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    Science Reviewer Science 8

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    Earthquakes are caused by movements of tectonic plates along faults in the Earth's crust. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors earthquakes and faults in the Philippines. There are different types of faults that result from the forces acting on tectonic plates, including normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults. PHIVOLCS considers faults depicted by solid lines on maps to be active faults capable of generating earthquakes, while faults shown as broken lines are inactive. The magnitude and intensity are common measures used to describe the strength of an earthquake.

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    Science Reviewer Science 8

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    stevelaurence1545
    24 views4 pages
    Earthquakes are caused by movements of tectonic plates along faults in the Earth's crust. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors earthquakes and faults in the Philippines. There are different types of faults that result from the forces acting on tectonic plates, including normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults. PHIVOLCS considers faults depicted by solid lines on maps to be active faults capable of generating earthquakes, while faults shown as broken lines are inactive. The magnitude and intensity are common measures used to describe the strength of an earthquake.

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    Earthquakes are caused by movements of tectonic plates along faults in the Earth's crust. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors earthquakes and faults in the Philippines. There are different types of faults that result from the forces acting on tectonic plates, including normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults. PHIVOLCS considers faults depicted by solid lines on maps to be active faults capable of generating earthquakes, while faults shown as broken lines are inactive. The magnitude and intensity are common measures used to describe the strength of an earthquake.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    24 views4 pages

    Science Reviewer Science 8

    Uploaded by

    stevelaurence1545
    Earthquakes are caused by movements of tectonic plates along faults in the Earth's crust. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors earthquakes and faults in the Philippines. There are different types of faults that result from the forces acting on tectonic plates, including normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults. PHIVOLCS considers faults depicted by solid lines on maps to be active faults capable of generating earthquakes, while faults shown as broken lines are inactive. The magnitude and intensity are common measures used to describe the strength of an earthquake.

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    of 4

    Science Reviewer

    Summative Test on Dec. 11, 2023

    Earthquakes are movement along the faults.


    PHIVOLCS – Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
    PAG ASA – Philippine Atmospheric Geophisical Astronomical Services and
    Administration
    Earthquake – a sudden movement of earth’s crust caused by release of stress along
    geologic faults

    Faults:
    Red Lines indicate Fault Lines when illustrated on the map.
    The surface of earth is composed of tectonic plates that are CONSTANTLY moving.
    Tectonic Plates experience different types of forces.
    Tension – occus when plates are being pulled apart

    Compression – occurs when plates are pushed towards eachother, or compressed.

    Shearing – occrurs when the plates are being cut.

    Folding – occurs when earth’s crust bends away from flat surfaces.
    Faulting – happens when earth’s crust completely breaks and slides past eachother,
    which is the cause on producing a fault.
    Friction – holding the rock layers together.
    Fault Terminologies:
    - Fault Plane: the plane along which the rock or crustal materials has fractured
    - Hanging Wall: the rock material which lies above the fault plane.
    - Footwall: the rock material which lies below the fault plane

    Types of Faults:
    Normal Fault – caused by tension where plates diverge

    Reverse Fault – caused by compression forces

    Strike-Slip Fault:
    Focus and Epicenter are two anatomies of a fault
    - Focus is where the point within the earth where seismic waves originate. Past of
    the fault that has the greatest movements.
    - The Epicenter is a location on the earth’s surface directly above the focus.

    Seismic Waves – are vibrations that travel through earth coming the energy released
    during an earthquake.
    Based from PHIVOLCS, if the red lines are solid or complete, it is an active fault, if the
    red lines are broken or incomplete, it is an unactive fault, when it is illustrated on a map.
    Active and Inactive Faults:
    - Earthquake faults are caused by movements of earth’s tectonic plates. Active
    faults have the ability to generate an earthquake while Inactive Faults cannot.

    Measures of an earthquake:
    1. Magnitude – energy released during earthquakes. It refers to how strong an
    earthquake is.
    - Hindu Arabic Scale (1-10)
    - Quantitative measures, and determined by Richter Magnitude Scale.
    2. Intensity – Qualitative measures of an earthquake.
    - Roman Numerals: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X……
    - PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)

    How strong is an earthquake?


    I. Scarcely Perceptible
    - Chosen people could experience
    - Water could oscillate
    II. Slightly Felt
    - Felt by few individuals at rest indoors.
    - Balanced things swing
    III. Weak
    - Dizziness and Nausea are experienced by some people
    - People in buildings can feel it
    IV. Moderately Strong
    - Things rattle
    - Light sleepers are awakened
    V. Strong
    - Some are frightened
    - Many people are awakened
    VI. Very Strong
    - Some people lose their balance
    - Motorists feel like driving with flat tires
    - Wall plasters may crack
    VII. Destructive
    - Most people are frightened
    - Heavy objects and furniture topple.
    VIII. Very Destructive
    - Many well built buildings are considerably damaged.
    IX. Devastating
    - People ae forcibly thrown to the ground
    - Most buildings are totally toppled
    - Elevated concrete structures are toppled and destroyed
    X. Completely Devastating
    - All man-made structures are destroyed
    - Massive landslides and liquefaction.

    Earthquakes P-Waves and S-Waves – Travel Time Chart


    The focus and epicenter of an earthquake
    - The point within earth where faulting begins is the focus.
    - Seismic Waves are measured by the seismometer (device) and the seismometer
    produces Seismogram, a tracing of earthquakes motion.
    - Seismograms are plotted on a graph, and when it is, it is called a Seismograph.
    - Philippines has 110 Seismic Stations.
    - The farther away a seismograph is from the focus of the earthquake, the longer
    the interval between the arrivals of the P and S waves.
    - On the Travel Time Chart, the Epicenter Distance are measured using
    Kilometers, and is plotted on the X-Axis. While the Travel Time which is
    measured using Minutes, is plotted on the Y-Axis.
    - Every small line on the Distance is equivalent to 200 km, and every small line on
    the Travel Time is equivalent to 20 seconds.
    - Primary Waves travel on both Solids and Liquids, but Secondary Waves only
    travels on solids. That is why P Waves arrive faster than S waves it is because
    the structured parts of the earth are composed of both Liquids and Solids.

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