Datura

Datura is a genus of nine species of highly

poisonous, vespertine-flowering plants
belonging to the nightshade family
(Solanaceae).[1] They are commonly
known as thornapples or jimsonweeds,
but are also known as devil's trumpets[2]
(not to be confused with angel's trumpets,
which are placed in the closely related
genus Brugmansia). Other English
common names include moonflower,
devil's weed, and hell's bells. All species of
Datura are extremely poisonous and
potentially psychoactive, especially their
seeds and flowers, which can cause
respiratory depression, arrhythmias, fever,
delirium, hallucinations, anticholinergic
syndrome, psychosis, and even death if
taken internally.[3]
 Datura

Datura wrightii

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae

Subfamily: Solanoideae

Tribe: Datureae

Genus: Datura
L.

Type species

Datura stramonium
L.

Species

9–14 (See text)

Due to their effects and symptoms, Datura
species have occasionally been used not
only as poisons, but also as hallucinogens
by various groups throughout history.[4][5]
Traditionally, their psychoactive
administration has often been associated
with witchcraft and sorcery or similar
practices in many cultures, including the
Western world.[5][6][7] Certain common
Datura species have also been used
ritualistically as entheogens by some
Native American groups.[8][9]

Non-psychoactive use of plants in the

genus is usually done for medicinal
purposes, and the alkaloids present in
some species have long been considered
traditional medicines in both the New and
Old Worlds due to the presence of the
alkaloids scopolamine and atropine, which
are also produced by Old World plants
such as Hyoscyamus niger, Atropa
belladonna, and Mandragora
officinarum.[4][5][10]

Etymology
The generic name Datura is taken from
Hindi धतूरा dhatūra "thorn-apple",[11]
ultimately from Sanskrit ध ूर dhattūra
"white thorn-apple" (referring to Datura
metel of Asia).[12] In the Ayurvedic text
Sushruta Samhita, different species of
Datura are also referred to as kanaka and
unmatta.[12] Dhatura is offered to Shiva in
Hinduism. Record of this name in English
dates back to 1662.[13] Nathaniel
Hawthorne refers to one type in The
Scarlet Letter as "apple-Peru". In Mexico,
its common name is toloache. The
Mexican common name toloache (also
spelled tolguacha) derives from the
Nahuatl tolohuaxihuitl, meaning "the plant
with the nodding head" (in reference to the
nodding seed capsules of Datura species
belonging to section Dutra of the genus).

Description
Datura species are herbaceous, leafy
annuals and short-lived perennials, which
can reach up to 2 m in height. The leaves
are alternate, 10–20 cm long, and 5–
18 cm broad, with a lobed or toothed
margin. The flowers are erect or spreading
(not pendulous like those of Brugmansia),
trumpet-shaped, 5–20 cm long, and 4–
12 cm broad at the mouth; colours vary
from white to yellow and pale purple. The
fruit is a spiny capsule, 4–10 cm long and
2–6 cm broad, splitting open when ripe to
release the numerous seeds. The seeds
disperse freely over pastures, fields, and
even wasteland locations.
Datura belongs to the classic "witches'
weeds", along with deadly nightshade,
henbane, and mandrake. All parts of the
plants are toxic, and the genus has a long
history of use for causing delirious states
and death. It was well known as an
essential ingredient of magical ointments,
potions, and witches' brews, most notably
Datura stramonium.[14][15]

In India, D. metel has long been regarded

as a poison and aphrodisiac, having been
used in Ayurveda as a medicine since
ancient times. It features in rituals and
prayers to Shiva and also in Ganesh
Chaturthi, a festival devoted to the deity
Ganesha.[16] The larvae of some
Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species,
including Hypercompe indecisa, eat some
Datura species. It has been observed that
while insects may prefer to feed on Datura
leaves, other animals such as cows will
generally avoid consuming them.

It was brought to Europe by the Romani

people.[17]

Species and cultivars

 Datura metel 'Fastuosa'

Classifying Datura as to its species is

difficult, and the descriptions of new
species often are accepted prematurely.
Later, these "new species" are found to be
simply varieties that have evolved due to
conditions at a specific location. They
usually disappear in a few years.
Contributing to the confusion is the fact
that various species, such as D. wrightii
and D. inoxia, are very similar in
appearance, and the variation within a
species can be extreme. For example,
Datura species can change size of plant,
leaf, and flowers, all depending on
location. The same species, when growing
in a half-shady, damp location can develop
into a flowering bush half as tall as an
adult human of average height, but when
growing in a very dry location, will only
grow into a thin plant not much more than
ankle high, with tiny flowers and a few
miniature leaves.[14] Datura species are
native to dry, temperate, and subtropical
regions of the Americas, and are
distributed mostly in Mexico, which is
considered the center of origin of the
genus. D. ferox was long thought native to
China, D. metel to India and Southeast
Asia, and D. leichardthii to Australia;
however, recent research has shown these
species to be early introductions from
Central America.[18]

