Otel etal) Solutions of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations 44 Introduction The finding of exact roots of the algebraic or transcendental equation (that is the equations no algebraic, for example, trigonometric, logarithmic or irrational) is frequently enough difficult problem which is not solved analytically by means of final formulas. Besides sometimes in practice the equation contains factors, which values are given approximately so to speak about the exact solution of the equations in such cases at all has no sense. ‘Therefore problems of the approached definition of roots of the equation and a corresponding estimation of their accuracy have great value and today. The approached methods of the solution of the equations can be divided conditionally on graphic and numerical ones. We'll consider only numerical methods of the solution. 4.2 Algebraic and Transcendental Equation + a, = O where 29,21,82,....,2, not all ‘An equation of the form agx” + ax"! + ax"? + zeros called an algebraic equation .An algebraic equation cannot be solved analytically hence ‘we will require some approximate method to obtain the roots. ‘An equation which is not algebraic are called Transcendental equation. =0 e.g. €* + sin x =0, x cos x + sin x =0, sin?x —x— In this chapter we will study three types of numerical methods : (i) The Bisection method (ii) The Regula - Falsi (false position) method. (iii) The Newton - Raphson method. (iv) The Secant method. This method is based on the following results which is call Property of Continuous Functions. led as Inter-mediate Value near) f | | | |to = ) Obs a oot es between and OS = oeos =025 = £(0.25) = (0.25)' + 2 (0.25) ~ 1 = 4843 a elies beeen 0.28 and 0 en eration 025408 075 core = xs = SEO 235 Loans em EB cece, = oans's2038)-12-0197 ds <0 (5) Repeat this beet = Ohasa root lies between 0.375 and OS “This canbe illustrated very wel -tnird Heratlon = 2875205 Losss 0375405 me Example 441: Using Bisecton method find an approximate root 7 (Pectorm three terations only) Me Ot + Ba 2 £04375) = (0.4375)' +2 (04375) ~ 1 = 0.0812 “This value is very nearest 10 2¢F0, +. Approximate Root is 0.4375 Zr Find the approximate root of x — x = 4 = 0, by Bisection method. (pertom Eaample 44: aoe ‘three iteration only]. Botton Given: Xax-4= Let) = x-x-4 Ohas «root ies between O and 1 Initial Approximation w= Sos a 0s. ey oo . = £05) =05)'+2 (05) 05)" +2(05)-1 20125 a4-4 Sonn of Algebraic & Te e pos SATU anscar ummercal & Sassncal Meme SS eae, er — yaya Sate Manos @S2TMU) 42 Sone ween Land 2 pas arose es fo = 0 Initial approximation x= V0 Ws) Mohs tye a, my rst eration ist Ss 2 21.75 7 039 (1.78) (ur -4=-03 82 en te pas a root lies between 1-75 and 2 Second iteration 1079) e : §)-4= 0.716 er tare ae st = 38 ie oe - fa ) = Ohss root lies between 1.75 and 1.875. = Ohas aroot lies between 3 and 3.5 ‘Third iteration First iteration = x= =325 3435 me a 17521878 | 308 . 19125 25) = (325-10 =05625>0 ° ) = (1.8125) 1.8125—4 = 0.1418 This s. Approximate root is 1.8125 5) = Ohas a root lies between 3 and 3.25 ‘Second Iteration Franglo 1437 Usng beecion Wetied find the approximate value of VTO by performing We tgs iterations. 