievey chonnel honsotey nt)
ne) put
chanelroise
preense the
ydem amalog Behavi
ofur
nolg of
 n= n)'= N"8 S

Behaviour of aolog sy sEm in

presne oige:
SSB-8C
n)
9cosat
mt) SSB
|fiHey Baseband Nb, So

9;)
y,4)
) Chonol
Rocievor
’ More bonwyh more noise.
’Nojce in sB < Noise in bs8 (Beouse low
boridh in sse)
In this outprse noise is ejected by the
bodpass ftty The noise is
only due b inphose nise
ot) =mt) cosut -m,t) sinat
’The uer of moduoted siqral mf Dcoswt is 2m

ye)= m) +n.t)]ont +m,e)+n, ]

sinat
Y,(0 2c0s14,t Aase.and sigral
9,) mlE) +nt)
So S;
No
E: In DB6-SC System Sookte
the modula ting sinal, mCt)
hos a unitomn ouer speetal density band limited to 8=4ktz.
The moduoted Siqral is honsmitked over a distotion less channel
wth noise P3o (pauA
(pouer spatal tensily) i9is
The ustful siqnol power at the tecievey input is ul.
Sigral is Ktt bandpos Sbr,utipled by 2 cosu,t ond then
louw poss flHesd to
o chtain tho output. ,)
S,(4) +n, (#). Detomine
SNR at output?
Ans: Tf odulated sigal is m)cosuyt.
At domodulato, (mctb+nt )coat +(m, ()+n, (t)sinat
S,C) tn t) = m(tl 4n ()

Sigal pouer, S = m (chael is distorhonles)

m

+B Soot)
825 Xb0
nÙ
f-8
So
SNR