A group of South American species

formerly placed in the genus Datura are
now placed in the distinct genus
Brugmansia[19] (Brugmansia differs from
Datura in that it is woody (the species
being shrubs or small trees) and has
indehiscent fruits. The solanaceous tribe
Datureae, to which Datura and Brugmansia
belong, has recently acquired a new,
monotypic genus Trompettia J. Dupin,
featuring the species Trompettia
cardenasiana, which had hitherto been
misclassified as belonging to the genus
Iochroma.

Datura specialists, the Preissels, accept

only 9 species of Datura,[14] but Kew's
Plants of the World Online currently lists
the following 14 (out of which the current
edition of The Plant List does not list D.
arenicola, D. lanosa, and D. pruinosa as
accepted spp.):

Datura arenicola Gentry ex Bye & Luna

Datura ceratocaula Ortega
 Datura discolor Bernh.
Datura ferox L.
Datura innoxia Mill.
Datura kymatocarpa Barclay
Datura lanosa A.S.Barclay ex Bye
Datura leichhardtii Benth.
Datura metel L.
Datura pruinosa Greenm.
Datura quercifolia Kunth
Datura reburra Barclay
Datura stramonium L.
Datura wrightii Regel

Of the above, D. leichhardtii is close

enough to D. pruinosa to merit demotion to
a subspecies and likewise D. ferox and D.
quercifolia are close enough in
morphology to merit being subsumed in a
single species. Furthermore, the Australian
provenance of D. leichhardtii, the Chinese
provenance of D. ferox, and the Afro-
Asiatic provenance of D. metel have been
cast into serious doubt, with the three
species being almost certainly post-
Columbian introductions to the regions to
which they were originally thought
native.[20]

The case of D. metel is unique in that not

only is the plant not a true species at all,
but an assemblage of ancient pre-
Columbian cultivars created from D.
innoxia in the Greater Antilles, but evidence
is mounting that it was introduced to the
Indian subcontinent no later than the
second century CE – whether by natural or
human agency is, as yet, unknown –
making it one of the most ancient plant
introductions (if not the most ancient)
from the New World to the Old World (see
Columbian Exchange).[20][16][21]

D. arenicola is a remarkable new species,

described only in 2013, of very restricted
range, and so distinctive as to have
merited the creation for it of the new
section Discola [not to be confused with
the species name D. discolor] within the
genus. The specific name arenicola means
"loving (i.e. "thriving in") sand".[22]
Image Scientific name Common name Distribution

Datura arenicola
Sand thorn-apple, Baja datura,
Gentry ex Bye & Baja California Sur, Mexico
Vizcaíno Desert datura
Luna

D. ceratocaula torna loco, Sister of Ololiuhqui,

Mexico.
Jacq. swamp datura

D. discolor Bernh.
(syn. D. Sonoran Desert of western
desert thorn-apple
kymatocarpa, D. North America
reburra)

southeastern China
D. ferox L. long-spined thorn-apple
(disputed[20])

thorn-apple, downy thorn-apple, Southwestern United States,

D. innoxia Mill. Indian-apple, moonflower, toloatzin, Central and South America
toloache (cosmopolitan weed)

D. leichhardtii
F.Muell. ex Benth. Leichhardt's datura from Mexico to Guatemala
(syn. D. pruinosa)

Hindu datura, Indian thorn-apple,

D. metel L. [14]
Asia, Africa (disputed[20])
devil's trumpet

D. quercifolia Mexico and the

oak-leaved thorn-apple
Kunth Southwestern United States

D. stramonium L.
jimsonweed, thorn-apple, devil's Central America
(syn. D. inermis, D.
snare (cosmopolitan weed)
bernhardii)

sacred datura, western jimsonweed,

D. wrightii Regel California jimsonweed, sacred thorn- Southwestern United States
apple, tolguacha, toloache

American Brugmansia and Datura Society,

Inc. (ABADS) is designated in the 2004
edition of the International Code of
Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants as the
official International Cultivar Registration
Authority for Datura. This role was
delegated to ABADS by the International
Society for Horticultural Science in 2002.