34328 _ 5 49 : 328 =3.125ing Bisection method, find the approximate root of x” Ox— 1 = O in the al (3,4) (three eration ony). =O basa rot les in between 2 and 3 = G5) -9G5)-1=4287-315-1 Gs) = 1037 0 and 113) = 23 9 and £ (x) =f(2)=8 3y Newton Raphson Method fo, het = Tey n=0123.. First eration Putting n=O £9) =o ae mPa eS f(x) = £(.125)=G.125) - 4.125) -9= 9.017512 and F()=1 059794 0 and f (xo) = f (3) = 1.47712 jawon Raphson method, . oan =0.2386 P2BES 6 2.6311 11) - 1.2 = 00945 0.0985) _ 311 -S = 2.6976 .s. 2.7237 is an approximate root after fourth iteration,BB sane Example 4.8.5: Use Newton Raphson method to — tree trsone a7 288 Solution: it x2 1) 274g pay ADE ‘Taking cube on both sides root of equation is 2.824 after third iteration. é 7 Using Newton's Raphson method a fo) = 3° gore ae number. Tind iterative method to get inverse of @ __ qe reciprocal oF inverse of & number ‘° can be -e considered 35 a 1004 of a eT achcn be sey Neves Rap a tt ; 2<0 and f@)= 12 way = ESE GE = 150 and ()227 = 7>0 and £6) _ py Newton's Raphson method (1. emia ae mer Fay” (T f(x =@)=~ Hand fa)= FQ)=12 a as By using Newton Raphson method, nee eh ne ota, Firat eration Putingn=0 CD oye AD areas 2027 f(x) = £()=3G) =27 Putting n= 1 so ; 2 a ne =a-Z eam Example 46.8: Using Newton's Raphson method ind Rf, p root ofa,,a>0 10=~ 2.488 Solution: Let x =a atea = 22.539 «Point root of a number a is the root of the equation x” -a = 0ss . . satack ofthe Newton-Raphson meth ae 4 symbolic mam Figa47.4. Geomereal representation of the 5 ind a real root ofthe equation x — 6x + 1 = O hes in the mera ©, 1 form Four interactions a the secant method. ©. He have Xo = 0,1 Te flRg)= 1s 16%) ==3 caution: WeTBVE 0 des py scant method “473, 3 . Fistiteraton is cnn vealed the Secant method. This method NOW requires two ini ae media the tw inital guesses do not need to bracket the ro med may oe may not converge but when it converges, j (x) = 0.201736 i ‘Rearranging, it gives the secant method as = 0.201640Example 4.7.2 : Find the root of the equation » Er numorcars stats pods (0 SocITAM) 424 Son of Agebiae & Transcendent ‘method. The root should be correc Solution : © ae as as We have xp = 142.) = 143 0.0086. fx,) = 0.00034 1.43 — 1.42 .) = 143~ |To0034 + 0.0086 | (0-00034) = 1.4296 fix.) = = 0.000011 Second spproximation is fppiatoer ttt 2) = 1.4296 -| {509011 = 0.00054, 0.00001 1) xy and x; agree upto three decimal places hence the required root is 1.429 Xea fw = Px! By Newton's Raphson method Pa) soo Using Bisection method find an approximate roots of x° + 3x5 = 0. (Perform three iterations onty) approximate root of x° ~ 2x ~ 3 = 0, by Bisection method. [perform three only). Find the root of equation x° ~ x + 4 = 0, using bisection method performing three Using Bisection method, find the epproximate root of x? - 2x7 + 3x - 7 = Performing 3 iterations. Pr -_ dni jstical Methods (B.SeAT-MU) 4: 1 6 statistical 425 Soin of Algebraic Y a Algebraic & Transcondertal Equatons ‘o equation x° + 3x"~7 = 0 using face 5 308 ations orm ‘alsi met ing 2 try RogulaFals method ndtheroctos* og, x 18 thwetrton on) Position method methed by performing Je a, method, ove xs 24-509, Bs using Regula mets : cos x ~ 2a « 0 cone to thee ae ‘ Raphs Wey Newton RAPIEON rsthod find approxiate sot sion ge 8 $503 “upto we approximation yang mass) SF 88 "pa 5 conc 0 eo Geil pees ur Hen ghana a rimate root of equation x logi9X = 1.5, using Newton-Raphson method by ree iterations. using Nowion Raphson metod umber