Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

What does Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) mean?

- refers to the legislation, policies, procedures and activities that aim to protect
the health, safety and welfare of all people at the workplace.

1. Do not work alone so that there's someone who can take care of you in case of emergency.
2. Always power off the computer and unplug the computer before working on it.
3. Take away any liquid near your working area to avoid getting electrocuted or
accidentally damaging computer parts.
4. Be careful with tools that may cause short circuit.
5. Always ground or discharge yourself before touching any part of the computer.
6. Do not use excessive force if things don't quite slip into place.
7. Clean the area before and after using it to maintain sanitation and prevent accidents.
8. Hold the components on the edges and do not touch the Integrated Circuit (IC)
parts.
9. Always wear personal protective equipment (PPE) in accordance with the
organization's OHS procedures and practices.
10. Make sure that the pins are properly aligned when connecting a cable connector.
11. Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and other emergencies are
recognized.
12. Use brush, compressed air or blower in cleaning the computer system.

Personal Computers

Personal Computer is a general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities and

original sale price make it useful for individuals, and is intended to be operated
directly by an end-user with no intervening computer operator.

Types of Computers
(Workstation, Desktop Computer & Single Unit Computers)

Workstation is a high-end personal computer designed for technical,

mathematical, or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one
person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run
multi-user operating systems. Workstations are used for tasks such as computer-
aided design, drafting and modeling, computation-intensive scientific. and
engineering calculations, image processing, architectural modeling, and computer
graphics for animation and motion picture visual effects.

Desktop Computer
Prior to the widespread usage of PCs, a computer that could fit on a desk was
remarkably small, leading to the “desktop” nomenclature. More recently, the
phrase usually indicates a particular style of computer case. Desktop computers
come in a variety of styles ranging from large vertical tower cases to small models
which can be tucked behind an LCD monitor.

Single Unit
Single-unit PCs (also known as all-in-one PCs) are a subtype of desktop computers
that combine the monitor and case of the computer within a single unit. The
monitor often utilizes a touchscreen as an optional method of user input, but
separate keyboards and mice are normally still included. The inner components of
the PC are often located directly behind the monitor and many of such PCs are
built similarly to laptops.

Laptop
Also called a notebook computer or sometimes a notebook, is a small personal
computer designed for portability.

Netbook
Also called mini notebooks or subnotebooks) are a rapidly evolving category of small,
light and inexpensive laptop computers suited for general computing and accessing
web-based applications; they are often marketed as "companion devices," that is, to
augment a user's other computer access.

Nettop
Subtype of desktops, called nettops, was introduced by Intel in February 2008,
characterized by low cost and lean functionality. A similar subtype of laptops (or
notebooks) is the netbook, described below. The product line features the new
Intel Atom processor, which specifically enables nettops to consume less power
and fit into small enclosures.

Home Theater PC
Home theater PC (HTPC) is a convergence device that combines the functions of a
personal computer and a digital video recorder. It is connected to a TV set or
an appropriately sized computer display, and is often used as a digital photo
viewer, music and video player, TV receiver, and digital video recorder. HTPCs
are also referred to as media center systems or media servers.

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Back Input/Output Panel Connectors:

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OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is the most important software that runs on a
computer. It manages the computer's memory, processes, and all of its
software and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer
without knowing how to speak the computer's language. Without an operating
system, a computer is useless.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1. PROVIDING USER INTERFACE

When you work on a computer, you use a set of items on the screen.
Taken together, these items are called user interface. The most common
types of user interfaces are graphical and command line.
a. Graphical User Interface
- Most common GUI are Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE.
- Uses a mouse to work with graphical objects such as windows,
menus, icons, buttons, and other tools.
b. Command Line Interface
- Older interface such as DOS, Linux, UNIX uses typewritten commands
rather than graphical objects to execute tasks.

2. RUNNING PROGRAMS
- Many different applications supported.
- System calls - provides consistent access to OS features.
- Share information between programs:
a. Copy and paste
b. Object Linking and Embedding

3. MANAGING HARDWARE
The Operating System act as an intermediary between programs and
hardware. In a computer network, the operating system also mediates
between your computer and other devices on the network.
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1. ORGANIZING FILES AND FOLDERS
 Organized storage
 Creates long file names OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE DEVICES
 Folders can be created and nested
 All storage devices work consistently 3 typical OS for mobile/tablet pc are Apple iOS, Windows Phone and Google
Android.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Apple IOS: IOS 3.1 to IOS 14 latest
The three most common operating systems for personal computers are:
Windows Phone: Windows 8.1 to Windows 10
Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux.
Google Android: Android 1.5 cupcake to Android 13
MICROSOFT WINDOWS
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the
years, there have been many different versions of Windows.