Past classified species

D. lanosa
D. suaveolens

Cultivation

Fruit
 Datura metel 'Fastuosa' (Hindi: काला
धतूरा kāla dhatūra – "black datura")

Datura species are usually sown annually

from the seed produced in the spiny
capsules, but, with care, the tuberous-
rooted perennial species may be
overwintered. Most species are suited to
being planted outside or in containers. As
a rule, they need warm, sunny places and
soil that will keep their roots dry. When
grown outdoors in good locations, the
plants tend to reseed themselves and may
become invasive. In containers, they
should have porous, aerated potting soil
with adequate drainage. The plants are
susceptible to fungi in the root area, so
anaerobic organic enrichment such as
anaerobically composted organic matter
or manure, should be avoided.[14]

Toxicity
All Datura plants contain tropane alkaloids
such as scopolamine and atropine,
primarily in their seeds and flowers, as
well as the roots of certain species such
as D. wrightii. Because of the presence of
these substances, Datura has been used
for centuries in some cultures as a
poison.[14][23][4] A given plant's toxicity
depends on its age, where it is growing,
and the local weather conditions. These
variations make Datura exceptionally
hazardous as a drug. Since datura directly
causes the effects of anticholinergic
syndrome, the symptoms of its toxicity are
often cited by the traditional mnemonic:
"Blind as a bat, mad as a hatter, red as a
beet, hot as a hare, dry as a bone, the
bowel and bladder lose their tone, and the
heart runs alone".[24] Datura, as well as
long-term psychoactive/toxic usage of
other anticholinergic drugs, also appear to
significantly increase the risk of
developing dementia.[25][26]

In traditional cultures, a great deal of

experience with and detailed knowledge of
Datura was critical to minimize harm.[14]
Many tragic incidents result from modern
users ingesting or smoking Datura.[27] For
example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the
United States media reported stories of
adolescents and young adults dying or
becoming seriously ill from intentionally
ingesting Datura.[28][29] Deliberate or
inadvertent poisoning resulting from
smoking jimsonweed and other related
species has been reported as well.[30]
Although most poisonings occur with
more common species of Datura such as
D. stramonium, several reports in the
medical literature indicate deaths from D.
ferox intoxication.[31][32][33] Children are
especially vulnerable to atropine
poisoning.[34][35]

D. inoxia with ripe, split-open fruit

In some parts of Europe and India, Datura

has been a popular poison for suicide and
murder.[36] From 1950 to 1965, the State
Chemical Laboratories in Agra, India,
investigated 2,778 deaths caused by
ingesting Datura.[14][37] A group called
Thugs (practicers of thuggee) were
reportedly devotees of an Indian religious
cult made up of robbers and assassins
who strangled or poisoned their victims in
rituals devoted to the Hindu goddess Kali.
They were alleged to employ Datura in
many such poisonings, using it also to
induce drowsiness or stupefaction,
making strangulation easier.[38]

Datura toxins may be ingested accidentally

by consumption of honey produced by
several wasp species, including
Brachygastra lecheguana, during the Datura
blooming season. These semi-
domesticated honey wasps apparently
collect Datura nectar for honey production,
which can lead to poisoning.[39]

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention reported accidental poisoning
resulting in hospitalization for a family of
six who inadvertently ingested Datura used
as an ingredient in stew.[40]

In some places, buying, selling, or

cultivating Datura plants is
prohibited.[14][37] Solanaceous tribes with a
similar chemistry (i.e. a similar tropane
alkaloid content), include the
Hyoscyameae, containing such well-
known toxic species as Hyoscyamus niger
and Atropa belladonna, the Solandreae
containing the genus Solandra ("chalice
vines") and the Mandragoreae, named for
the famous Mandragora officinarum, most
of which are considered traditional
witches' herbs and poisons.

Effects of ingestion
Datura is considered a deliriant. Due to the
potent combination of anticholinergic
substances it contains, Datura intoxication
typically produces the effects of
anticholinergic delirium (usually involving
a complete or relative inability to
differentiate reality from fantasy); bizarre
thoughts, hyperthermia; tachycardia;
bizarre, and possibly violent behavior; dry
skin; dry mouth; illusions; and severe
mydriasis (dilated pupils) with resultant
painful photophobia that can last several
days.[41] Muscle stiffness, urinary
retention, temporary paralysis, disrobing,
emotional bluntness, dysphoria, and
confusion are often reported, and
pronounced amnesia is another commonly
reported effect.[42][43] The psychoactive
alkaloids scopolamine and atropine are
also both known for their characteristic
hyperactive effects and ability to cause
stark and dream-like hallucinations.[44][45]
The onset of symptoms generally occurs
around 30 to 60 minutes after ingesting
the herb. These symptoms generally last
from 24 to 48 hours, but have been
reported in some cases to last two weeks
or longer.[30][46][47]

Treatment

Due to their agitated behavior and

confused mental state, people with acute
Datura poisoning or intoxication are
typically hospitalized. Gastric lavage and
the administration of activated charcoal
can be used to reduce the stomach's
absorption of the ingested material, and
the drug physostigmine is used to reverse
the effect of the poisons. Benzodiazepines
can be given to calm the patient's
agitation, and supportive care with oxygen,
hydration, and symptomatic treatment is
often provided. Observation of the patient
is indicated until the symptoms resolve,
usually from 24 to 36 hours after ingestion
of the Datura.[37][46]

Psychoactive use
In Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine,
Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related
Designer Drugs, Freye asserts, "Few
substances have received as many
severely negative recreational experience
reports as has Datura."[48] The
overwhelming majority of those who
describe their use of Datura find their
experiences extremely unpleasant; both
mentally and often physically
dangerous.[42] However, anthropologists
have found that indigenous groups, with a
great deal of experience with and detailed
knowledge of Datura, have been known to
use Datura spiritually (including the Navajo
and especially the Havasupai).[49][50]
Adequate knowledge of Datura's
properties is necessary to facilitate a safe
experience.[14] The ancient inhabitants of
what became central and southern
California used to ingest Datura to
"commune with deities through visions".[51]
The Southern Paiute believe Datura can
help locate missing objects.[52] In ancient
Mexico, Datura also played an important
role in the religion of the Aztecs and the
practices of their medicine men and
necromancers.[53] It was reportedly used
by the Aztecs for ritual sacrifice and
malevolent purposes as well.[54] In
modern-day Mexico, some datura species
are still used for sorcery and other occult
practices, mostly in the southern region of
Veracruz, specifically in the city of
Catemaco.[55][56]

Bernardino de Sahagún, in around 1569,

called attention to Datura in these words:
"It is administered in potions in order to
cause harm to those who are objects of
hatred. Those who eat it have visions of
fearful things. Magicians or those who
wish to harm someone administer it in
food or drink. This herb is medicinal and
its seed is used as a remedy for gout,
ground up and applied to the part
affected."[53]
Christian Rätsch has said, "A mild dosage
produces medicinal and healing effects, a
moderate dosage produces aphrodisiac
effects, and high dosages are used for
shamanic purposes". Wade Davis, an
ethnobotanist, also lists it as an essential
ingredient of Haitian zombie potion.[57] In
Western culture, the same species (Datura
stramonium) has been said to have been
commonly used by witches as an
ingredient for their flying ointments and
was regularly included in detailed recipes
of magical ointments dating back as far as
the early modern period, predominately in
New England and Western Europe.[6][10][58]
During the anti-witchcraft hysteria of
colonial times it was considered unlucky
or inappropriate to grow D. stramonium in
one's garden due to its supposed
reputation for aiding in incantations.[59]

Gallery
D. stramonium (lateral view) near Frankfurt,
Hesse, Germany

D. wrightii in bloom (lateral view) near

Twentynine Palms, California, U.S.
Datura flower on the plant (lateral view) near
Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Datura flower on the plant (top view) near

Hyderabad, Telangana, India
See also
Scopolamine
Anticholinergics
Antimuscarinic
Psychoactive plant

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External links
Wikispecies has information related to
Datura.
"Datura Vault" (http://www.erowid.org/pl
ants/datura/datura.shtml) . Erowid.

Further reading
 Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Datura.
Rätsch, C. (2005) [1998]. The
Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20130822070
322/http://www.scribd.com/doc/70492
442/The-Encyclopedia-of-Psychoactive-
Plants) . Rochester, VT: Park Street
Press. ISBN 978-0-89281-978-2.
Archived from the original (https://www.
scribd.com/doc/70492442/The-Encyclo
pedia-of-Psychoactive-Plants) on 22
August 2013. Retrieved 9 September
2017.
Tropane Alkaloid Poisoning (https://eme
dicine.medscape.com/article/816657-o
verview) on eMedicine
Roblot, F; Montaz, L; Delcoustal, M;
Gaboriau, E; Chavagnat, JJ; Morichaud,
G; Pourrat, O; Scepi, M; Patte, D (1995).
"Intoxication par Datura stramonium: Le
diagnostic est clinique, le traitement est
symptomatique [Datura stramonium
poisoning: the diagnosis is clinical,
treatment is symptomatic]". La Revue de
Médecine Interne (in French). 16 (3):
187–90. doi:10.1016/0248-
8663(96)80689-8 (https://doi.org/10.10
16%2F0248-8663%2896%2980689-8) .
PMID 7740228 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/7740228) .
 Krenzelok, Edward P. (February 2010).
"Aspects of poisoning and treatment".
Clinical Toxicology. 48 (2): 104–110.
doi:10.3109/15563651003630672 (http
s://doi.org/10.3109%2F1556365100363
0672) . PMID 20229618 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20229618) .
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cholar.org/CorpusID:28433567) .

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