VERSIONS OF MICROSOFT WINDOWS:

1. Windows 2000 released in February 2000. Available Four Editions:

(Windows 2002 Professional, Windows 2000 server, Windows 2000 Ad-
vance server, Windows 2000 Data Center server).
2. Windows ME Microsoft released a successor to Windows 98 called Win-
dows ME, short for "Millennium Edition". It was the last DOS-based oper-
ating system from Microsoft.
3. Windows XP (Stable, Usable and Fast) - released on October 25, 2001
4. Windows 7 (Introduction to Touch Screen) - was made available on 22
DISSASSEMBLE/ASSEMBLE COMPUTER HARDWARE
October 2009
5. Windows8.0 the Generation of Apps and Tiles) - released on Oct 2012.
Disassemble Computer
6. Windows 10 - It was introduced to the world on 29 July 2015.
7. Windows 11 - is the latest major release of Microsoft's Windows NT op- Before you begin for Computer disassembly, you should gather all needed tools,
erating system, released in October 2021. materials, and equipment.

MAC OS  Phillips-head (cross-shaped) screwdriver

is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all new  Needle-nose pliers (Optional)
Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as  Anti-static Wrist Strap/ protective gloves
 A large level working space
 Ventura (2022)
 Monterey (2021) 1. Unplug your computer and peripheral items
 Big Sur (2020) Turn off the computer, unplug the power cord and unplug any peripheral items attached
 Catalina (2019) to the computer, such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, headphones, and any external
drives.
 Mojave (2018)
Wear a grounding strap or touch an unpainted metal part of the computer to discharge
 Sierra (2016), High Sierra (2017) any static electricity. If you walk across a carpet at any point, touch an unpainted metal
 El Capitan (2015) part of the computer again to discharge the built up static electricity.
 OS X (pronounced O-S Ten), and the specific versions include Yosemite
(released in 2014), 2. Remove the covers
 Mavericks (2013), Remove at least one of the side covers, usually the right side as you face the front of the
 Mountain Lion (2012), Lion (2011), and computer. You might find it easier to access all the parts if you remove both side covers;
 Snow Leopard (2009). there are sometimes thumb screws on the covers to make access easier.
 Apple also offers a version called Mac OS X Server, which is designed to
be run on server. 3. Remove power supply unit (PSU)
Remove the power supply unit by unplugging the remaining connectors, then
LINUX (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, unscrewing the unit from the frame.
which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the
world. This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only 4. Remove the Drives
be modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft). The advantages of Linux Removing drives is easier. There can be possibly two types of drives present in
are that it is free, and there are many different distributions-or versions-you your computer system, Hard disk drive and CD/DVD/Blu-ray drives. They
can choose from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the device to
popular ones include Ubuntu, Mint, Debian and Fedora. a controller card or a connector on the motherboard.

Linux is named after Linus Torvalds, who created the Linux kernel in 1991. 5. Remove memory (RAM) modules
The kernel is the computer code that is the central part of an operating Remove the memory (RAM) modules by pushing the clips on both ends of the
system. module down. This will cause the module to pop up for easy removal. Do not
touch the gold connectors on the chips if you’re reusing the modules.

6. Remove motherboard adapter or expansion cards

Remove any adapter or expansion cards from the motherboard. Although
these cards usually slide into preconfigured slots, there can be screws. Do not
touch the gold connectors on the cards if you’re reinstalling the cards.

7. Remove the motherboard

Disconnect all the cables from the motherboard, then unscrew it from the
frame by loosening each screw a little bit before going around again to loosen
each screw properly. This prevents any potential warping of the motherboard
by gradually releasing the tension on it.
All the components should now be out of the computer case. If you’re reusing
the case, this is a good time to get rid of all the dust and lint that might have
collected

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 BIOS SETUP UTILITY INFORMATION AND MENU OPTIONS:
Computer Assemble
If you are rebuilding the computer, insert the components in the opposite MAIN MENU - A menu consists of time and date, drives’ parameters, and
order you removed them, starting with the motherboard. Plug in all the cables system info.
as you insert the component; most items will plug into the motherboard and
the power supply unit. POST -This helps to verify the computer system requirements to boot up
properly.
Last Checks and Booting Your PC
We're done covering all the physical installation steps of how to assemble a EXIT MENU - Contains the commands like save and discard changes.

PC, but before you start up your machine for the first time there's a few extra BOOT MENU - This menu consists of option for devices and some other
steps and checks. booting settings.

✓ Check Component Connections APPLICATION SOFTWARE

✓ Check Front Panel Connections
An application (or app) is a type of software that allows you to perform
✓ Connect Monitor and Peripherals specific tasks. Applications for desktop or laptop computers are sometimes
✓ Plug Power Supply to Wall (& Turn On) called desktop applications, and those for mobile devices are called mobile
apps.
✓ Press Power-On Button (On Front of Case
Common type of an App:
Congratulations, you’ve disassembled, and possibly reassembled your
computer! A. Desktop App is applications that run in a personal computer and laptops.
(E.g Ms Office, Antivirus, Photoshop, Filmora, etc)

INTRODUCTION TO BOOTABLE SOFTWARE B. Web App is an application that is accessed over a network such as the
Internet or an intranet. It run in the cloud and does not need to be installed
1. RUFUS - this is the quickest in making a bootable USB drive relative to other
on your computer. These are sometimes called cloud apps.
bootable applications.
(E.g. Google drive, meet, classroom, google office suit, amazon, Netflix, zoom,
2. Windows USB/ DVD Tool - This app helps you to build both USB bootable and DVD Canva, Spotify, WhatsApp, etc)
drives, as the name suggests.
3. Universal USB Installer - Installer helps you to build any form of Bootable USB files. C. Mobile App is a software application designed to run on smartphones,
tablet computers and other mobile devices. (E.g Facebook. Instagram, twitter,
4. RMPrepUSB - It lets you build virtually every form of bootable media.
pinterest, messenger, etc)
5. Etcher (Windows/Mac) - The core concept behind this program is to
eliminate the hassle of choosing several operating system choices and configura- Before doing installation, there are some essential factors that we should
tions. always know:
6. YUMI - drives enable multiple operating systems, firmware, antivirus tools and Platform Environment >
other utilities to be installed on a single drive limited by memory only.
We don’t just install application without knowing its environment. Identifying
7. WinSetUpfromUSB - designed primarily for creating bootable Windows drive, but
the platform is very essential. We must to know its OS, chipsets and other
there is also an alternative for creating bootable Linux distributions using either Sys- hardware component.
Linux or IsoLinux.
8. DiskMaker X (Mac) - Diskmaker is designed with AppleScript, which can be used to Example: You are about to install an office 2013 app with x64 architecture in
create a bootable USB drive from the OS X / macOS installation system for various a computer running with x86 processor. Technically it is incompatible due to
versions of OS X / macOS. dissimilar architecture of your devices and application.
9. UNetBootin (Windows/Mac) - The tool is developed primarily for making bootable
Live USB drives for Ubuntu, Fedora and other Linux distributions. Categories of Installer Apps >
10. EaseUS (Windows/Mac) - EaseUS is an all-in-one software that integrates all of the
 Open Source/Freeware are applications that can be use by the
USB and ISO bootable images that allow users to create Windows. end users for free. These applications don’t have equivalent price.
 Closed Source/Paid Apps /Proprietary software is computer
software licensed under exclusive legal right of the copyright holder
BIOS with the intent that the licensee is given the right to use the
software only under certain conditions, and restricted from other
BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a software usually built onto the uses, such as modification, sharing, studying, redistribution, or
motherboard that shows the major hardware components of your computer reverse engineering.
with the operating system.  Trialware it is also a type of proprietary software which is provided
The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic computer hardware. It to users for a certain limited trial basis and pursuant to a license
also includes a test referred to as a POST (Power-On Self-Test) that helps which restricts any commercial benefit, use or exploitation of the
verify the software. These application usually offers 30 days trial or more.
computer meets requirements to boot up properly.
Types of installers >
BIOS Configuration Procedure
1. Insert your bootable Flash Drive and restart the computer.  Desktop Apps are application that are installed in a computer
2. During the initial startup screen, press Delete or F2 key. (Depending on the either PC or laptop. Portable Apps are applications that able to use
company that created your version of BIOS, a menu may appear.) without installation. Installed Apps are applications that mandatorily
3. When you choose to enter BIOS Setup, the setup utility page will appear. installed in your computer
4. Using the arrow keys on your keyboard, select the BOOT tab. All of the  Web Apps are applications that are accessed over a network such
available system devices will be displayed in order of their boot priority. You as the Internet or an intranet.
can reorder the devices here.  Mobile Apps are applications that designed to run in smartphone,
5. Move USB to be first in the boot sequence. or tablets such as, surface tablet, iPad or galaxy tab.
6. Save the change and then exit the BIOS Set-up.
7. The computer will restart using the new settings, booting from your USB
drive. ACOM  Windows Universal apps are applications that run in different
platforms using Windows 10 operating system

Purpose of installation >

Before the installation we need to identify first the objective of its
execution. You need a certain apps for a certain purpose. You must
identify if you are really need that particular apps or not.